为什么幸福的关键在于时间_时间管理十大关键因素
为什么幸福的关键在于时间由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“时间管理十大关键因素”。
为什么幸福的关键在于时间，不在金钱？
许多研究生常常哀叹：什么时候理想的周五晚上不再是逛夜店，而是变成了朋友们吃着爆米花一起看长长一串Netflix电影了？但沃顿商学院市场营销学教授凯希·莫吉内尔（Caie Mogilner）表示，完全没有必要去为这种转变感到担心——它仅仅只是证实人们对幸福的定义会如何随着年龄的增长而发生改变。
在系列论文中——与达特茅斯大学（Dartmouth）教授阿米特·巴特查吉（Amit Bhattacharjee）合著的《特殊经历和平常经历带来的幸福感》（Happine from Ordinary and Extraordinary Experiences）、与斯坦福大学教授珍妮弗·阿科尔（Jennifer Aaker）和麻省理工学院教授塞普·卡姆瓦尔（Sep Kamvar）合著的《幸福对选择的影响》（How Happine Affects Choice）和《幸福的意义转变》（The Shifting Meaning of Happine）、以及单独撰写的《对幸福的追求：时间、金钱和社会关系》（The Pursuit of Happine: Time, Money and Social Connection）——莫吉内尔分析了影响人们满意程度的不同经历和情绪，发现幸福并不简单，也不像人们所想的那样完全因人而异。
在接受沃顿知识在线的采访时，她介绍了自己的研究发现，并且分析了这些发现对消费者和市场人员的参考意义。以下是经过编辑的对话内容。时间和幸福之间的关系
我对人们的幸福感进行了研究分析，并且在工作中发现，时间在其中发挥着至关重要的影响。例如，我分析了让人们仅仅关注时间和仅仅关注金钱分别会带来什么样的影响。这会如何影响人们的幸福感？年龄、尤其是人们对余生长短的看法会如何影响到人们的幸福感？带来幸福感的不同经历类型又会有何影响？ 例如，我发现相比于注重金钱而言，注重时间可以带来更大的幸福感。我是根据此前的研究工作来进行这些分析的。在此前我们曾经追踪过人们如何度过每一天，以及人们在每天生活中的感受如何。这些研究发现，人们在与他人交往时是最为幸福的。他们在工作或通勤途中的幸福感最低。我希望从研究中发现，考虑时间或金钱会如何影响人们带来开心或不开心的行为方式。
在一个研究中，我选择了人们既可以与他人打交道也可以进行工作的一种背景环境——即咖啡馆。在人们进入咖啡馆时，我拦住他们请他们协助进行调查。该调查是一项句子整理任务，其中悄悄地包括了与时间相关或与金钱相关的词语。此后，他们进入咖啡馆。我们会在他们不知情的情况下偷偷观察他们在咖啡馆里干些什么，看他们与咖啡馆内的其他人怎么打交道，是与他人交谈还是打电话，以及他们工作的情况，不管是使用电脑还是阅读书籍。
在他们离开咖啡馆时，我们又会进行另一项调查，询问他们是否感到幸福。相比于那些在进入咖啡馆时被引导关注金钱的人而言，被引导关注时间的人会花更多的时间与人打交道，而且在离开咖啡馆时感到更加幸福开心。
另一项研究则发现年龄也会影响人们的幸福感。我们最初采用的方法是分析人们在个人博客上如何来晒幸福。我们查阅了数百万份博客。只要有人写着“我感觉幸福”，我们就会分析其情绪的具体表述。我们发现存在两种形式的幸福——一种是与兴奋激动相关，还有一种则是与平心静气有关。
根据博主的档案信息，我们可以看出谁在晒这两种不同类型的幸福。我们发现，一、二十来岁的年轻人所晒的幸福更多地与兴奋激动有关，而且这种倾向相当明显。30来岁的人所表述的这两类幸福程度相当。然后40、50、60和年龄更长的人明显地更加倾向于表述与平心静气有关的幸福。从中可以看出，我们的幸福感会随着年龄的增长而发生变化。
在另一项研究中，我们分析了不同类型的经历与幸福感之间的关系，并且再次发现年龄在其中也发挥了一定的影响。我们对比了特殊经历——遗憾清单类的事件，例如不可思议的假期、生命的里程碑、毕业、结婚等——和平常经历（即日常的普通事情）所带来的幸福感。对年纪较轻的人和那些认为自己的人生之路还长得很的人来说，特殊经历可以带来更大的幸福感。但有趣的是，随着年龄的增长，平常经历所带来的幸福感越来越多，因而年龄较长的参与者认为平常经历和特殊经历所带来的幸福感相当。最令人惊奇的研究结论 当一位20岁的年轻人说“我感觉幸福”和一位60岁的老者说同一番话时……他们两个人的感受其实是截然不同的。这点非常有意思。也许一个是感到非常激动和兴奋，而另一位是感受到更加强烈的淡定。平常经历是那些天天会出现的微不足道的时刻，但它们可以带来同特殊时刻一样多的幸福感，这点令人感到惊讶，但也的确很好。人们从生活中的哪些方面找到幸福感？从这个方面来看，上面的发现相当具有价值。
研究发现的实际意义：
对于消费者或者是对幸福感兴趣的所有人而言，其意义在于将关注点从金钱上移开，放到时间这个从根本上来说相当宝贵的资源上。金钱这种资源每天会吸引我们多数的关注力，成为我们思考和计划的重点。进行此类转变将会提醒和激励你在一举一动时选择更幸福的方式，并且用更充实的方式来使用自己的时间。另一种意义在于，懂得什么会让自己感到幸福以及自己会感到幸福的方式这两点会随着年龄的变化而发生变化。所以你不能根据自己年轻时的概念来评估自己的幸福程度，或者是坚持此前的幸福标准。你应该接受并懂得也许可以从那些安静、让人平心静气的时刻里找到幸福感。如果你为周五晚上窝在沙发上看电视或电影而火冒三丈，这并不意味着你已经感到厌倦。市场营销领域的借鉴意义：
这项研究对市场营销人员而言，在两个方面具有重要的意义。首先，你看见越来越多的市场营销人员在广告宣传和品牌打造中通过保证创造幸福来从根本面上与消费者拉近关系。从这可以看出，他们首先应该考虑自己所针对的对象。他们想要同哪个人群对话，是年轻人还是中老年人？而且他们在承诺创造幸福时应该如何进行沟通？是通过鲜艳的颜色、激昂的动力、以及浓烈的色彩来凸显兴奋激动所带来的幸福吗？或者他们应该是表达更安静、平和和沉稳的幸福，面向年龄较长的消费者，让他们能产生共鸣？
此外，市场还存在通过电话来介绍产品或品牌体验的趋势。再次建议市场营销人员应该考虑他们希望对话和打交道的对象是谁，从而能够就相关的体验类型提供信息。是那种让人激动的、非同一般的体验吗？或者是更为普通的日常体验能够让目标消费者产生共鸣呢？ 《幸福》歌与本研究的关系：
几周前，6名伊朗人因为将他们随着法瑞尔（Pharrell）的《幸福》（Happy）歌曲翩翩起舞的视频上传到YouTube上而被捕。首先，事实是法瑞尔的《幸福》歌已经成为了一种现象，让人发现这种幸福的情绪如此重要，如此激励人心，而且如此让人心有戚戚焉。而且事实上，人们纷纷支持和关心这些因为庆祝和分享自己的幸福而被捕的年轻伊朗人，从中也可以看出幸福这种情绪如何地具有力量。
研究所消除的误解：
人们正在追求而且某天可以找到的并不单单只有幸福这一样东西。而且幸福并不完全因人而异。相反，人们的幸福感和可以带来幸福的经历具有一些可加以预料的规律性，而且幸福会随着人们的年龄增长而发生系统性的变化。年轻人的幸福更多地是与激动兴奋有关，随着年龄的增长，幸福更多的是找到内心的平静。研究脱颖而出的原因：
