职称英语理工A补全短文文章及译文_职称英语理工补全短文

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2015职称英语补全短文文章及译文

补全短文：第十一篇Virtual Driver

Driving involves sharp eyes and keen ears，analyzing with a brain，and coordination between hands, feet and brain.A man has sharp eyes and keen ears, analyzes through his brain, and maintains coordination between his hands and brains.He can control a fast-moving car with different parts of his body.(1)D But how does an intelligent car control itself? Apparently there isn't anyone in the driver's cab, but there is in fact a virtual driver1.This virtual driver has eyes, brains, hands and feet too.The minicameras on each side of the car are its eyes and are responsible for observing the road conditions ahead of it as well as the traffic to its left and right.If you open the boot, you can see the most important part of the automatic driving system： a built-in computer.(2)C This is the brain of the car.The brain of the car is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at2，analyzing their position on the road，choosing the right path，and giving orders to the wheel and the control system.In comparison with the human brain, the virtual driver's best advantage is that it reacts quickly.(3)E It completes the proceing of the images sent by the cameras within 100 milliseconds However, it takes the world's best racecar driver at least one second to react, and this doesn't include the time he needs to take action.With its rapid reaction and accurate control，the virtual driver can reduce the accident rate on expreways considerably.In this case, is it poible for us to let it have the wheel3 at ahy time and in any place?(4)Experts say that we cannot do that just yet.With its limited ability to recognize things, the car can now only travel on expreways.The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes.(5)However, it cannot recognize moving people and bicycles on ordinary roads that have no clear markings on them.This being the case4, people still have high hopes about driverle cars，and think highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like.译文：虚拟驾驶员

驾驶需要敏锐的视觉与听觉，大脑分析，手、脚和大脑的协调配合。人具有敏锐的视觉与听觉能力，能用大脑进行分析，保持手和大脑的配合。人能用身体不伺部位来操控一辆快速行驶的 汽车，但是智能化的汽车怎样自动驾驶呢?显然驾驶室里无人驾驶，但事实上的确存在一个虚拟 驾驶员，它有眼睛、大脑和手、脚。汽车两边的小型照相机就是它的眼睛，负责观察前方的路况信息和左右两侧的交通状况。如果你打开车身后部的行李箱，你就会看到自动驾驶系统中最重要的部件：嵌入式计算机。它是汽车的大脑，这个大脑负责计算汽车周围物体移动的速度，分析它 在路上的位置，选择正确的道路，并对方向盘和操控系统下达指令。

与人脑相比，虚拟驾驶员最大的优点是反应快。对照相机发送的图像，能在100毫秒内完成 对其的分析处理。可是世界上最好的赛车手至少要1秒钟内才能做出反应，并且这个时间还不包 括他采取应对措施的时间。

由于虚拟驾驶员反应迅速，操控准确，它能大量减少高速公路的事故率。在这种情况下，是不是可以不分时间、不分地点都让虚拟驾驶员驾驶汽车?专家们认为目前尚不可以。由于虚拟 驾驶员识别物体的能力有限，目前这种智能化汽车只可以在高速公路上行驶。

智能汽车按清晰标出的车道线决定自己的行车方向，靠车辆的常规形状识别其他车辆。然而, 它却不能识别在普通道路上行驶的没有清晰标记的自行车和行人。虽然情况是这样，人们始终认为未来的汽车就应该是高度智能化的汽车。

第十二篇Musical Training Can Improve Communication Skills

American scientists say musical training seems to improve communication skills and language retardation.They found that developing musical skills involves the same proce in the brain as learning how to speak.The scientists believe that1 could help children with learning disabilities.(1)Nina Kraus is a neurobiologist(神经生物学家)at Northwestern University in Illinois.She says musical training involves putting together different kinds of information, such as hearing music, looking at musical notes, touching an instrument and watching other musicians.This proce is not much different from learning how to speak.(2)A Both involve different senses.The further explains musical training and learning to speak each make us think about what we are doing2.She says speech and music pa through a structure of the nervous system called the brain stem.(3)F The brain stem controls our ability to hear.Until recently, experts have thought the brain stem could not be developed or changed.But Profeor Kran and her team found that musical training can improve a person's brain stem activity.The study involved individuals with different levels of musical ability.They were asked to wear an electrical device that measures brain activity.The Individuals wore the electrode while they watched a video of someone speaking and a person playing a musical instrument--the cello.(4)E Profeor Krau says cellos have sound qualities similar to some of the sounds that are important with speech.The study found that the more years of training people had, the more sensitive they were to the sound and rhythm of the music3.Those who were involved in musical activities were the same people in whom the improvement of sensory events was the strongest.(5)D It shows the importance of musical training to children with learning disabilities.She says using music to improve listening skills could mean they hear sentences and understand facial expreions better.译文：音乐训练可以提高交流技能

