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河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
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Mine safety Coal mining historically has been a hazardous occupation but, in recent years, tremendous progre has been made in reducing accidental coal mine deaths and injuries.the main aspect is as following： ⑴ Safety of mine ventilation •
Purposes of Mine Ventilation •
Properly engineered control of the mine atmosphere is required to: •
provide fresh air(oxygen)for men to breathe •
provide a source of oxygen for internal combustion engines in machinery •
dilute atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levels •
maintain temperature and humidity within acceptable limits •
remove atmospheric contaminants from the mine.Mine ventilation is twofold in purpose: first, it maintains life, and secondly it carries off dangerous gases.The historic role of ventilation was to provide a flow of fresh air sufficient to replace the oxygen consumed by the miners working underground.Today's mine ventilation primarily deals with noxious gases(mainly generated by trackle equipment underground).Canaries are said to have been used to detect gas in coal mines in the early stages of coal mining.This sensitive bird would be taken into the workings and, if it perished, the colliers would immediately leave the mine.In the 1920s the hand-turned fans were replaced with air-powered small turbine fans.河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
Large fans of the suction type were placed on the surface and gradually increased in size.Air from surface compreors was piped into the mine to power machinery and to aist in ventilation.Unle the air is properly distributed to the face, the mine ventilation system is not performing its primary function
.While it has always been recognized that this last part of ventilation is the most import, it is also the most difficult to achieve.The primary means of producing and controlling the airflow are also illustrated on Figure 1.Main fans, either singly or in combination, handle all of the air that paes through the entire system.These are usually, but not necearily, located on surface, either exhausting air through the system as shown on Figure 1 or, alternatively, connected to downcast shafts or main intakes and forcing air into and through the system.Because of the additional hazards of gases and dust that may both be explosive, legislation governing the ventilation of coal mines is stricter than for most other underground facilities.In many countries, the main ventilation fans for coal mines are required, by law, to be placed on surface and may also be subject to other restrictions such as being located out of line with the connected shaft or drift and equipped with “blow-out” panels to help protect the fan in case of a mine
Figure 1.Typical elements of a main ventilation system 河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
