构词法_构词法一
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高三二轮复习学案：高考语法部分
构词法（the rules of word-formation）
【晨读天天背】
I.经典范文背诵
有关“信心与希望”话题
例：
1、生活中困难不可避免，面对困难需要信心…
2、试举一例说明信心在学习(考试、生活等)方面的作用…
3、你对困难的态度…
It is well-known that we exist in a changing world with various difficulties.【课堂进行时】
I.高考考点梳理 考点
一、合成法
由两个或两个以上的自由词素结合在一起构成一个新词叫合成词，这种构词方法称为合成法。
1.合成名词。
(1)名词+名词。如：weekend, penfriend, postoffice, tabletennis, creditcard(2)名词+动名词。如：handwriting, weightlifting, zebracroing
(3)动名词+名词。如：reading-room, driving force, sleeping bag,dining room
(4)形容词+名词。如：gentleman, open-air,dry-cleaning, higher education,solar system(5)名词+介词+名词。如：mother-in-law, comrade-in-arms
(6)其他方式。如：lookers-on(onlookers), go-between, paer-by, do-it-yourself, one-parent-family
2.合成形容词。
(1)名词+形容词。如：snow-white, day-long
(2)名词+现在分词/过去分词。如：English-speaker, south-facing, man-made,water-covered(3)名词+to+名词。如：face-to-face
(4)数次+名词+形容词。如：two-year-old , 100-meter-long, a three-year-old boy(5)数次+名词+-ed。如：five-storeyed, one-eyed,four-legged, a three-legged desk, an eight-storey building
(6)形容词/副词+名词。如：high-cla, right-hand, full-time,fast-food
(7)形容词+名词+-ed。如：noble-minded, warm-hearted, kind-heart, bsent-minded ,air-conditioned, left-handed, middle-aged，a thank-you letter，a one-eyed general, an honest-faced man, five blue-eyed foreigners
(8)形容词+现在分词/形容词。如：good-looking, funny-looking, far-reaching, light-blue
(9)副词+现在/过去分词。如：hard-working, well-known, home-made 3.合成动词。
(1)名词+动词。如：sleep-walk, typewrite, water-ski(2)形容词+动词。如：white-wash, safe-guard
(3)副词+动词。如：overthrow, understand, ill-treat, undergo, overhear，under-develop（发育不全）
4.合成副词。
（1）形容词+名词。如：anyway, hotfoot(急行,急匆匆地)（2）形容词+副词。如：everywhere, outwards
（3）副词+副词。如：however, therefore, moreover
（4）代词+副词。如：anywhere, whatever, somewhere, nowhere, everywhere（5）副词+名词。如：downstairs, upstairs
When we are faced with them, nothing is more important than having hope and self-confidence.With confidence, we can find sometimes the question is not as “huge” as we imagine.Take most of us for example, the entrance exam to college seems to be a horrible monster.Accordingly, some people give up, some persist.In my eyes, with confidence, right aement of the difficulties, as well as full preparation,try our best, and then we will overcome all problems and challenges.On the whole, I believe we youngsters should face the difficulties in right manner.And nothing is impoible, brave it out（拼命干）and just do it!
II.词汇短语储备
have a narrow escape九死一生find fault with sb.对某人吹毛求疵，找茬 do sb.a favor帮某人一个忙
attach importance/significance to认为„„重要，强调，重视 make/leave/create an impreion on sb.给某人留下印象 take a meage for sb.给某人捎口信leave sb.a meage给某人留个口信
satisfy/meet/cover one’s needs/demands/requirements满足„„的需要 keep a record of记录take/run a risk冒险 take a chance 冒险catch the chance抓住机会 a sort/kind of 一种sort/kind of有几分地，有点儿 out of question没问题out of the question不可能的be acceible to可(或易)接近的;可(或易)进入的;可(或易)得到的;可(或易)使用的 on the grounds that理由是，因为……
考点
二、转换法
在词性不变的情况下，英语中一个单词由一种词性用作另一种词性，称为转换法。
构词法第 1 页（共4页）
1.动词转化为名词。
很多动词可以转化为名词，大多数情况下，意思没有多大变化。如： Let’s go out for a walk.Let me have a try.We stopped there for a swim.He is a man of strong build.2.名词转化为动词。
英语中，很多表示物体、身体部位等的名词及某类人的名词，可以转化为名词。如： Since graduation, I have authored 34 nationally published children’s books.It can seat 1000 people.Please hand me the book.She nursed her husband back to health.3.形容词转化为动词。
英语中，少数形容词可以转化为动词。如：
The promoters of such products say they can shape the legs, slim the face, smooth wrinkles.The train slowed down to half its speed.This will help warm up the soil.4.形容词转化为名词。
