英美概况笔记整理_英美概况的笔记

英美概况笔记整理由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“英美概况的笔记”。

United States Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence was a statement adopted by the Continental

Congre on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happine.That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happine.This sentence has been called “one of the best-known sentences in the English language” and “the most potent and consequential words in American history”.The paage has often been used to promote the rights of marginalized people

throughout the world, and came to represent a moral standard for which the United States should strive.This view was notably promoted by Abraham Lincoln, who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy, and argued that the Declaration is a statement of principles through which the United States Constitution should be interpreted.Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson(April 13, 1743(April 2, 1743 O.S.)– July 4, 1826)was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence(1776)and the third President of the United States(1801–1809).Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln(February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865)was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his aaination in April 1865.He succefully led his country through a great constitutional, military and moral crisis – the American Civil War – preserving the Union, while ending slavery, and promoting economic and financial modernization.Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, Lincoln was mostly self-educated.He became a country lawyer, an Illinois state legislator, and a one-term member of the United States House of

Representatives, but failed in two attempts at a seat in the United States Senate.First impeached president

Bill ClintonChief Justice of the United States(终审法院首席法官)

The first Chief Justice was John Jay.The 17th and current Chief Justice is John G.Roberts, Jr.Bill of rights

The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.These limitations serve to protect the natural rights of liberty and property.The new deal

The New Deal was a series of economic programs implemented in the United States between 1933 and 1936.They were paed by the U.S.Congre during the first term of President Franklin D.Roosevelt.The programs were Roosevelt's responses to the Great Depreion, and focused on what historians call the “3 Rs”: Relief,Recovery, and Reform.That is, Relief for the unemployed and poor;Recovery of the economy to normal levels;and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depreion.What can bring a president to a trial? Impeachment.US constitution

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Bleings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.The Preamble sets out the origin, scope and purpose of the Constitution.Its origin and authority is in “We, the people of the United States”.This echoes the Declaration of Independence.“One people” diolved their connection with another, and

aumed among the powers of the earth, a sovereign nation-state.The scope of the Constitution is twofold.First, “to form a more perfect Union” than had previously

existed in the “perpetual Union” of the Articles of Confederation.Second,to “secure the bleings of liberty”, which were to be enjoyed by not only the first generation, but for all who came after, “our posterity”.Guy Fawkes

In 1605, thirteen young men planned to blow up the Houses of Parliament.Among them was Guy Fawkes, Britain's most notorious traitor.After Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603, English Catholics who had been persecuted under her rule had hoped that her succeor, James I, would be more tolerant of their religion.James I had, after all, had a Catholic mother.Unfortunately, James did not turn out to be more tolerant than Elizabeth and a number of young men, 13 to be exact, decided that violent action was the answer.A small group took shape, under the leadership of Robert Catesby.Catesby felt that violent action was warranted.Indeed, the thing to do was to blow up the Houses of Parliament.In doing so, they would kill the King, maybe even the Prince of Wales, and the Members of Parliament who were making life difficult for the Catholics.Today these conspirators would be known as extremists, or terrorists.To carry out their plan, the conspirators got hold of 36 barrels of gunpowder-and stored them in a cellar, just under the House of Lords.But as the group worked on the plot, it became clear that innocent people would be hurt or killed in the attack, including some people who even fought for more rights for Catholics.Some of the plotters started having second thoughts.One of the group members even sent an anonymous letter warning his friend, Lord Monteagle, to stay away from the Parliament on November 5th.Was the letter real?

The warning letter reached the King, and the King's forces made plans to stop the conspirators.Guy Fawkes, who was in the cellar of the parliament with the 36 barrels of

gunpowder when the authorities stormed it in the early hours of November 5th, was caught, tortured and executed.It's unclear if the conspirators would ever have been able to pull off their plan to blow up the Parliament even if they had not been betrayed.Some have suggested that the gunpowder itself was so old as to be usele.Since Guy Fawkes and the other

conspirators got caught before trying to ignite the powder, we'll never know for certain.Even for the period which was notoriously unstable, the Gunpowder Plot struck a very profound chord for the people of England.In fact, even today, the reigning monarch only enters the Parliament once a year, on what is called “the State

Opening of Parliament”.Prior to the Opening, and according to custom, the Yeomen of the Guard search the cellars of the Palace of Westminster.Nowadays, the Queen and Parliament still observe this tradition.On the very night that the Gunpowder Plot was foiled, on November 5th, 1605,bonfires were set alight to celebrate the safety of the King.Since then, November 5th has become known as Bonfire Night.The event is commemorated every year with fireworks and burning effigies of Guy Fawkes on a bonfire.Difference between president and prime minister

A prime minister is elected by the people of its party while a president is elected by the people.Magna Carta