美国科学家称音乐训练可以提高交流技能并改善语言障碍。他们发现在大脑中，培养音乐技能和学习如何讲话所经历的过程是相同的。科学家发现，音乐训练可以帮助那些在学习上有障碍的儿童。

妮娜·克劳斯是伊利诺伊州西北大学的神经生物学家。她说音乐训练包括整合不同类型的信息，例如听音乐、看音符、触摸乐器和观察其他音乐家。这个过程和学习讲话并没有太大的不同，它们都需要不同的感官参与。

她又进一步解释了音乐训练和学习说话两者都使我们思考正在做的事。她说，话语和音乐都会通过称为脑干的神经系统组织，脑干控制我们的听力。直到近日，专家们还都认为脑干是不能被改善或改变的。但是克劳斯教授和她的团队却发现音乐训练可以改善一个人的脑干活动。

这项研究包含音乐能力水平各不相同的人。这些人被要求带上一种可以测量脑部活动的电极装置。在这些人带着电极装置的同时，他们会观看某人讲话和某人演奏乐器——大提琴——的视频。克劳斯教授说大提琴的音质和一些对演讲很重要的声音的音质非常相似。这项研究表明人们接收音乐训练的年份越长，其对音乐声音和节奏的敏感性也越高。那些接受过音乐训练的人在感官测试中取得的进步也最大。这表明了音乐训练对学习上有障碍的儿童的重要性。克劳斯教授说使用音乐来改善听力意味着儿童可以更好地听一些句子和更好地理解一些面部表情 +第十三篇（重点）Affectionate Androids

Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1.And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence.They will be programmed to tend to your every need.Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades.____1 C And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.____ Will humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months.____2_ F The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.___ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler.When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3 E Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.____ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine.Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children.Few consider that unethical.____4__ B But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.__ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr.or Ms.Right could be mighty tempting.As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”

A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired.And that’s the big disadvantage.Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships.People will always seem imperfect in comparison.When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you.____5 D However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.____ People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences.It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser.A robot companion will be perfect at the start.However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.参考译文：计算机技术已经足够成熟，能支持人形机器人的诞生和普及，进人人形机器人的时代。那些有着人类的皮肤、敏捷性、智力的机器人已经离我们不远了。它们将被设计成能满足我们所有的需求。

我们会不会想和机器人结婚呢？人工智能研究人员大卫•莱维曾出版过一本书，在书中他认为，人与机器人之间的交互在几十年内将会变得很常见。而如果你想和你的特别的电子朋友恋爱结婚，莱维认为，这种婚姻关系将在2050年左右得到社会认可。

人们真的能够对机器产生深厚的感情吗？事实上，产生这种感情不难，因为人脑喜欢将物体拟人化，也就是给其他生物甚至物体赋予人类的特质。

比如说，圣地亚哥的研究人员曾将小型的人形机器人放置在一个儿童游乐场里几个月时间。：这个机器人认识每一个孩子，因为内在的程序系统赋予了他人脸识别和声音识别能力，并且当有人给它挠痒痒的时候它还会笑。最后,孩子们都把它当作自己的同伴。当它因为没电而躺倒在地的时候，孩子们甚至给它盖上毯子。

几十年之后，当人形机器人有着类似人类的皮肤，并且看上去和摸上去都非常像真人的时候，人们会不会想和它们发展深入的关系呢？要是机器人能进行对话，情况会怎样呢？要是编程能使它们变成完美的同伴，甚至心灵伴侣，结果会怎样呢？可能我们这一代人会反对这种情况，但是最终会有一代人将同机器人一同长大，将机器人视为正常生活的一部分。像实验中的这些机器人，他们很受欢迎。

下一个问题是，与机器人发展感情关系有没有什么问题。即使是现在，也有许多人对他们的宠物产生深厚的依恋，并以此替代朋友甚至孩子。很少有人认为这种行为有违道德。

但是，一个复杂的机器人将很可能变得更有吸引力。对于那些看上去老是和错误的人结婚的人来说，一个机器人伴侣可能非常有诱惑力的。人工智能之父马文•明斯基谈到孤独的老人与机器人产生亲密关系这一问题时说：“如果机器人有人类所拥有的所有美德，并且更聪明更善解人意，那么老人干吗还要费劲同另一个脾气暴躁的老人交谈呢?” —台机器人可以按照主人的要求被设定成蠢笨的，也可以设定成聪明的，或者性格独立的。而这正是机器人的一大缺陷。拥有这样一个完美的机器人伙伴会损害人们形成亲密的人与人之间关系的能力。人们同机器人比起来，总是显得不够完美。当你有做得不对的地方时，好朋友总是会告诉你.但是很少有人会将自己的机器人设定为会指出自己的不足。