explosion.Stoppings and Seals:In developing a mine, connections are necearily made between intakes and returns.When these are no longer required for acce or ventilation, they should be blocked by stoppings in order to prevent short-circuiting of the airflow.Stoppings can be constructed from masonry, concrete blocks or fireproofed timber blocks.Prefabricated steel stoppings may also be employed.Stoppings should be well keyed into the roof, floor and sides, particularly if the strata are weak or in coal mines liable to spontaneous combustion.Leakage can be reduced by coating the high preure face of the stopping with a sealant material and particular attention paid to the perimeter.Here again, in weak or chemically active strata, such coatings may be extended to the rock surfaces for a few metres back from the stopping.In cases where the airways are liable to convergence, precautions should be taken to protect stoppings against premature failure or cracking.These measures can vary from “crush pads” located at the top of the stopping to sliding or deformable panels on prefabricated stoppings.In all cases, components of stoppings should be fireproof and should not produce toxic fumes when heated.As a short term measure, fire-resistant brattice curtains may be tacked to roof, sides and floor to provide temporary stoppings where preure differentials are low such as in locations close to the working areas.Where abandoned areas of a mine are to be isolated from the current ventilation infrastructure, seals should be constructed at the entrances of the connecting airways.If required to be explosion-proof, these consist of two or more stoppings, 5 to 10 metres apart, with the intervening space occupied by
河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
sand, stone dust, compacted non-flammable rock waste, cement-based fill or other manufactured material.Steel girders, laced between roof and floor add structural strength.Grouting the surrounding strata adds to the integrity of the seal in weak ground.In coal mines, mining law or prudent regard for safety may require seals to be explosion-proof.Doors and airlocks：Where acce must remain available between an intake and a return airway, a stopping may be fitted with a ventilation door.In its simplest form, this is merely a wooden or steel door hinged such that it opens towards the higher air preure.This self-closing feature is supplemented by angling the hinges so that the door lifts slightly when opened and closes under its own weight.It is also advisable to fit doors with latches to prevent their opening in cases of emergency when the direction of preure differentials may be reversed.Contoured flexible strips attached along the bottom of the door aist in reducing leakage, particularly when the airway is fitted with rail track.Ventilation doors located between main intakes and returns are usually built as a set of two or more to form an airlock.This prevents short-circuiting when one door is opened for paage of vehicles or personnel.The distance between doors should be capable of accommodating the longest train of vehicles required to pa through the airlock.For higher preure differentials, multiple doors also allow the preure break to be shared between doors.Mechanized doors, opened by pneumatic or electrical means are particularly convenient for the paage of vehicular traffic or where the size of the door or air preure would make manual operation difficult.Mechanically operated doors may, again, be side-hinged or take the form of rollup or concertina
河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