英语中，表示颜色的形容词常可以转化为名词。如： You should be dreed in black at the funeral.某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语常用复数。如：
The old in our village are living a happy life.考点
三、派生法
在词根前面加前缀或再词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。
1.前缀。前缀通常只改变词义，不改变词性。(1)表示否定的前缀。
un-构成反义词，表示“不”。如：unfit, unhappy, unable,unemployment,unfair, unknown dis-构成反义词，表示“不”。如：discover, disagree, dishonest, dislike, disappear, discourage, disappoint
in-/im-构成反义词，表示“不”，用以c，b，m，p等开头的词。如：impoible, imcorrect, immoral, impolite
ir-/il-构成反义词，表示“不”，用以r，l开头的单词。如：irregular, irresponsible, illegal, illogical mis-构成反义词，表示“错误”。如：mistake, misuse, mislead non-构成反义词，表示“不”。如：non-stop, non-smoker, nonsense(2)表示其他意义的前缀。a-表示“形容词；副词”。如：asleep, arise, awake, abroad, alone, aside co-表示“共同”。如：co-exist, co-operate anti-表示“反；防”。如：anti-tank, anti-clockwise, anti-Japanese re-表示“重复；再”。如：return, redesign, reunite, remarry
super-表示“超级；上层”。如：superstar, superman, supermarket
sub-表示“下面的”。如：subway, subconscious tele-表示“远程”。如：telephone, telegraph, telescope,television inter-表示“相互；之间”。如：international, interrelation, Internet en-表示“使可能”。如：encourage, enable, enlarge un-表示反动作。如：unload, uncover fore-表示“在前面”。如：forehead, foreground, forward, forecast, foretell mid-表示“中；中间”。如：mid-term,mid-autumn, midnight, midsummer out-表示“在上面；在外部；在外”。如：outline, outside, outward over-表示“在上面；在外部；在上”。如：overlook, overhead post-表示“向后；在后边；次”。如：postscript, postwar, postgraduate pre-表示“在前；在前面”。如：prefix , preface, preposition, prewar, prehistory trans-表示“横过；贯通”。如：translate, transform, transparent, transmit under-表示“在„„下面；下的”。如：underline, underground, underwater ex-表示先“先；故；旧”。如：expresident, exhusband over-表示“超过；过度；太”。如：overeat, overdre, oversleep, overdose, oversimplify vice-表示“副；次”。如：vicepresident, vicechairman com-, cop-, con-, cor-,co-表示“共同；一起”。如：connect, combine, collect, coexist, co-operated
multi-, mult-表示“许多；复；多数”。如：multiply, multipurpose auto-表示“自己；独立；自动”。如：automobile, autobiography micro-表示“微小的”。如：microscope
2.后缀。后缀通常只改变词性，构成意思相近的其他词性的词；少数后缀同时会改变词义。（1）形容词后缀。
-al。如：national, natural, practical, educational, refusal, arrival, survival, appoval-an/ian表示“国家（人）的”。如：American, European, Canadian, Italian, Australian-ern表示“方向的”。如：southern, northern, eastern
-ful。如：beautiful, careful, helpful, cheerful, grateful, useful
-le表示否定。如：usele, carele, homele, motherle, usele-ese表示“人的”。如：Chinses, Portuguese, Japanese-ly。如：friendly, yearly
-some。如：troublesome, tiresome, handsome, lonesome
-y表示“天气”等。如：cloudy, dusty, rainy, sunny, stormy, dirty, sleepy, healthy-ous。如：famous, continuous
-ish。如：childish, selfish, foolish, Swedish, British, English-en。如：golden, wooden, woolen
-ive。如：active, native, decisive, destructive, expensive, impreive
-ble。如：reasonable, horrible, comfortable, acceptable, terrible（2）动词后缀。
-fy。如：beautify, simplify, satisfy, electrify
-en。如：widen, sharpen, loosen, strengthen, lengthen-ize（使„„成为）。如：realize, modernize, apologize, organize
(-To be continued)
构词法
（-continued）
（3）副词后缀。
-ly。如：badly, easily, freely, terribly, perfectly, truly, angrily-ward表示“方向”。如：backward, eastward, towards, forward（4）名词后缀。-ment表示“行为；状态；过程；手段极其结果”。如：treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument, agreement, government, development
-ne表示“性质；状态；程度”。如：goodne, kindne, friendline, busine, happine, greatne, illne, darkne
-er/or表示“人”。如：foreigner, thinker, swimmer, traveller, actor, sailor, visitor, profeor-ist表示“人”。如：pianist, scientist, artist, specialist, physicist-ian表示“精通„„的人；„„地方的人”。如：musician, magician, physician, technician, Ruian