处在人际关系中的人必须要学会互相适应：享受共同的兴趣，同时妥善处理分歧，这使得我们更充盈、更强大、更富有智慧。在一开始的时候机器人会显得很完美。但这对 于我们将关系深入发展没有益处。

第十四篇Robotic Highway Cones

A University of Nebraska profeor has developed robotic cones and barrels.F These robotic cones and barrels can move out of the way, or into place, from computer commands made milesThey can even be programmed to move on their own1 at any particular part of the day, said Shane Fanitor, an aistant profeor of mechanical engineering at Nebraska.For example, if workers arrived at 6 am, the cones could move from the side of the highway to block off the lane at that time.____2 And they can return to the original place at the end of the day____ “It just seems like a very good application for robots,” Farritor said.“The robotic cones would also help remove people from hazardous jobs on the highway putting barrels and cones into place，” Fanitor said in a report oh his creation.____3_ Work on the idea began in 2002 using a National Academy of Sciences grant.__The fund allowed Farritor to work on the project with graduate students2 at Nebraska and his aistant Steve Goddard.The robots are placed at the bottom of the cones and barrels and are small enough not to greatly change the appearance of the construction aides.“It would look exactly the same,” Farritor said.“Normally there’s a kind of rubbery, black base to them.____4 We replace that with a robot.____”

Farritor has talked with officials from the Nebraska Department of Roads about how the robots would be most useful to what they3 might need.The robots could come in handy4 following a slow-moving maintenance operation, like painting a stripe on a road or moving asphalt, where now the barrels have to be picked up and moved as the operation proceeds.“That way you don’t have to block off a 10-mile strip for the operation,5” Fanitor said.While6 prototypes have been made, they are not in use anywhere.Farritor said he has applied for a patent and is considering what to do next.____5_ He is thinking about starting a small busine.__ He is also thinking about marketing the robots to roads departments and others acro the country who7 may benefit from them.译文：机器人高速路锥形路标

一名耐伯拉斯卡(Nebraska)大学的教授开发出了机器人锥形路标和路障。几英里以外的电脑就可以发出指令将这些机器人锥形路标和路障移开或者移入某一地点。耐伯拉斯卡大学机械工程助教谢恩·福瑞特说人们甚至可以编程让这些机器人路标和路障在一天的某个时段自行移动。

例如，如果工人们上午6点要在高速公路上施工，锥形路障就可以在这个时候从高速公路边上移动到施工的行车道上设置障碍。并且它们还能再一天工作结束后回到原地。福瑞德说：“这看起来是对机器人非常好的应用。”福瑞德还在他的一篇发明报告中说：“机器人还可以使人们从在高速公路上放置路标和路障的危险工作中解脱出来。”

这个想法起始于2002年国家科学研究院的一个授权项目。这项基金使得福瑞德可以和耐伯拉斯卡大学的研究生以及助理史蒂文·戈达德共同开发这个项目。

机器人被安装在锥形路标和路障的底部。它们非常 小，足以不改变这些路标、路障的原貌。福瑞德说：“它们看起来和普通的路标、路障一模一样。普通的路标、路障带有一个黑色的橡胶底座。现在的底座被换成了机器人。”

福瑞德和耐伯拉斯卡大学公路系的职员曾经探讨怎样才能使机器人最有利于他们的需要。

机器人可以用于缓慢移动的维护性的操作，例如在胃公路粉刷白色的标线操作中需要随时摆放和移动路标、路障的地方。福瑞德说：“采用了这种方法，人们就不用在施工中一次封锁10英里长的地带。”

虽然发明的样机已经做成了，但还没有投入使用。福瑞德说他已经申请了专利并且正在考虑下一步的打算。他计划开一家小型公司，并打算向公路部门和其他国内能受益于这项发明的地方推销。第十五篇A Memory Drug?