devices.They may be activated manually by a pull-rope or automatic sensing of an approaching vehicle or person.Large doors may be fitted with smaller hinged openings for acce by personnel.Man-doors exposed to the higher preure differentials may be difficult to open manually.In such cases, a sliding panel may be fitted in order to reduce that preure differential temporarily while the door is opened.Interlock devices can also be employed on an airlock to prevent all doors from being opened simultaneously.Cfd applied to ventilation sys tems：Due to recent advances in computer proceing power CFD has been used to solve a wide range of large and complex flow problems acro many branches of engineering(Moloney et.al.1997/98/99).The increase in proceor speed has also enabled the development of improved post proceing and graphical techniques with which to visualize the results produced by these models.Recent research work has employed CFD models, validated by scale and full-scale experiments, to represent the ventilation flows and pollutant dispersion patterns within underground mine networks.In particular, studies by Moloney(1997)demonstrated that validated CFD models were able to succefully replicate the ventilation flows and gaseous pollutant dispersion patterns observed within auxiliary ventilated rapid development drivages.CFD has proven a capable method by which to identify detailed characteristics of the flow within critical areas such as the cutting face.The results produced by the CFD models were able to demonstrate the relative efficiency of the different auxiliary ventilation configurations in the dilution, dispersion and transport of the methane and dust from the development face.Further recent studies by Moloney et.al.(1999)have demonstrated that such
河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
validated CFD models may be used to simulate the airflow and pollutant dispersion data for a wide range of mining and ventilation configurations.Each simulation exercise produces large sets of velocity, preure and pollutant concentration data.⑵ Fires Methods of Control Fires that occur in mine airways usually commence from a single point of ignition.The initial fire is often quite small and, indeed, most fires are extinguished rapidly by prompt local action.Speed is of the eence.An energetic ignition that remains undetected, even for only a few minutes, can develop into a conflagration that becomes difficult or impoible to deal with.Sealing off the district or mine may then become inevitable.The majority of fires can be extinguished quickly if prompt action is taken.This underlines the importance of fire detection systems, training, a well-designed firefighting system and the ready availability of fully operational firefighting equipment.Fire extinguishers of an appropriate type should be available on vehicles and on the upstream side of all zones of increased fire hazard.These include storage areas and fixed locations of equipment such as electrical or compreor stations and conveyor gearheads.Neither water nor foam should be used where electricity is involved until it is certain that the power has been switched off.Fire extinguishers that employ carbon dioxide or dry powders are suitable for electrical fires or those involving flammable liquids.Deluge and sprinkler systems can be very effective in areas of fixed equipment, stores and over conveyors.These should be activated by thermal sensors rather than smoke or gas detectors in order to ensure that they are
河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
