新公共管理英语论文翻译（优秀）_工程管理英语论文翻译

新公共管理英语论文翻译（优秀）由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“工程管理英语论文翻译”。

New Public Management : Contemporary Western trend of the new public

administration From the start of the 1970s, the West has dominated the field of public administration nearly a century.and was regarded to be effective, even the best traditional or mainstream public administration, subjected to a new external environment increasingly tough challenges, and the almost routine, rigid-tier system can not meet the increasingly rapid changes in information and knowledge-intensive society and economic life, build on its two major theoretical basis--Goodnow Wilson and the political-administrative theory and the two-layer management Huibaike no theory Law answered and solved the government faces an increasingly serious problems and difficulties : the financial crisis, the social welfare policy unsustainable, government agencies increasingly bloated, inefficient, the public lost confidence in the government's ability, “government failure” theory has begun to dominate.It is in this historical backdrop, a new public administration theory, Management--New Public Management(NewPublic Management)in the 1980s, the Anglo-American two crops, and the rapid expansion of the Western countries.And the number of traditional public administration within the framework of the changes, Public management is not new to the existing administrative structure and ways of some degree of partial adjustment or simply to lower administrative costs and reduce administrative expenses, but more importantly, it is the traditional model of public administration of a comprehensive settlement and denied.1.The new public management theory If the traditional public administration to Wilson.Goodnowpolitical-administrative theory and the two-Weber-tier system on the support of their theory, new public while management of modern economics and private enterprise management theory and methods as its theoretical basis.First, the new public management from modern economics has many theoretical basis, From the “rational”(the rational is for their own interests.want to pay the smallest gain maximum benefits)of the premise is the basis for performance management;from the public choice theory and transaction cost which the government should be market-oriented or customers, improve the efficiency of services, the quality and effectivene of the basis;from the cost-effectivene analysis was to define the performance goals, Measurement and evaluation, and so on the basis.Secondly, the new public management from the private management methods to absorb nutrients.The new public administration that many private sector management methods and means available to the public sector borrowing.Such as the private sector, the organizational form of flexibility in adapting to the environment, and not Weber said the rigid hierarchy;outputs and outcomes of the high degree of importance(for the private sector, output means profits in a highly competitive market environment, we must make profits to provide customers with high-quality service, Meanwhile, as far as poible to reduce costs), rather than just input and output weight;personnel management to achieve a flexible system of employment contracts and performance pay system, rather than by hiring a permanent office, and so on.In short, the new public management, and is already by the private sector to succefully used management methods, If performance management, goal management, organizational development, human resources development is not unique to the private sector.They can be used in public sector management.2.The new public administration of the basic features

New Public Management is a very loose concept, it refers to an attempt to replace the traditional public administration management theory, Also referred to a new model of public administration, also refers to the contemporary Western ongoing public administration reform movement.Its name in western countries is not necearily the same as in the United Kingdom called “management”, in the United States known as the “entrepreneurial government” or “new public management” In some other countries, also known as the “market-oriented public administration,” and so on, but they have broadly similar features.Firstly, the new public management to change the traditional model of public government and the relationship between society, reopened to the functions of the government and with the community relations position : that the government is no longer superior, “self-service” bureaucracy, government officials should be responsible “corporate managers and managers” the public is to provide the government's tax revenue “taxpayers” and acce to government services in return for the “clients” or “customers” government services should be customer-oriented and should enhance the public's need to respond to force.In recent years, Britain, Germany, the Netherlands and other government services to simplify the procedures and to develop and publish service standards, in a regional and an administrative certain sectors or industries offer “one-stop shop” service.It is in this new government-community relations model as applied by some of the specific measures.Secondly, with the traditional public administration, only the input, output or not, New Public Management pay more attention to the activities of the outputs and outcomes that provide public services to the efficiency and quality, thus entrusted to the “first-line managers and managers”(that is, low-level civil service)to the post of powers, responsibilities and If the plan and budget, the attention to the organization's strategic goals and long-term plans, the emphasis is on the Budget for its “total” control, to the frontline managers in the allocation of resources and personnel arrangements, and so on the full autonomy to adapt to the fluctuating external environment and the ever changing needs.Thirdly, and closely related, 1:00, the new public management oppose traditional public administration re-compliance with established laws and regulations, Light performance measurement and aement practices, advocating the relaxation of the strict regulatory system(that is, through legislation, system control), achieve strict control of the performance goals, which was to determine organizations, individuals of specific goals, under the performance indicator(performance indicator)on the target for completion of the measurement and aement, as a result, the so-called three E, in which the economy(economy), efficiency(efficiency)and the effect(effect), and other three variables.Fourth, public administration and the traditional exclusion of private sector management methods differ, New Public Management emphasizes the wide adoption of succeful private sector management methods and means(such as cost-benefit analysis total quality management, management by objectives)and the mechanism of competition, the abolition of the supply of public services monopoly, If “government contracts for rent” and “competitive bidding”, the new public management, The main function of government is to serve the community, But this does not mean that all public services should be provided directly by the government.According to the government services and the different nature of the corresponding supply mode.As shown :

