英国女王_英国女王为什么是女的

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This is a woman we all know.Elizabeth II, the queen of England.And today our group is going to introduce the queens in British history.In 1953, a coronation fit for a king.But it's a young queen who is about to be crowned.The fact that she's a woman attracts no comment and she will go on to reign over the British people for six decades.But England's queens haven't always been greeted with such adoration.800 years earlier, another female heir to the throne came to Westminster for her coronation.She wasn't met by cheering crowds.Instead, she was chased away from the capital by an angry mob.Her name was Matilda, the first woman to make a claim to the English crown in her own right.But 800 years ago, power belonged to male.Yet despite everything that stood in their way, a handful of extraordinary women did attempt to rule medieval and Tudor England.Our topic is about the queens who challenged male power and the fierce reactions they provoked.When they pursued power like kings, these royal women were criticized.They had been vilified as She-Wolves.There are 6 queens of England in history.Due to the limited time we can only introduce 4.They are …….(人名)

Let me introduce the first queen in England.--Matilda.Matilda was the daughter of Henry I and granddaughter of William the Conqueror, but you won't find her on the role-call of English monarchs.This faint manuscript image is the only contemporary picture of her that survives.Matilda called as a she-wolf simply because she dared to challenge the aumption that only a man could wear the English crown.And her bid for the throne began with a tragedy.The death of the male heir, her brother William.He died in an accident when he croed the channel in Normandy.All Henry's hopes for his country's future had been swallowed by the sea, along with his drowned son.Now there was no succeor.No boys, just a daughter called Matilda.There had never been a female heir to the English throne.But then again, there was nothing explicitly to say that a woman couldn't inherit the crown.But in these times, it wasn't enough to have a right to the throne.To wear the crown, you had to fight for it.Henry Ⅰ had fought his older brother for the rule of England and Normandy, and once he'd become King, he had to keep on fighting to impose his authority on his nobles.the Anglo Saxon word for “queen” didn't mean a female King, it meant the wife of a King and as a King's wife, a Queen could advise her husband, or even represent him, but her authority always depended on his.And it was this limited kind of queenship, as royal wife to a royal husband, for which Matilda had been prepared since birth.At the age of eight, she’d left England to marry Henry the Fifth, the King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor.But when she was 23, her husband died suddenly and Matilda came home to England.She was Henry's only heir and he chose this moment to ensure the future of his dynasty.It was at a ceremony in Westminster hall that Henry promised Matilda a startling new future.He was suggesting that for the first time a woman could rule in her own right as a female King.No one tried to argue that a woman couldn't rule.But the likelihood is that the nobles thought would never happen.And Henry had an alternative plan.Matilda was still young.If she could give him a grandson, England might yet be ruled by a King of his bloodline.He sent her away to be married.Henry chose as Matilda's bridegroom Geoffrey of Anjou, whose lands to the south of Normandy could protect Henry's borders.In the spring of 1133, Matilda gave birth to her first child, a boy called Henry after his proud grandfather.A year later, she had a second son.So, Henry had his male heirs.But he was in his 60s, and it would be years before they grew up.Henry, was taken ill on a hunting trip in November 1135.Knowing that his grandsons were not yet old enough to succeed him, as Henry lay dying he insisted that the nobles abide by the agreement they'd made eight years earlier to allow Matilda to rule.And as soon as the news of her father's death reached her, Matilda made her first move in becoming Queen.She rode north to seize control of Argentan, an important fortre that was crucial to the rule of Normandy.But then she went no further.She discovered she was pregnant.While Matilda hesitated, it was her cousin Stephen who seized the moment.He rode to Winchester, where his brother was Bishop, and had himself crowned King.For Matilda this was a shocking betrayal.Stephen had been among the nobles who had sworn allegiance to her when her father was alive.Male might, it seemed, still overcame female right.Stephen's masterstroke杀手锏 was his speedily arranged coronation.Once God had made him King, no man could undo it.Stephen's kingship had taken effect in the moment he was anointed with holy oil.But it lay the seeds of civil war.Stephen couldn't rule without the support of the powerful nobles.One by one they rallied to his cause and his triumph seemed complete when he won the support of Robert, one of the most powerful noblemen in the country.Hundreds of miles away in France, Matilda's cause seemed lost.But it was Normandy that came to her rescue.To make his throne secure Stephen needed to control the Anglo Norman realm on both sides of the channel.But while he established his rule in England, it took him more than a year to cro the channel to France.By then Normandy had collapsed into chaos and so did Stephen's army.(内部混乱)Most significantly of all, the alliance between Stephen and Robert began to fall apart.And in June 1138, in a dramatic about turn, Robert became a support of Matilda.Cracks were beginning to appear in Stephen’s regime.In 1139, Matilda set foot on English soil for the first time in eight years.In February 1141, troops loyal to Matilda defeated Stephens' army and took the king prisoner.It had been five years since her father's death but now the throne was within her reach for the first time.Now Matilda knew she needed the church and the people to recognize her as Queen.She couldn't undo Stephen's coronation but she could try to supersede it with one of her own.And she found an unlikely ally in the man who had orchestrated Stephen's coronation, his own brother, Bishop Henry of Winchester.Matilda cleverly promised Bishop Henry first place among her advisors.And in return he helped her.He explained to the council that when King Henry died, he had left his crown to his daughter.“But,” he said, “because it seemed tedious to wait for the lady who made delays in coming to England since her residence was in Normandy, thought was taken for the peace of the country and my brother allowed to reign.” Stephen, he declared, hadn't brought peace and justice to England, and he was now a prisoner.“We choose as Lady of England and Normandy the daughter of a king who was a peacemaker, a glorious king, a wealthy king, a good king, without peer in our time, and we promise her faith and support.” This was a victory that Matilda had fought for six long years to achieve.Matilda was going to become England's first female king, but as she began to act like England's new ruler it became clear that she still had a battle to fight.When the great men of the kingdom began to be confronted with the reality of female rule, they didn't like what they saw.As the discontent grew louder and louder, medieval spin doctors went to work.中世纪幕僚 Stephen was still a prisoner, but troops loyal to his cause began to ravage the land south of the Thames just acro the river from the City of London.Matilda was so close to her moment of triumph but at the last moment everything began to unravel.As Matilda prepared to enjoy her feast at Westminster, thousands of armed Londoners came to drive her away from the capital.All Matilda's hopes of being crowned Queen were destroyed.Also Bishop Henry had swapped sides once again and declared his support of his brother Stephen.Matilda pursued the Bishop to Winchester but was caught.She escaped but her greatest supporter, Robert, was captured in battle.Without him, she knew she could never hope to win so she had to release her most valuable prisoner, her rival Stephen for Robert’s freedom.Still she fought on and in September 1142, Matilda decided to risk everything in one last effort to escape.Matilda was now free, but nothing had changed.England remained in military deadlock.Matilda came to the realization that the battle she now faced was to win the crown for her son, not to wear it herself.If the she-wolf couldn't wear the crown, then her cub would.While Matilda had been fighting in England, her son Henry had grown up in France.As a strong and energetic warrior he had all the promise of a future King and Matilda decided that the time had come for him to fight for his grandfather's kingdom.And so, in the face of dwindling support, Stephen was forced to agree a compromise.He would remain as King but at a ceremony, in Winchester, Stephen recognized Henry as his succeor.Matilda had won.But the cost of her victory was her own political eclipse.She wasn't even mentioned by name in the treaty that brought an end to the conflict that had dominated her life.Matilda had shown how hard it was for a woman to rule in her own right.She had lost the battle but she had won the war.