operated only when open combustion occurs in the near vicinity.Except where electricity or flammable liquids are involved, water is the most common medium of firefighting.When applied to a burning surface, water helps to remove two sides of the fire triangle.The latent heat of the water as it vapourises and the subsequent thermal capacity of the water vapour aist in removing heat from the burning material.Furthermore, the displacement of air by water vapour and the liquid coating on cooler surfaces help to isolate oxygen from the fire.⑶ Methods of Dust Control The three major control methods used to reduce airborne dust in tunnels and underground mines: ventilation, water, and dust collectors.Ventilation air reduces dust through both dilution and displacement.The dilution mechanism operates when workers are surrounded by a dust cloud and additional air serves to reduce the dust concentration by diluting the cloud.The displacement mechanism operates when workers are upwind of dust sources and the air velocity is high enough to reliably keep the dust downwind.① Dilution Ventilation.The basic principle behind dilution ventilation is to provide more air and dilute the dust.Most of the time the dust is reduced roughly in proportion to the increase in airflow, but not always.The cost of and technical barriers to increased airflow can be substantial, particularly where air already moves through ventilation ductwork or shafts at velocities of 3,000 ft/min or more.② Displacement Ventilation.The basic principle behind displacement ventilation is to use the airflow in a way that confines the dust source and
河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
keeps it away from workers by putting dust downwind of the workers.Every tunnel or mine paage with an airflow direction that puts dust downwind of workers uses displacement ventilation.In mines, continuous miner faces or tunnel boring machines on exhaust ventilation use displacement ventilation.Enclosure of a dust source, such as a conveyor belt transfer point, along with extraction of dusty air from the enclosure, is another example of displacement ventilation.Displacement ventilation can be hard to implement.However, if done well, it is the most effective dust control technique available, and it is worth considerable effort to get it right.The difficulty is that when workers are near a dust source, say, 10 to 20 ft from the source, keeping them upwind requires a substantial air velocity, typically between 60 and 150 ft/min.There is not always enough air available to achieve these velocities.③ Water sprays.The role of water sprays in mining is a dual one: wetting of the broken material being transported and,airborne capture.Of the two, wetting of the broken material is far more effective.Adequate wetting is extremely important for dust control.The vast majority of dust particles created during breakage are not released into the air, but stay attached to the surface of the broken material.Wetting this broken material ensures that the dust particles stay attached.As a result, adding more water can usually(but not always)be counted on to reduce dust.For example, coal mine operators have been able to reduce the dust from higher longwall production levels by raising the shearer water flow rate to an average of 100gpm.Compared to the amount of coal mined, on a weight basis, this 100gpm is equivalent to 1.9% added moisture from the shearer alone.河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