Market status / mode of constitutional duties

1.The service activities by the Constitution provides that the government is within the scope of duties, while no other competitor, If defense, should be borne by the government.2.Although the Constitution stipulates the functions of government, but there are other competitors exist, in other words, the non-governmental sector are engaged in this activity, such as hospitals, in this case, The government is not obliged to provide such a service in person, and goes through the tender, the contract leasing, and other forms, will be rented to other public or private sector, government, as long as its performance targets and measured aement, and provide corresponding remuneration, it is neverthele a good quality of service and efficient and effective way.This is the “reinventing government”, the author of a Osborne and Gaebler said the government should “steer and not the paddling.” 3.The Constitution does not provide is the duty of the government, the market and the existence of competitors, such as film and video industry, Then the government can not engage in this activity, and completely by the private sector.4.Which is not provided for the constitution is the duty of the government, but also the absence or lack of this activity in the competitors As institutions of higher learning, then the government should actively develop the market and encourage people to participate in activities to enhance the service efficiency, quality and effectivene.It is important to point out, these are just typical four types of public services, in reality.新公共管理-当代西方新公共管理的趋势

从20世纪七十年代初，西方国家已经主宰了公共管理领域将近一个世纪，被认为是有效，甚至最好的传统或者主流公共管理，在新的外部环境作用下，严峻的挑战以及几乎程式化的死板的系统已经不能应对信息、知识密集型社会以及经济生活的挑战，传统的公共管理的理论基础是威尔逊、古德诺的政治—行政二分论和韦伯的科层制论，政府面临越来越严厉的问题和困难，如经济危机，社会福利政策的不均衡，政府机构日益膨胀以及效率低下等，大众对政府丧失了信心，政府无能论成为主流。

正是在这样的历史背景下，一种新的公共行政理论、管理模式——新公共管理（NewPublic Management）在20世纪80年代的英美两国应运而生，并迅速扩展到西方各国。

与以往传统的公共行政框架内进行的变革不同，新公共管理不是对现存行政管理体制和方式进行某种程度的局部调整，或仅仅是为了降低行政管理的成本，减少行政费用开支，更为重要的是，它是对传统的公共行政模式的一种全面清算和否定。

一、新公共管理的理论基础

如果说传统的公共行政以威尔逊、古德诺的政治—行政二分论和韦伯的科层制论为其理论基础的话，那么，新公共管理则是以现代经济学和私营企业管理理论和方法作为自己的理论基础。

首先，新公共管理从现代经济学中获得诸多理论依据，从“理性人”（人的理性都是为了自身的利益，都希望以最小的付出获得最大的收益）中获得绩效管理的依据；从公共选择理论和交易成本理论中获得政府应该以市场或顾客为导向，提高服务的效率、质量和有效性的依据；从成本—效率分析中获得对政府绩效目标进行界定、测量以及评估的依据等等。