我们应该将关注重点从金钱转移到时间上。人们大量关注金钱和利润，也有许多商业研究关注这些东西。有心理和幸福方面的调研质疑金钱是否可以买来幸福。我想说——我的研究也提出——将注意力转移到时间这种对我们而言具有更根本意义的资源上，这将具有重要的价值。接下来的计划安排： 我正在探索与时间和幸福相关的多种不同路径。一个项目是分析幸福地度过每一天的方式。我们一直在分析人们在每一天中应该有更多变化还是要少点变化。截止目前，研究显示，整体而言，变化的确是生活的调味料。人们可以从更多样的活动中找到更大的幸福感。但当你将时间的划分单位缩小，例如变成每个小时，那么情况就会发生变化。在这种情况下，太多样的活动会让你感觉自己什么事情都没有做完。
我正在和一位博士生进行另一项研究。我们在研究中探索给予时间对人们与他人之间的关系有何影响——研究发现，相对于物质礼物而言，当人们给予他人体验式的礼物，也就是时间礼物，接收人会感觉与赠礼人更为亲近。最后，我也正在研究人们是更喜欢当前这个小时或当前时刻感到幸福，还是更喜欢等到回首那个小时或回首人生时感到幸福。人们是更喜欢体会当下的幸福，还是更喜欢回忆过去所带来的幸福呢？
Why Time — Not Money — Is the Key to Happine It’s the lament voiced by many a post-grad: When did the ideal Friday night become a full Netflix queue and a bowl of popcorn shared between friends rather than hours of club hopping? But Wharton marketing profeor Caie Mogilner says that this shift in priorities is no reason to fret — it’s merely evidence of how people’s definition of happine changes as they become older.In a series of papers — “Happine from Ordinary and Extraordinary Experiences,” co-authored with Dartmouth profeor Amit Bhattcharjee;“How Happine Affects Choice” and “The Shifting Meaning of Happine,” both co-authored with Stanford profeor Jennifer Aaker and MIT profeor Sep Kamvar;and “The Pursuit of Happine: Time, Money and Social Connection” — Mogilner looks at the different experiences and emotions that factor into human contentment, finding that happine isn’t just one thing, but also isn’t as unique to each person as we might think.In this conversation with Knowledge@Wharton, she discues her findings and their implications for both consumers and marketers.An edited transcript of the conversation appears below.On the connection between time and happine:
I research people’s happine, and what I’ve found acro the work is that time plays a critical role.For instance, I’ve looked at what is the effect of merely drawing people’s attention to time, as opposed to our other resource of money.How does that impact people’s levels of happine? How do age and, more specifically, the amount of time people feel like they have left in life influence both how people experience happine, as well as the types of experiences that elicit greater happine? “When a 20 year-old says, „I feel happy,‟ and when a 60 year old says the very same thing … they‟re likely feeling very different things.”
For example, I have found that focusing on time leads to greater happine than focusing on money.The way that I explored that was building on prior work, which tracked how people spend their days and also how people feel over the course of their days, finding that people are happiest when they are connecting with other people.They’re least happy when they are doing work or commuting.I wanted to see if thinking about time vs.money would influence people’s tendencies to behave in particularly happy or unhappy ways.In one study, I looked at a context in which people both connect with others, as well as do work — namely, at a café.As people were entering the café, I asked them to fill out a survey.That survey involved a sentence unscrambling task, which surreptitiously exposed them to time-related words or money-related words.Afterwards, they entered the café and unbeknownst to them, we observed how they spent their time there, noting the extent to which they were connecting with other people at the café, talking to others or on the phone, and the extent to which they were doing