-dom。如：freedom, kingdom, wisdom-ee表示“被„„的人”。如：employee, interviewee, trainee, examinee-ship表示“技能及身份；职业”。如：hardship, membership, friendship-eer表示“从事于„„人”。如：engineer, volunteer-hood表示“资格；身份；年纪；状态”。如：childhood, manhood, womanhood-ion ,-sion ,-tion ,-ation ,-ition表示“行为的过程；结果；状况”。如：action,solution, conclusion, expreion, correction, explanation, pollution, suggestion
-ism表示“主义”。如：socialism, criticism, heroism-th表示“动作；性质；过程；状态”。如：depth, wealth, truth, length, growth（5）数词后缀。-teen构成“十几”。如：fourteen, fifteen, eighteen-ly构成“几十“。如：ninty, fifty, twenty, forty, thirty-th构成序数词。如：fifth, sixth, twelfth, nanth, twentieth
BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation)英国广播公司 DIY(do it yourself)自己亲手做
NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)北约 SOS(save our ship)国际通用的呼救信号 SOHO(small office , home office)在家上班族 ST(Science and Technology)科技
TOEFL(Test of English as a Foreign Language)托福考试 UN(the United Nations)联合国
USA(the Unnited States of America)美国 VIP(very important person)重要人物
WTO(World Trade Organization)世界贸易组织 www.daodoc.come and lay around it every day.He climbed to the tree top, ate the apples, took a nap under the shadow...He loved the tree and the tree loved to play with him.Time went by...the little boy had grown up and he no longer played around the tree every day.One day, the boy came back to the tree and he looked sad.“Come and play with me,” the tree asked the boy.“I am no longer a kid, I don’t play around trees anymore.” The boy replied, “I want toys.I need money to buy them.”“Sorry, but I don’t have money...but you can pick all my apples and sell them.So, you will have money.” The boy was so excited.He grabbed all the apples on the tree and
考点
五、混合法（混成法）
即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体，前半部分表示属性。nes broadcast→newscast smoke and fog→smog helicopter airport→heliport，fruice—fruit+juice
考点
六、首尾字母缩略法
用单词首位字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。
left happily.The boy never came back after he picked the apples.The tree was sad.One day, the boy returned and the tree was so excited.“Come and play with me,” the tree said.“I don’t have time to play.I have to work for my family.We need a house for shelter.Can you help me?”“Sorry, but I don’t have a house.But you can chop off my branches to build your house.” So the boy cut all the branches off the tree and left happily.The tree was glad to see him happy but the boy never came back since then.The tree was again lonely and sad.One hot summer day, the boy returned and the tree was delighted.“Come and play with me!” the tree said.“I am sad and getting old.I want to go sailing to relax myself.Can you give me a boat?”“Use my trunk to build your boat.You can sail far away and be happy.” So the boy cut the tree trunk to make a boat.He went sailing and never showed up for a long time.The tree was happy, but it was not true.Finally, the boy returned after he left for so many years.“Sorry, my boy.But I don’t have anything for you any more.No more apples for you...” the tree said.“I don’t have teeth to bite,” the boy replied.“No more trunk for you to climb on.”“I am too old for that now,” the boy said.“I really can’t give you anything...the only thing left is my dying roots,” the tree said with tears.“I don’t need much now, just a place to rest.I am tired after all these years.” The boy replied.“Good!Old tree roots is the best place to lean on and rest.Come, Come to sit down with me and rest.”