其次，新公共管理又从私营管理方法中汲取营养。新公共行政管理认为，私营部门的许多管理方式和手段都可以为公共部门所借用。例如，私营部门的组织形式能灵活地适应环境，而不是韦伯所说的僵化的层级；对产出和结果的高度重视（对私营部门来说，产出就意味着利润，在高度竞争的市场环境中，我们必须给顾客提供高质量的服务才能获取利润，与此同时，要尽可能地降低成本），而不是只管投入，不看重产出；人事管理上实现灵活的合同雇佣制和绩效工资制，而不是一经录用，永久任职，等等。

总之，新公共管理认为，那些已经呗私营部门所成功地运用着的管理方法，如绩效管理、目标管理、组织发展、人力资源开发等并非为私营部门所独有，它们完全可以运用到公有部门的管理中。

二、新公共行政管理的基本特征

新公共管理是一个非常松散的概念，它既指一种试图取代传统公共行政学的管理理论，又指一种新的公共行政模式，还指在当代西方正在进行的公共行政改革运动。其名称在西方各国也不完全和英国所称的“管理”相同，如在美国被称为“企业家的政府”或“新公共管理”，在其他一些国家又呗称为“市场导向型公共行政”等等，但它们都具有大体相同的特征。

首先，新公共管理改变了政府的传统模式以及政府与社会之间的关系，重新对政府职能以及其与社会的关系进行定位：即政府不再是高高在上、“自我服务”的官僚机构，政府公务人员应该是负责任的“企业经理和管理人员”，社会公众则是提供政府税收的“纳税人”和享受政府服务作为回报的“顾客”或“客户”，政府服务应以顾客为导向，应该增强对社会公众需要的响应力。近年来，英、德、荷兰等其他国家政府采取的简化服务手续、制订并出台服务标准、在一个行政区域和某些部门或行业开办“一站式”服务等，就是在这种新的政府—社会关系模式下所实施的一些具体措施。

其次，与传统公共行政只计投入，不计产出不同，新公共管理更加关注政府活动的产出和结果，即重视所提供公共服务的效率和质量，由此而重视赋予“一线经理和管理人员”（即低级文职人员）以职、权、责，如在计划和预算上，重视组织的战略目标和长期计划，强调对预算的“总量”控制，给一线经理在资源配置、人员安排等方面的充分的自主权，来适应不断变化的外部环境和公众需求。

第三，与上一点紧密相联，新公共管理反对传统公共行政重遵守既定法律法规，轻绩效测定和评估的做法，主张放松严格的监管系统（即主要通过法规、制度控制），来实现严格的绩效目标控制，即确定组织、个人的具体目标，并根据绩效指标（performance indicator）对目标完成情况进行测量和评估，由此而产生所谓的三E，即经济（economy）、效率（efficency）和效果（effect）等三大变量。

第四，与传统公共行政排斥私营部门管理方式不同，新公共管理强调政府广泛采用私营部门成功的管理方法和手段（如成本—效益分析、全面质量管理、目标管理等）和竞争机制，取消公共服务供给的垄断性，如“政府合同出租”、“竞标”等，新公共管理认为，政府的主要职能是服务社会，但这并不意味着所有公共服务都应由政府直接提供。政府应根据服务内容和性质的不同，采取相应的供给方式。如图所示： 市场状况／宪法职责模式

1、此项服务活动是由宪法明文规定的属政府职责范围之内，同时也没有其他竞争者，如国防，应由政府承担。

2、虽属宪法规定的政府职责，但同时有其他竞争者的存在，即其他非政府部门也在从事此项活动，如医院，在这种情况下，政府并非一定要亲自提供此项服务，而是可以通过招标、合同出租等其他形式，将其出租给其他公营或私营部门，政府只要对其绩效目标进行测定和评估，并提供相应的报酬，便不失为一种提高服务质量和效率的有效途径。这也就是《重塑政府》一书的作者奥斯本和盖布勒所说的政府应该“掌舵而不是划桨”。

3、宪法没有规定是政府的职责，同时又存在着市场竞争者，如影视业，这时政府就可以不从事此项活动，完全由私营部门承担。

4、宪法既没有规定是政府的职责，同时又没有或缺乏活动的竞争者，如高等院校，这时，政府就应该积极地培育市场，鼓励人们参与此项活动，以提高此项服务的效率、质量和有效性。

需要说明的是，上述只是现实中典型的四种公共服务类型。