work, either on their computers or reading books.As they left the café, we conducted another survey asking how happy they felt.Those who were led to think about time on their way into the café spent more time connecting and left happier than those who were led to think about money.The other work I have done found that age influences how people experience happine.The way we looked into this initially was looking at how people expre feeling happy on their personal blogs.We looked at millions of blogs.Any time someone wrote “I feel” or “I’m feeling happy,” we looked at the content of that emotional expreion.We found that there are really two forms of happine that emerged — one that is tied to feeling excited, and the other that is tied to feeling calm.SPONSORED CONTENT: Based on the bloggers’ profile information, we could see who was expreing these different types of happine.We found that people in their teens and twenties were significantly more likely to expre excited happine than calm happine.People in their thirties were actually equally as likely to expre one or the other.And then people in their forties, fifties, sixties and above were significantly more likely to expre feeling calm happine than excited happine, suggesting that the way that we feel happy changes over the course of our life.In other work, we were looking at the types of experiences that are aociated with greater happine, finding that again, age has an impact.We compared the happine that people extract from extraordinary experiences — those bucket list-type events, like incredible vacations, life milestones, graduation, getting married — vs.ordinary experiences, those mundane everyday events.Among younger people or people who felt like they had a lot of time left in their lives, it was really those extraordinary experiences that led to greater happine.But interestingly, as people got older, ordinary experiences produced increasingly greater happine, such that older participants felt as much happine from ordinary experiences as they did from extraordinary experiences.The most surprising conclusions of the research:
I thought it was really interesting that when a 20 year-old says, “I feel happy,” and when a 60 year-old says the very same thing … they’re likely feeling very different things.One will be feeling excited, and the other, a greater sense of calm.I also think it’s surprising — and actually quite nice — that ordinary experiences, those little moments that pop up every day, can produce as much as happine as extraordinary moments.I think that’s really powerful in terms of where people find the happine in their life.On the practical implications:
An interesting implication for consumers, or really anyone who’s interested in feeling happy, is to shift attention away from money, which is a resource that tends to absorb most of our attention and our thinking and planning on a daily basis, and shift attention to this fundamentally precious resource of time.Making that shift will remind you and motivate you to behave in ways that are happier, and to spend your time in more fulfilling ways.“You shouldn‟t evaluate or ae your level of happine, or hold yourself to a standard, based on a concept that you had when you were younger.”