Unfortunately, exceive moisture levels can also result in a host of materials handling problems, operational headaches, and product quality iues, so an upper limit on water use is sometimes reached rather quickly.As a result, an alternative to simply adding more water is to ensure that the broken material is being wetted uniformly.⑷ Mine Drainage Water invades almost every mine in the form of ：direct precipitation(rain and snow), surface runoff, underground percolation.Flows of water have an important effect on the cost and progre of many mining operations and present life and property hazards in some cases.Means of Mine-water Control（Mine Drainage）: As shafts and other mine openings extend below the water table, water is likely to be encountered and to seep into the openings to an extent depending upon the area of rock surface exposed, the hydrostatic preure, and other factors.In order to continue mining operations, it is therefore neceary to lower the ground water level in the vicinity of the mine by artificial means to keep the workings free of water as well as preventing the flow of surface water into the(surface or underground)mine.This operation is known as mine drainage.Means of mine drainage are limited by circumstances and objectives.The following types of mine-water control can be used singly or more effectively in combination: ① Locate shafts or excavations in best ground and protect from direct water inflow from surfaces.② Divert or drain water at or near surface.河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
③ Reduce permeability of rock ma by grouting with special types of cement, bentonite and liquid chemical grouts(water sealing).④ Case or cement exploration drill holes.⑤ Drill pilot holes in advance of work wherever there may be sudden influents at rates potentially inconvenient.⑥ Dewater bedrock at depth by pumping through dewatering wells or from an acceible place in the mine.。
5.Hearing Lo among Miners and Measures to Protect Hearing
Everyone knows that mining is a noisy job, but did you know that you are nine times more likely to lose your hearing than someone who works in a quieter job? If unprotected from noise on the job, by age 50, you will probably need hearing aids.Obviously, the best solution is to engineer out the noise, but that isn’t always immediately poible.Until mines are quieter, one way you can help save your vital sense of hearing is to use hearing protectors whenever the noise around you is hazardous.Even if you already have some hearing lo, you can use hearing protectors to prevent your hearing from getting worse.When loud noise is present, proper use of hearing protectors will help miners pre-vent most or all noise-induced hearing lo.Both employers and miners, working together, can take steps to reduce the risk of permanent hearing lo.Engineering controls should be the number one priority in the battle to eliminate hazardous noise.When replacing or upgrading equipment, mine owners and operators should “buy quiet” whenever poible.In many situations, sound barriers, sound dampening material, enclosed cabs, or other noise controls can reduce miner’s exposure to noise.But, if engineering controls have not eliminated
河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