The boy sat down and the tree was glad and smiled with tears...This is a story of everyone.The tree is our parent.When we were young, we loved to play with Mom and Dad...When we grown up, we left them, and only came to them when we need something or when we are in trouble.No matter what, parents will always be there and give everything they could to make you happy.You may think that the boy is cruel to the tree but that’s how all of us are treating our parents.****************************************************************************** Take time out during the day for quiet time to listen to your inner voice.You may want to use your quiet time to meditate or pray.However you use this time, the key is to shut out all of the noise around you by focusing deep within yourself.Breathing deeply during quiet time will also help you focus.I know it’s hard to find quiet time during a particularly busy day, but it’s so important — even if it’s just 10 minutes a day and you have to sneak away to get it.Quiet time can really make a difference in your life.It enables you to hear God speaking to your heart reminding you of His perfect love for you.Be honest with yourself by paying attention to your actions.Actions speak louder than words, and they always tell the truth.What do your actions say about you? If you say you love your job, but your actions say otherwise, which do you think is more true — your words or your actions? On the other hand, if you say you’re not good at a certain job, but your actions say otherwise, that’s also important.What do you do with this insight? You can use it to make more beneficial choices in your life.By being honest with yourself based on your previous actions, your actions moving forward will be based on truth instead of just what you tell yourself.Despite what your subconscious may be telling you, you can have love with no limits.The key is to unconditionally love yourself first.The Apple Tree参考译文
苹果树
很久很久以前，有一棵又高又大的苹果树。一位小男孩，天天到树下来，他爬上去摘苹果吃，在树荫下睡觉。他爱苹果树，苹果树也爱和他一起玩耍。
后来，小男孩长大了，不再天天来玩耍。一天他又来到树下，很伤心的样子。苹果树要和他一起玩，男孩说：“不行，我不小了，不能再和你玩，我要玩具，可是没钱买。”苹果树说：“很遗憾，我也没钱，不过，把我所有的果子摘下来卖掉，你不就有钱了？”男孩十分激动，他摘下所有的苹果，高高兴兴地走了。然后，男孩好久都没有来。苹果树很伤心。
有一天，男孩终于来了，树兴奋地邀他一起玩。男孩说：“不行，我没有时间，我要替家里干活呢，我们需要一幢房子，你能帮忙吗？”“我没有房子，”苹果树说，“不过你可以把我的树枝统统砍下来，拿去搭房子。”于是男孩砍下所有的树枝，高高兴兴地运走去盖房子。看到男孩高兴树好快乐。从此，男孩又不来了。树再次陷入孤单和悲伤之中。
一年夏天，男孩回来了，树太快乐了：“来呀！孩子，来和我玩呀。”男孩却说：“我心情不好，一天天老了，我要扬帆出海，轻松一下，你能给我一艘船吗？”苹果树说：“把我的树干砍去，拿去做船吧！”于是男孩砍下了她的树干，造了条船，然后驾船走了，很久都没有回来。树好快乐……但不是真的。
许多年过去，男孩终于回来，苹果树说：“对不起，孩子，我已经没有东西可以给你了，我的苹果没了。”
男孩说：“我的牙都掉了，吃不了苹果了。” 苹果树又说：“我再没有树干，让你爬上来了。” 男孩说：“我太老了，爬不动了。”
“我再也没有什么给得出手了……，只剩下枯死下去的老根，”树流着泪说。
男孩说：“这么多年过去了，现在我感到累了，什么也不想要，只要一个休息的地方。” “好啊！老根是最适合坐下来休息的，来啊，坐下来和我一起休息吧！”男孩坐下来，苹果树高兴得流下了眼泪……
这就是我们每个人的故事。这颗树就是我们的父母。小时候，我们喜欢和爸爸妈妈玩……长大后，我们就离开他们，只在需要什么东西或者遇到麻烦的时候，才回到他们身边。无论如何，父母永远都在那儿，倾其所有使你快乐。你可能认为这个男孩对树很残酷，但这就是我们每个人对待父母的方式。
****************************************************************************** 白天花些时间出去，独自倾听自己的心声。你可能想利用这段安静的时间沉思或祈祷。无论如何利用这段时间，关键是要排除周围所有的噪音，关注自己的内心深处。安静的时间进行深呼吸也能帮你集中注意力。我知道在特别忙碌的日子找到安静的时间很难，然而这很重要——即使一天只有10分钟，你也要溜开抓住它。安静的时间确实能使你的生命变得不同，它促使你倾听上帝与你的心灵对话，使你想起他赋予你的完美的爱。
坦诚对己，注重行动吧。事实胜于雄辩，行动才能证明事实。你的行动是如何说明你的呢？如果你说热爱自己的工作，而你的行动正好相反，你认为哪个更有说服力呢——言语还是行动？另一方面，如果你说不擅长某项工作，但你的行动正好相反，这也很重要。你怎么处理你这种能力？你可以由此在生活中做出更多的选择，坦诚对己也建立在以前的行为上，你以后的行动将会以事实为基础，而不只是你的言词。
不管你的潜意识告诉你什么，你都能够拥有无尽的爱，关键是首先你要无条件地爱自己。
构词法答案：
1、Learning the rules of word-formation helps to enlarge our vocabulary.2、This is the chief way to narrow the differences between them.3、He was so poor that he couldn’t afford to live in a five-starred hotel.4、You are an honour to our cla..5、We were so deeply moved that we wrote a thank-you letter to him.6、The 12th five-year plan lays emphasis on social development in a hamonious way.7、Politene will bridge a lot of difficulties.
