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荆楚理工学院毕业设计（论文）
Intelligent lighting control system
Abstract This paper studies of intelligent street lamp energy saving control system is aiming at existing in urban lighting on the huge energy consumption and development based on SCM system, set the soft starter to function , automatic starting and stopping, intelligent preure regulating control and new energy-saving control voltage control in one body.Intelligent street lamp energy saving control systems will be theorist power changing unit and intelligent control system by combining, high voltage and low voltage variable reactor isolation, a winding variable reactor(HVT)and street lamp in series, will be secondary windings and thyristor and fuzzy control algorithm with aociated the control system by changing its low voltage to control the winding voltage hv winding, so as to achieve the change, the effects of voltage change street lamps in order to realize the soft start and preure regulating
I.INTRODUCTION
with the rapid development of our economy, electricity consumption is subsequently fast growth.Electric power resource has become shortage resources.How to energy consumption has become the hot topic research in recent years., the power of AE analysis is the poibility to directly observe the proce of deterioration.For this reason, AE has the potential to provide critical information about the structural integrity.The AE technique offers a distinct advantage over conventional nondestructive testing techniques because it allows for the real time, in-situ monitoring of in-servicestructures.This paper describes the AE techniques applications in civil engineering.The main contents included are: Part.Review of AE technique.Part.Structure health monitoring system, including offshore platform, dam, masonry arch bridge, concrete structure, steel structure, etc.Part.Structural crack detection and monitoring, including concrete and steel structures.Part.Structure integrality detection and residuallife prediction.At last, Part.A prospect is made about the research direction in this field.II.REVIEW OF AE TECHNIQUE
Acoustic emiion(AE)is defined as the cla of phenomena whereby transient elastic waves are generated by the rapid release of energy from localized sources within a material [1].In order to quantify the material behavior under this type of stre, the signals are proceed to develop one or more of the following parameters [2]:
Total counts(the number of threshold croings above an arbitrary signal level are counted).Count rate(the number of threshold croings above an arbitrary signal level per unit of time is measured).Events(the number of discrete signals above a specified threshold are counted;e.g., each of the traces of Fig.1 would be considered single events);or event rate.Amplitude(the signal strength is measured);or amplitude distribution.In comparison with other non-destructive techniques, acoustic emiion technique has two important advantages [3]: one is that AE technique can give valuable information what‟s going on inside of the material, and the other one is that it gives a capability of on-line monitoring during in-service of structures or facilities.So, the AE technique has emerged as a powerful non-destructive tool to detect or evaluate damages and monitor in the field of safety of civil engineering structures.III.STRUCTURE HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM
Until this time, AE technique has been applying in many fields, e.g., aircraft structure[4], offshore platform[5], preure equipment[6], dam[7], concrete[8], steel[9], etc.AE technique was applied into civil engineering later compared with other fields, but developed rapidly.Structure health monitoring system
荆楚理工学院毕业设计（论文）
based Acoustic Emiion(AE)Techniques on civil engineering structures developed fleetly during 1980s.Baim, M.Nabil [10](1985)invented and patented a new system for continuous monitoring of large structures using acoustic emiion was.This system is based on a two-step approach and uses small size, low cost surveillance units containing a microproceor and which is software controlled to continuously monitor the structure and extract features of the acoustic emiion activity.Rogers, L.M [5](1987)gives results of acoustic emiion(AE)monitoring of structures to provide information on integrity and fitne for purpose.Applications both locally to monitor known defects or weld repairs in areas of hot spot stre and globally, in search of the most severe defects present in large areas of the structure are considered.By studying AE during the fatigue testing of full scale tubular elements under controlled laboratory conditions it has been poible to define levels of acoustic emiion activity by which the severity of defects in normally inacceible areas can be determined, e.g.in the sub sea node joints of offshore structures.With the high aociated costs of commercial AE systems, AE techniques were limited wider exploitation of in the field of structural monitoring.In 2003, Holroyd.T.J and his partners [11] had explored whether simpler solutions might be usefully applied to the field of structural health monitoring.They developed an AE system that makes additional information readily acceible to civil and structural engineers.Figure 1 shows the prototype system that they had developed is comprised of a combination of three elements;AE sensors, mufti channel measurement nodes and a controller module.Various rig and field tests have provided evidence that when productionised it will succefully combine sensitive detection flexibility and autonomous operation.IV.STRUCTURAL FATIGUE CRACK DETECTION AND MONITORING