IT’S DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE MANY THINGS that people would welcome more than a memory-enhancing drug.____1_ B A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting aociated with aging and disease.___ Furthermore, such a drug could help people remember past experiences more clearly and help us acquire new information more easily for school and at work.As scientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.1

Some of the most exciting evidence comes from research that has built on earlier findings linking LTP2 and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mice.The gene makes a protein that aists the NMDA2 receptor，which plays an important role in long-term memory by helping to initiate LTP.___ Mice bred to have extra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors，more LTP，and improved performance on several different memory tasks — learning a spatial layout3, recognizing familiar objects，and recalling a fear-inducing shock.If these basic insights about genes, LTP, and the synaptic basis of memory can be translated to people — and that remains to be seen — they could pave the way for memory-enhancing treatments.____3_ Like steroids for bulking up the muscles, these drugs would bulk up memory.___ As exciting as this may sound, it also raises troubling iues.Consider the potential educational implications of memory-enhancing drugs.If memory enhancers were available, children who used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information, allowing them to progre far more rapidly in school than they could otherwise.How well could the brain handle such an onslaught of information? What happens to children who don’t have acce to the latest memory enhancers? Are they left behind in school — and as a result handicapped later in life?

____4__What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the workplace?__ Imagine that you are applying for a job that requires a good memory，such as a manager at a technology company or a sales position that requires remembering customers’ names as well as the attributes of different products and services.Would you take a memory-enhancing drug to increase your chances of landing the position? Would people who felt uncomfortable taking such a drug find themselves cut out of lucrative career opportunities?

Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget but can’t.4 The 2004 hit movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotle Mind told the story of a young man seeking just such freedom from the painful memories of a romantic breakup.As you will see in the section on persistence later in the chapter, emotionally arousing events often create intrusive memories, and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the action of key hormones.Should emergency workers who must confront horrifying accident scenes that can burden them with persisting memories be provided with such drugs? Should such drugs be given to rape victims who can’t forget the trauma? Memory drugs might provide some relief to such individuals.But could they also interfere with an individual’s ability to aimilate and come to terms with a difficult experience? We may find ourselves struggling with these kinds of questions in the not-too-distant future.译文：记忆药物?

很难想象还有比能增强记忆力的药物更受人们欢迎的东西了。增强记忆的药物能让人消除因变老和疾病造成的遗忘。而且这种药物能够帮助人们更加清晰地记起过去的经历，更容易地在学习和工作中获取新信息。随着科学家对记忆了解增多，我们正在接近这一诱人的目标。

一些最激动人心的证据来自于一项研究，这项研究是基于早期通过将LTP 和记忆连接起来识别老鼠中能提升记忆力的基因所得到的发现。这种基因能够制造一种辅助NMDA 受体的蛋白质，这个受体通过帮助启动LTP而在长期记忆中起到重要作用。被喂养这种基因复制品的老鼠的NMDA受体表现得更活跃，具有更多的LTP，在许多不同的记忆实践中有更好的表现——学习空间布置，辨认熟悉物品，回忆起引起惊吓的冲击。

如果这些有关记忆基因、LTP 的基本认识和记忆的突触原理能够转用到人身上去——那还有待观察——那么它们就为增强记忆的治疗铺平道路。就像类固醇可以强壮肌肉，这些药物可以增强记忆。尽管听起来令人激动，它们也会引起令人苦恼的问题。考虑一下增强记忆的药物潜在的教育影响，如果记忆增强剂能够实现，使用它们的孩子就有可能获取并记住大量的信息，在学校里就比不用药物要进步更快。大脑对这些汹涌而来的信息能处理得多好?无法得到最新记忆增强剂的孩子该怎么办?他们在学校中就会落在后面，以后的人生就有残缺吗?

增强记忆的药物在职场潜在的影响又是什么?想象一下你正申请一个需要记忆力好的工作，比如一家科技公司的经理或需要记住顾客名字以及不同产品和服务特征的销售岗位。你会服用增强记忆的药物来增加你得到职位的概率吗?服用这种药物感到不舒服的人会失去获利颇丰的工作机会吗?

记忆药物使我们想忘记却又不能忘记的令人烦扰的记忆变得令人易于接受。2004年的卖座电影《美丽心灵的永恒阳光》讲述的是一个年轻人找寻能够摆脱爱情破裂的痛苦记忆方法的故事。正如你会在后面的情节中看到有关坚持不懈的那部分，从情感上唤起的事件经常能够形成令人烦恼的记忆，并且研究者已经用阻挡主要荷尔蒙活动的药物消除了情感的记忆。应该给那些必须直面恐怖的事故现场并且被相关记忆烦扰的急救人员提供这类药物吗?应该给那些不能忘记创伤的被强奸的受害者服用这些药物吗?记忆药物可能会给这些人带来一丝慰藉，但它们也会干扰一个人吸收消化的能力，以及对困境妥协让步的能力吗?在不久的将来，我们可能会发现自己在与这类问题做斗争。