the noise hazard, then employers should provide hearing protectors that meet the special needs of miners for: comfort, convenience, and usability in a mining environment.Employers should provide training to miners on how to select and wear a variety of hearing protectors, and miners should make a conscientious effort to use the devices effectively.Miners need to know that hearing protectors can safely be worn in a mine along with other safety equipment.In fact, sometimes hearing protectors can actually help miners hear warning signals, alarms, and speech by muffling the level of continuous background noise.Miners should also be aured that properly worn earplugs will not damage their ear canals or eardrums.If the job requires miners to talk with one another, hearing protectors with built-in communication circuits are available.New protectors with active circuits that muffle background noise while amplifying nearby speech are available.These may be especially useful in a mining environment where the noise is intermittent.Some of these electronic devices may not yet be approved for underground mining, but are already in use for above ground mining and heavy construction.If we do these, mining will be become more secure.河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
中文翻译：
煤矿安全
在历史上，煤矿开采一直是危险的行业。但是，在近几年中，人们在减少煤矿伤亡事故方面取得了巨大的进步。主要有以下几个方面： ⑴ 矿井通风安全
矿山通风的目标：
• 从工程技术来讲，正确控制矿山空气需要：
• 提供新鲜的空气（氧气）工，供人呼吸； • 提供氧气来源，供给各种机械上的内燃机； • 稀释空气中的污染物，以达到允许标准； • 保持空气的温度和湿度在容许的界限内； • 除去空气当中来自矿山的污染物。
矿山通风的目标有两部分内容：首先，维持生命；其次，带走有毒的气体。矿山通风在历史上重要的角色是提供足量的新鲜空气，以代替井下工作的矿工所消耗的氧气。现今，矿山通风主要对付有害的气体（主要由无轨设备产生）。
在煤矿开采的早期，人们已用金丝雀来检测瓦斯。这种敏感的鸟带到工作地点，如果发现它死亡了，矿工将立即离开矿井。20世纪20年代，手工转动的风机被小型的空气动力涡轮风机所取代。大型的抽出式风机安置在地表，并且其尺寸在逐渐增加。地面的压缩机把风流通过管道压入矿井中，供给动力机械和辅助通风。
除非给工作面分配了合适的风量，否则矿井通风系统就没有完成它的主要任务。虽然人们普遍认识到通风的这个最终任务是极其重要的，河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
但是要完成这个任务也是极其困难的。
图1也表示出了产生和控制风流的主要方法。主要通风机，单独或联合运行，控制流经整个系统的所有风流。主要通风机通常（但不是必须的）安置在地面，或者如图1所示的那样抽出风流流过系统，或者与进风竖井或主要进风道相连，压入风流进入和流经系统。由于煤矿瓦斯和粉尘都可能爆炸，这是其他地下设施所不具有的危害，所以煤矿的保障通风的法规比其他地下设施要严格。许多国家的法规
Figure 1.Typical elements of a main
ventilation system 规定，煤矿中的主要通风机必须安置在地面，并且还有其他一些限制，例如不安装在和竖井或巷道呈直线的位置，配备冲击板（防爆门）以在煤矿发生爆炸时，起到保护风机的作用。
风墙和密闭：矿山在开采过程中，进风和回风之间需要一些连接设施。当巷道不再需要通过或通风，那么应用风墙封闭，以防止风流短路。构筑风墙的材料为砖石、混凝土或耐火木材。另外，也使用预先制成的钢制风墙。风墙应充分楔入顶板、地板和四周，尤其当岩层松软或者煤矿易发生自燃的情况下。在风墙压力高的一面涂上一层密封剂，并特别注意其周界，那么漏风会减少。这里同样，在松软和化学活性强的岩层中，这种涂层应延伸到岩层表面距风墙后面几米处。在风路易于集中的情况下，应采取预防措施来保护风墙，以避免过早出现故障或者破裂。这些措施从在风墙的顶部安置压垫到在预制风墙上安置滑动的或可变形
河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文的面板。在所有情况下，风墙的组成成分是防火的，当加热时不应产生有毒烟气。
作为一种短期措施，风障帘被固定在顶板、四周和底板，形成一种临时密闭，这用于压差小的地方，例如开采区域的附近位置。
当矿井报废区域需要同现有基本通风结构隔离，应在连接风道的入口处构造密闭。如果要求密闭具有防爆性，它们应由两个或多个间距为5~10米的风墙组成，在风墙之间的区域填充沙、石粉、紧密的不燃岩石废料、以水泥为基础的填充物或其他人造材料。钢梁架在顶板和底板之间，以增加结构强度。用薄灰浆填塞岩层周围，增加了松软地面上密闭的完整性。煤矿中，矿业法规或谨慎的安全考虑可能要求密闭为防爆的。
风门和风闸：当进风和回风之间必须通行时，在风墙上应安装一个通风门。最简单的形式是装有铰链的木制或钢制风门，能够在风流压力大的一侧开启。使铰链形成角度补充了这种半关闭特性，从而使风门打开时有轻微地提升，在自身的重力下关闭。建议在风门上安装插销，以防止在压差方向反向的紧急情况下，风门被打开。沿着风门的底部缚上具有特定断面形状的柔韧性条带，有助于减少漏风，尤其当风路上铺有轨道时。
安设在主要进风和回风之间的通风门通常构建为两道或多道，形成了风闸。这防止了当一道风门打开让车辆和人员通行时风流短路。风门之间的距离应能够容纳需通过风闸的交通工具中的最长列车。压差高时，多层风门也使压力突变均分到各风门上。
机械风门由气动力或电力开启，这对于车辆通行尤其方便，对于由于风门尺寸小或空气压力造成手动操作困难的情况下很便利的。机械操作风门也可以是一侧装铰链的形式，还可以呈手工卷制的雪茄烟或六角手风琴形式。它们可以通过拖绳人工操作，也可以自动感觉接近的车辆
河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
或人员。大型风门安装有带铰链的小门供人员通行。暴露在较高压差下的人门人工开启可能困难。这种情况下，安装一滑动面板，当风门打开时能暂时减小压差。在风闸上也应采用互锁装置，以阻止所有风门同时被打开。