Nowadays, concrete and steel are widely used structural material for civil structures.The development of non-destructive techniques to evaluate deterioration of concrete and steel structures is one of the most important iues for an effective maintenance.Especially, structural fatigue crack that occurs under long-term service diction and monitoring is very concernful technology in this field.Figure 2shows the schematic diagram of the Fatigue-cracking specimen with transducers mounted.Before 1970, several previous studies about structural fatigue crack detection and monitoring based AE technique had been developed [13], [14].In 1971, NAKAMURA.Y [15] expatiated that an acoustic emiion monitoring system designed to detect, in real time, initiation and growth of cracks in a complex structure during static as well as fatigue testing has been developed.The system is being used succefully in static and fatigue testing of full-scale, as well as small-scale specimens of aircraft components and structures.Then, in 1989 Bowles, S.J.[16] studied how to discriminate between AE due to different sources, and the activity in each zone was analyzed in terms of its load-cycle dependence.Wang, Z.F.et al.[17](1992)investigated the relation between AE characteristics and fatigue crack closure, and tries to find a new way of monitoring crack closure.Results showed that AE monitoring can be used to determine fatigue crack closure very accurately and conveniently.To achieve the practical monitoring of AE signals from fatigue cracks with effective noise filtering, several new researches have been developing.Neural networks were used for detection of crack growth and estimation of crack depth.[18].Laser based ultrasonic(LBU)technique had been developed to characterize materials properties and detect flaws in materials [19].V.STRUCTURE INTEGRALITY DETECTION AND RESIDUAL LIFE PREDICTION
The modern structures mostly receives circulation load more or le, but from this the fatigue damage
荆楚理工学院毕业设计（论文）
accumulation which causes the main reason which the structure finally expires.Therefore, it is very significative to carry on fatigue damage degree and residual life prediction accurately and effectively for structures.In 1983, Simons, Fuller, Michael.D.et el.[20] firstly used the AE technique for the Offshore platform integrity.Rogers L.M [21](1987)given the results of acoustic emiion(AE)monitoring of structures to provide information on integrity and fitne for purpose.By studying AE during the fatigue testing of full scale tubular weldments under controlled laboratory conditions it has been poible to define levels of acoustic emiion activity by which the severity of defects in normally inacceible areas can be determined, e.g.in the sub sea node joints of offshore structures.As practical illustrations, in 1991 Royles.R [22] used the AE technique in the testing of masonry arch bridges.Theimplications for the use of an acoustic signature in the integrity aement of masonry arch bridges were considered.Colombo, S.et al[23](2003)presented the description and results of an acoustic emiion(AE)monitoring exercise on concrete bridge beams in situ, as part of a larger project aimed to develop an Advice Note on the use of AE to evaluate the structural conditions of concrete bridges.From the results one is able to distinguish between the different structural behaviors of the beamsThe International Society for Optical Engineering, pp.153-162.[12] Hoff, A.B.M and Arrington.M.“Acoustic Emiion Monitoring of a Node in an Off-Shore Platform,” Spec Suppl J Acoust Emi, pp 165-170, 1985.[13] Holroyd, Meisuria.H.M, Lin and D., Randall.N.“Development of a practical acoustic emiion-based structural monitoring system.Insight,” Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring, vol.45, n 2, pp.127-129, Feb.2003.[14] S.Smith and T.M.Morton.“Acoustic-emiion Detection Techniques for High-cycle-fatigue Testing,”Experimental Mechanics.pp.193-198, 1973.[15] C.E.Hartbower, W.W.Gerberich, and P.P.Crummins.Welding Journal Research Supplement vol.47, pp.1-18.1968.[16] W.W.Gerberich and C.E.Hartbower.International Journal of Fracture vol.3, pp.185-187.1967.[17] NAKAMURA.Y.“Acoustic emiion monitoring system for detection of cracks in a complex
structure ,”.Mater Eval, vol.29, pp.8-12 , Jan, 1971,荆楚理工学院毕业设计（论文）
[18] Bowles.S.J.“AE load-cycle dependence applied to monitoring fatigue crack growth under complex loading conditions,”.NDT International, v 22, pp.7-13, Feb.1989.[19] Wang Z.F., Li J., Ke W.;Zheng Y.S., Zhu Z.and Wang Z.G.“Acoustic emiion monitoring of fatigue crack closure,”.Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia, v 27, pp.1691-1694, Dec.1992.[20] Li C.,Carballo R., Kohlert P.,Davis R.H.,Trujillo M.,Levy C.,and Tansel I.N.“Crack growth detection and estimation of depth by monitoring acoustic emiion activity,” In Proc.1994 the Artificial Neural Networks in Engineering Conference(ANNIE'94),pp.909-914 [21] Enoki M.and Nishinoiri S.“Non-contact damage monitoring by laser AE technique,” In Proc.2004 SPIE The International Society for Optical Engineering, pp.399-409.[26] Kageyama Kazuro, Murayama Hideaki, Oshawa Isamu, and Kanai.“Acoustic emiion monitoring of a reinforced concrete structure by applying new fiber-optic sensors,” Smart Materials and Structures, vol.14, pp.S52-S59, Jun.2005.[27] Christian U.GROSSE, Markus KRüGER and Steven D.GLASER.“Wirele Acoustic Emiion Sensor Networks for Structural Health Monitoring in Civil Engineering,” In Proc.2006 ECNDT2006-Tu.1.7.3 [28] Roberts T.M.and Talebearer M.“Acoustic emiion monitoring of fatigue crack propagation,” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol.59, pp.695-712, June.2003.[29] Enoki M.and Nishinoiri S.“Non-contact damage monitoring by laser AE technique,” In Proc.2005 SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, pp.214-219.[30] DAI Guang,LI Wei;,ZHANG Ying and SHEN Guiying.“Availability of acoustic emiion signals on ANN method,” Journal of Daqing Petroleum Institute, Vol.25, pp.63-66, Mar.2001.[31] Liu Guoguang, Cheng Qingchan, Li Xieli and Zhang Yuelan.“Fuzzy Neural Network for Acoustic Emiion,” Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, V25, pp.550-551, 2004.[32] Gallego Antolino, Gil Jose F., Castro Enrique and Piotrkowski Rosa.“Identification of coating damage procees in corroded galvanized steel by acoustic emiion wavelet analysis,” Surface and Coatings Technology, v 201, pp.4743-4756, Jan.2007.5
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