1.Leadership and Personal Traits_personalnames翻译

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Leadership and Personal Traits

One of the oldest leadership theories holds that some people have certain unique traits that qualify them for leadership roles.Hundreds of studies have been designed to pinpoint these traits.2

Attempts to construct the trait profile of the “great person” have met with very limited succe3.The aumption that leaders have unique background or characteristics that make them fundamentally different from followers has not been well supported.4 Indeed, most people who are rated as good leaders are also rated as good followers.A second aumption that leadership is a general attribute that gives the individual the ability to lead in situations also has not held up very well.6 Research shows that different group members are likely to emerge as leaders in situations in which they have the skills or knowledge to lead the group toward a goal7.Although there does not appear to be a unique cluster of “leader” traits, there is evidence that certain personality characteristics may be aociated with the tendency to aume leadership positions.In one study, the personality test scores of more than 2,000 political leaders who served as delegates or alternates to their parties’ U.S.presidential conventions were compared with those of the general public9.As a group, the political leaders were higher in self-confidence, dominance, and need for achievement, and they were lower than average in the tendency to seek emotional support from others and to engage in self-criticism10.However, there was also a great deal of variability in the personality test scores of the leaders, and many of them did not fit this mold.Thus, although certain relationships exist between personal traits and leadership, trait theories cannot fully account for everyone who becomes a leader.(282)

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1.one of...是英语里常见结构，中学教材常对应为汉语的“......其中之一”，但两者的使用的上下文略有不同，因此，汉译时如何表达需要进一步斟酌。

2.第一，Pinpoint在汉语中有无对应词来表达相同的概念呢？如果没有，该如何？第二，被动语态在英语中几乎是一种常态，但汉语中的“被”字句的频率却要低的多。另外还有一个动宾搭配问题，即design studies在汉语里说成“设计（一项）研究”也说的通，但不能不考虑上下文。

3.第一，主谓宾的搭配attempts meet with succe，直译的话汉语未必能接受；第二，construct trait profile的动宾搭配不太符合汉语思维；第三，此句与上一句是如何衔接的呢？

4.此句主语带有一同位语从句，偏长，汉译时如不调整结构，可能译文会显别扭。

5.应注意此句中indeed一词的关联作用，说明此句是对上一句的进一步解释或支持。另外，要注意leaders与followers对称关系，以确定后者的汉语译词。

6.此句与前文哪一句结构相同？这说明什么呢？此外，attribute一词与上文哪个词关联？

7.第一，本句与其前一句在逻辑上是什么关系？第二，different修饰哪一个名词?group or members?第三，汉译时如何化解in situations后面的定语从句？

8.第一，leaders一词作定语时，使用了引号，为什么？第二，如何把the tendency to aume leadership positions译为合适的汉语？

9.首先，此句中包含一个知识点，即 什么叫delegates or alternates to their parties’ U.S.presidential conventions? 其中的parties' US presidential conventions又指什么？第二，主语带有定语从句，包含了较多的内容，无法直译，汉译时应该如何化解其中的阻滞？

10.此句中有几个词较难处理。一是dominance，意思抽象，汉语如何译才能到位？再一个又是tendency这个词，意思很虚，后面还接两个动词不定式做定语。如何化解？851