Magna Carta is an English charter, originally iued in the year 1215 and reiued later in the 13th century in modified versions, which included the most direct

challenges to the monarch's authority to date.The charter first paed into law in 1225.The 1297 version, with the long title(originally in Latin)The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, and of the Liberties of the Forest, still remains on the statute books of England and Wales.Who first invade the Great Britain? Romans.UK= The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandBeetles

The Beatles were an English rock band, active throughout the 1960s and one of the most commercially succeful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music.Formed in Liverpool, by late 1962 the group consisted of John Lennon(rhythm guitar, vocals), Paul McCartney(ba guitar, vocals), George Harrison(lead guitar, vocals)and Ringo Starr(drums, vocals).Rooted in skiffle and 1950s rock and roll, the group later worked in many genres ranging from pop ballads to psychedelic rock, often incorporating claical and other elements in innovative ways.The nature of their enormous popularity, which first emerged as “Beatlemania”, transformed as their songwriting grew in sophistication.They came to be perceived as the

embodiment of ideals of the social and cultural revolutions of the 1960s.FIFA= International Federation of Football Aociation

Fédération Internationale de Football AociationFirst British Colony

Jamestown, VirginiaThirteen Colonies

The Thirteen Colonies were English and later British colonies established on the Atlantic coast of North America between 1607 and 1733.They declared their independence in the American Revolution and formed the United States of America.The colonies were:

Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Maachusetts Bay, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.How large is uk? 242000 sq km.Finance Minister

In the United States, the finance minister is called the Secretary of the Treasury.The current Secretary of the Treasury is Timothy Geithner.In the United Kingdom, the finance minister is called the Chancellor of the

Exchequer.The current Chancellor of the Exchequer is George Osborne.What charter gave freedom to Americans? Magna Carta.Capital of Scotland: Edinburgh

Capital of Wales: CardiffClimate of UK

Gulf stream

The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe, the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates at the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before croing the Atlantic Ocean.The proce of western

intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northward accelerating current off the east coast of North America.At about 40°0′N 30°0′W, it splits in two, with the

northern stream croing to northern Europe and the southern stream recirculating off West Africa.The Gulf Stream influences the climate of the east coast of North America from Florida to Newfoundland, and the west coast of Europe.Although there has been recent debate, there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic drift, one of the branches from the tail of the Gulf Stream.It is part of the North Atlantic Gyre.Its presence has led to the development of strong cyclones of all types, both within the atmosphere and within the ocean.The Gulf Stream is also a significant potential source of renewable power generation.Feudal system

Feudal system is a system of duties and rewards.The king give land to nobles or barons and they have to swear loyalty to him and provide knights to guard castles or fight in wars.King40 days a year in the army

Give landNobles or baronerve in the army for 40 days a year

GantlandKnightspromise services and payment to

GantlandThe peasantsFugitive slave art

Fugitive slave art give the slaver owner the right to travel north to capture any slaves that escape to the north.This art was unpopular with the anti-slavery people in the north and increased tension in the north and south, leading to the civil war in 1862.Who defeated Spanish Amada in 1588? Sir Francis.P63Scotland join England in 1707 became an union.What tragic event took place in late 1990? The death of Prince Diana.29 Slavery was abolished by 13th amendment in 1865.Who is the king of rock and roll? Elvis Presley.31 Who is the king of pop? Michael Jackson.32 What’s difference between House of Lords and House of Commons? The busine of Parliament takes place in two Houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords.Their work is similar: making laws(legislation), checking the work of the government(scrutiny), and debating current iues.The House of Commons is also responsible for granting money to the government through approving Bills that raise taxes.Generally, the decisions made in one House have to be approved by the other.In this way the two-chamber system acts as a check and balance for both Houses.The Commons

The Commons is publicly elected.The party with the largest number of members in the Commons forms the government.Members of the Commons(MPs)debate the big political iues of the day and proposals for new laws.It is one of the key places where government ministers, like the Prime Minister and the Chancellor, and the principal figures of the main political parties, work.The Commons alone is responsible for making decisions on financial Bills, such as proposed new taxes.The Lords can consider these Bills but cannot block or amend them.The Lords

The House of Lords is the second chamber of the UK Parliament, it complements the work of the House of Commons.It makes laws, holds government to account and investigates policy iues.Its membership is mostly appointed and includes experts in many fields.33 Cause and effect of civil war

Habeas corpus

The purpose of Habeas Corpus is to allow people to appeal against unlawful imprisonment.Habeas corpus(Latin: “you may have the body”)is a writ, or legal action, through which a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention, that is, detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence.The remedy can be sought by the prisoner or by another person coming to their aid.Habeas corpus originated in the English legal system, but it is now available in many nations.It has historically been an important legal instrument safeguarding individual freedom against arbitrary state action.It is a writ requiring a person to be brought before a judge.