CFD在通风中的应用：由于计算机处理能力得到了新发展，所以CFD已经被用来解决许多工程学科中大量的规模巨大、结构复杂的流体问题。处理器速度的提高也促使了改良的后处理方法和图解法的发展，可以将这些模型产生的结果可视化。近来的研究工作已经采用CFD模型来描绘在地下矿井网络中风流流动和污染物的分布形式，并通过比例或全尺度的实验验证了其有效性。尤其是Moloney在1997年所作的研究表明：已经验证其有效性的CFD模型能够成功地重现局部通风快速掘进中所观测到的风流流动和污染物的分布形式。已证实CFD是一种有效的方法，可用来确定临界面积区（如工作面）流体的详细特征。这种模型所产生的结果也能表明不同的局部通风结构中，掘进工作面产生的瓦斯和粉尘运送、弥散和稀释的相对效率。1999 年，Moloney等近一步的新研究表明：已经验证的CFD模型可以用来模拟许多不同采矿和通风结构中的气流和污染物的散布数据，每次模拟训练都会产生大量的速度、压力和污染物浓度的数据。⑵ 火灾的控制方法
发生在矿井风巷中的火灾通常开始于一点的燃烧。最初火势非常小，实际上只要能够及时地进行局部处理，大多数火灾都能被立即扑灭。快速的行动是非常重要的。旺盛的燃烧如果未被发现，那么即使只有几分钟，也能够发展为大火，从而很难或者不可能扑灭了。因而，封闭区域或者整个矿井可能变得不可避免了。
如果及时行动，大部分火灾都能够扑灭。火灾探测系统、培训、设
河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
计良好的灭火系统和现成的能充分运行的灭火设备很重要。合适型号的灭火器应安置在车辆上面和火灾危险大的所有区域的逆流侧。这包括储藏室区域和设备的固定安装位置（例如电站或压缩机站和运输机的传送机头）。
电力火灾既不能用水也不能用泡沫灭火，除非确定电源已关。使用二氧化碳或干粉的灭火器适于扑灭电力火灾或易燃液体火灾。
洪水和自动喷水系统在固定设备、储藏室和输送机上面这些地区很有效。这些装置要激活应通过热力探测器而不是烟雾或瓦斯探测器，以确保只有当在邻近地区发生明火燃烧时才自动运转。
除了电力和可燃液体火灾外，水是灭火最常用的方法。当水应用在燃烧着表面时，它有助于消除火灾三角形的两个方面。水蒸发时具有的潜在热能和随后水蒸气的热力能帮助消除燃烧物质的热能。此外，水蒸气取代空气并且液体在较凉的表面形成覆盖层，这有助于隔绝氧气。3.粉尘控制方法
减少隧道内和地下矿山中的悬浮粉尘，有三种主要控制方法：通风、水和粉尘捕获器。
通风气流通过稀释和置换作用减少粉尘。当工人处于粉尘云的包围中，稀释过程起作用，附加的气流通过稀释尘云，减少粉尘的浓度。当工人逆着尘源的方向时，置换作用起作用，气流速度足够高以至于可靠地使粉尘保持顺风方向。
① 稀释通风
稀释通风的基本原理是提供更多的空气和稀释粉尘。大多数情况下，减少的粉尘与增加的风量大致成比例，但并不总是这样。增加风量的费用和技术障碍是实际存在的，尤其是流过通风管道或井筒的气流速度已达到3000英尺/f分或更大。
② 置换通风
置换通风的基本原理是利用风流约束尘源，使粉尘沿
河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
着工人下风向，从而远离工人。任一隧道或矿山通道中，如风流方向使粉尘沿着工人下风向运动，使用的都是置换通风。在矿山中，回风系统中连续采煤机的表面或隧道钻探机，使用的是置换通风。尘源的周围，例如运输皮带传送处连同周围为多尘空气的采区，是置换通风的又一个例子。置换通风很难实现。然而，如果做得好，置换通风是能利用的最有效的粉尘控制方法，值得付出大量的努力，使其运行良好。困难之处在于：当工人在尘源附近时，比方说10~20英尺，使工人逆着风流需要相当大的风速，典型的是在60到150英尺/分之间。并不总是有足够多的风量能达到这么大的风速。
③ 洒水
开采中洒水的作用是双重的：湿润正被运输的粉碎物质、空中捕获。这两个作用中，湿润粉碎物质非常有效。
适度的湿润对于粉尘控制来说是非常重要的。在粉碎过程中产生的粉尘颗粒大部分没有释放到空气中，而是附着在粉碎物质的表面。湿润破碎的物质能够确保粉尘颗粒保持附着状态。因此，通常认为加的水越多（但并不总是）也能减少粉尘。例如，煤矿操作员已能够通过提高（滚筒式）采煤机的水流速度，来减少长壁开采较高水平的粉尘，以至达到100(每分钟加仑数)。与开采煤的数量相比，以重量为基础，采煤机单独加的湿度100加仑（分）等于1.9%。可惜的是，过高的湿度也能导致许多材料的输送问题，难于操作的问题，产品的质量问题，所以，用水的上限有时能很快的达到。因此，用以替代仅仅增加水量的另外一种方法是确保粉碎的物质能够得到均匀的加湿。⑷ 矿山排水
几乎每一个矿都会有水侵入，侵入形式为：直接降水（雨和雪）；地面迳流（地面流走的水就叫迳流）；地下渗透。涌水对许多开采作业的费用和进展会产生重要的影响，并且在某些情况下能够造成人员伤亡和财
河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
产损失。
控制矿山水的方法（矿山排水）：
当井筒或其他矿山巷道延伸到潜水位以下时，很可能遇到水，水渗露到巷道的程度取决于暴露岩层表面的区域、流体静压力和其他因素。为了能够继续开采作业，因此需要通过人工方法降低矿山邻近地区的地层水位，保持巷道内无水，同时防止地表水流入到（地表或地下）矿山内。这种操作称为矿山排水。
矿山排水的方法受限于环境条件和客观因素。下面控制矿山水的种类可以单独使用，也可以更有效地联合使用。
① 使井筒或巷道建在最佳的地面上，以防止直接水从地表流入。② 在地表或接近地表处，改变水的流向或者排水。
③ 用特殊类型的水泥、斑脱土（火山灰分解成的一种粘土)和液体化学浆（水填充物）进行注浆，以降低岩石块的渗透性。
④ 为探测钻孔下套管或用水泥涂探测钻孔。
⑤ 只要可能有突水，其速率可能不方便接近的地方，开采前打引水孔。
⑥ 通过疏水井和矿井内可利用的地方抽水，以降低岩床水位。⑸ 矿工听力损失和保护听力的方法
每个人都知道采矿业是一个嘈杂的行业，但你听力损失的可能性是从事安静工作人员的九倍还多，这个你知道吗？如果在工作中不保护自己遭受噪音的危害，那么到50岁时，你将可能需要助听器。很显然，最好的办法是从技术上消除噪声，但是通常这并不能马上实现（很难实现）。除非矿山是较安静的，否则只要你周围的噪音具有危害性，帮助你保护及其重要的听觉的一个方法是使用听力防护罩。即使你已损失了部分听力，你也应使用听力防护罩，以阻止听力的进一步恶化。当巨大的噪声
河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业论文
存在时，正确使用听力防护罩将有助于矿工预防大多数甚至全部导致听力损失的噪声。
矿主和矿工应一起采取措施，以降低听力永久损失的危险性。在消除噪音危害的战役中，技术控制的方法是第一位的.当矿主和操作员更换或升级设备时，只要可能，应当购买无噪音的设备。许多情况下，声障、隔音材料、封闭的驾驶室或其他噪音控制方法能够降低矿工的噪声接触。但是，如果技术控制方法不能消除噪声危害，那么矿主应当提供听力防护罩。防护罩应满足矿工的特殊需要：舒适、方便、在采矿环境下可用。矿主应该培训矿工如何选择和佩带各种各样的听力防护罩，矿工应当尽心尽责地有效使用这些防护设备。
矿工应该明白：矿山中，他们可以连同其他安全装备来安全地佩带听力防护罩和。事实上，有时听力防护罩使持续的背景噪音减弱，能够帮助矿工听到警告信号、发警报、说话。矿工也应确信：正确的佩带耳塞不会损害他们的耳膜。如果矿工工作中需要相互通话时，可使用内置通信电路的听力防护罩。当矿山环境的噪音断断续续时，这些装置尤为有用。出现一种带有有源电路的防护罩，能够减弱背景噪音，而放大附近的语音。这些电子装置，有些还没有在地下采矿中得到试验证明，但它们已经在地面开采和大规模的建筑行业得到应用。
如果做到这些方面，那么我们的采矿工作将变得更加安全。