Another implication is to understand that what makes you happy, and even the way that you feel happine, will or has changed over the course of your life.So you shouldn’t evaluate or ae your level of happine, or hold yourself to a standard, based on a concept that you had when you were younger.You should allow yourself to accept and appreciate that it is maybe those quiet moments, those calming moments, where you really will find happine.It doesn’t mean that you’re boring if you’re fired up about a Friday night on the couch watching TV or movies.What this means for marketing:
The research has tremendous implications for marketers in two ways.First, you see more and more examples of marketers through their campaigns and branding trying to really connect with consumers on a fundamental level by promising happine.And what it suggests is that they should think about, first of all, who they are targeting.What demographic are they trying to speak to, older or younger individuals? And relatedly, how should they be communicating the happine they’re promising? Is it excitement, with loud colors, high energy and intense color? Or should they be conveying happine as a more tranquil, serene, calm type of happine to really connect with and resonate with an older consumer? In addition, there is a trend toward dialing up the experiential aspect of your product or brand.It’s suggesting that, again, marketers should consider who they’re looking to connect with and speak to in order to inform the types of experiences that they are positioning themselves with a respect to.Is it exciting, extraordinary, types of experiences? Or is it those more every day, mundane experiences that will really resonate with their target consumer? How “Happy”(the song)relates to the research: There was a news story from a couple of weeks ago when six Iranians were arrested for posting on YouTube a video of them dancing to the Pharrell song “Happy.” First of all, the fact that the Pharrell song “Happy” has become a phenomenon in and of itself suggests that this emotion of happine is so fundamental and so motivating and so resonant with people.And the fact that there’s been such an outpouring of support and care for these young Iranians who were arrested for the act of celebrating and sharing their happine just goes to show how effective this emotion of happine is.“Happine is not a singular thing that people are pursuing and will someday find.It‟s also not purely idiosyncratic and something different to everyone.”
On the misperceptions dispelled by the research:
Happine is not a singular thing that people are pursuing and will someday find Twitter.It’s also not purely idiosyncratic and something different to everyone.Instead, there is predictable regularity in how people experience happine, as well as in the experiences that elicit happine.Also, there is a systemic shift over the course of people’s lives whereby when people are younger, happine is more about feeling excited, and as people get older, happine is more about feeling calm.On what sets the research apart:
We should be shifting our attention away from money and toward time.There is a lot of attention and busine research focused on money and the bottom line.There is also psychology and happine research questioning if money does buy happine.I would argue — and my research would argue — that there is a lot of value in shifting attention altogether toward the other resource that is so fundamental to us: time.On what‟s next:
I’m exploring several different paths all related to time and happine.One project is looking at happy ways of spending time.We’ve been looking at whether people should be filling their days with more variety vs.le variety.And so far, it suggests that in general, variety is actually the spice of life.People enjoy greater happine from more varied activities.But that is not the case when you get to smaller partitions of time, like an hour.And in these cases, too much variety makes you feel like you haven’t gotten anything completed.In other work I am doing with a doctoral student, we’re exploring the impact of giving time on the extent to which people feel connected with other people — specifically finding that when people give experiential gifts, the gift of time, the recipient feels more connected to their gift giver than if they had received a material gift.And finally, I’m doing work looking at whether people would prefer feeling happy over the course of an hour, or their life, or whether they would prefer feeling happy looking back on that hour or life.What are people’s preferences between experienced vs.remembered happine?
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