通过联想学英语单词_中小学英语单词速记

通过联想学英语单词由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“中小学英语单词速记”。

通过联想学英语单词

当我们在学习基本语法和句法的同时，也开始学词汇，终身不停。

学词汇的方法很多，学习效果也不同；有些方法的效果比较好，有些则差些。

有个特别值得推荐的方法是“联想”。例如从“party”这个字，可以联想到其他的字，如：meeting, aembly, seminar, negotiation 等。

现在看看下列 8 组字，如何凑在一起：

⒈下列 6 个动词的共同意思是“伤害”或“破坏”：

damage, harm, hurt, impair, injure, mar

⒉下列 6 个动词的共同意思是“减少”：

decrease, leen, diminish, reduce, abate, dwindle

⒊下列 6 个名词的中心意思是“武装叛变”：

rebellion, revolution, uprising, revolt, mutiny, insurrection

⒋下列 7 个名词都含有“边缘”之意：

edge, brink, brim, rim, verge, border, margin

⒌下列 7 个名词都含有“ 路”之意：

way, road , path , route, paage, street, aveune

⒍下列 7 个形容词都含有“著名”之意：

famous, renowned, celebrated, noted, distinguished, eminent, illustrious

⒎下列 7 个形容词都含有“快速”之意：

fast, rapid, swift, quick, speedy, hasty, expeditious

⒏下列 9 个动词含“胜过”或“克服”之意：

conquer, defeat, vanquish, overcome, beat, rout, surmount, subdue, overthrow

上述 8 组字，每组都有个中心意思。在学习词汇时，若能将意思有关联的字词或习语摆在一起，通过联想来记忆，不但轻松而且还很有效。必须注意的是，虽然几个字有共同的意思，但是每个字在句子中的用法，难免会有些差别，不可不察。

现在举个和“laugh”（笑）有关的动词，来说明这点。

① The President smiled（微笑）as he went past the crowd.② His joke made us laugh（发笑）.③ The spectators jeered（嘲笑）when their team was defeated.④ The audience roared with rage（暴笑如雷）.⑤ If you tease（揶揄）her again, she will get angry.⑥ The pupils giggled（格格地笑）on seeing the teacher fall down.⑦ The crowd booed（喝倒采）when the referee made a mistake.⑧ The listeners hooted（轻蔑地叫喊）at the ignorant speaker.⑨ Irene sat at a corner, chuckling（轻声暗笑）to herself.⑩The naughty girl grinned（露齿而笑）in response to her mother's question.英语多义词

随着科技的突飞猛进以及电脑资讯的普及，科学术语、电脑词汇与日俱增；即使同一个字，有时意思在增加，用途也在扩大。工业或行政上的 input 和 output 和电脑上的意思，哪会完全相同？小孩时期看到在地上跑的 mouse 和现在出现在电脑旁的 mouse，形状相似，但意思也一样吗？

不说特殊用语，就是天天见面的常用字，不管是名词、形容词、动词或副词，十九都是多义词，甚至是多种词类的，既可当名词、动词，又可当形容词，甚至副词。

关于这点，《英语词汇：意思和用法》一文中已举例说明，大家应该记忆犹新，不再重复。

由于一词多义在英语词汇的运用上非常重要，这里不厌其烦地再举一个家喻户晓的常用字 break，以加强我对这点的重视。

作为动词，break 有下列 12 个常用意思：

① 打破、断，如：(a)If you drop the cup, you will break it.(b)The rope suddenly broke.② 违反、违约，如：(a)Don't break the law.(b)Tom is notorious for breaking promises.③ 伤、毁，如：(a)Tony broke Jane's heart by not marrying her.(b)Judy dropped her watch and broke it.④ 中断、打断，如：(a)The barking of the dog broke our sleep.(b)The stranger rushed in and broke our conversation.⑤ 破晓，如：They arrived at the airport just as the day was breaking.⑥ 放弃，如：It is hard to break the habit of smoking.⑦ 开路，如：We sometimes saw voluntary workers help break paths in villages.⑧ 毫无得失，如：He bought the sewing machine at $700 and sold it at the same price.He broke even on the deal.⑨ 闯入，如：A thief broke into my neigbour's house and ran away with some valuables.⑩ 爆发，如：If a new world war breaks out, can you imagine the consequences?

11.突破，如：The soldiers tried to break through the enemy's line.12.停止，如：The meeting suddenly broke up.当名词时，break 有 5 个常见义，如下：

① 裂口：Please send for a plumber to repair the break in the water pipe.② 拂晓：Fish mongers start work at the break of the day.③ 吃茶点时间：A few of us have a tea-break at 11am every day.④ 休息：There is one-hour break for lunch。

⑤ 变动：The bankrupt man has a break in his way of living.英语派生词哪里来？

前几期谈到英文后缀和英文前缀。在这两篇文章里都没有全面探讨前、后缀的功能。这里便来谈这问题。

大家知道，派生法（derivation）是英语主要的构词法。这方法是借前缀或后缀之助，制造出派生词（derivative words），主要有名词、形容词和动词三种。

前缀以否定前缀（negative prefixes）un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, dis-, mis-, mal-等为主，使延伸出来的派生词变成反义词。

Ⅰ名词派生词

Balance→imbalance；pleasure→displeasure；management→ mismanagement；efficiency→inefficiency；concern→unconcern ；literacy→illiteracy；resolution→irresolution； interference→noninterference；nutrition→malnutrition.Ⅱ形容词派生词

Accurate→inaccurate；patient→impatient.regular→ irregular；legal→illegal；native→non-native；orderly→ disorderly；common→uncommon.Ⅲ动词派生词

Agree→disagree；judge→misjudge；treat→maltreat； activate→inactivate；use→ill-use；mobilize→immobilize； manage→mismanage；quote→unquote.除了否定前缀之外，其他常用的前缀还有 anti-, auto-, bi-, co-, counter-, de-, ex-, inter-, mono-, post, pre-, pro-, re-, sub-, super-, trans-, tri-, ultra-等。例如：

anti-government（反政府）；auto-intoxication（自我迷醉）；bilateral（双边的）；coexistence（共存）；counter-argument（反建议）；de-emphasize（不强调）；ex-president（前任会长）；international（国际间的）；monolingual（单语的）；post-war（战后的）；precaution（预先防备）；pro-China（支持中国）； re-state（重述）；subhuman（低于人类的）；superimpose（加在上面）；trans-atlantic（横跨大西洋的）；triangle（三角）； ultra-smart（超能的）。

前面例子证明，加上前缀后的词，虽然意思改变，但词性保持不变。相反的，加上后缀的词，不但词义有些改变，词性也完全不同。这样一来，动词或形容词加上适当的后缀之后，可以得到名词派生词，如：

amaze→amazement；kind→kindne.同样的，名词或动词加上适当的后缀，便可以得到形容词派生词，如：

commerce→commercial；depend→dependent.最后，名词或形容词加上动词性的后缀，可以得到动词派生词，加上副词性后缀（仅限-ly），则得到副词派生词，如：

fright（名词）→frighten（动词）；modern（形容词）→ modernize（动词）；beauty（名词）→beautify（动词）；year（名词）→yearly（副词）；quick（形容词）→quickly（副词）。英语成语、短语、惯用语不合习惯的用法

英语成语、短语、惯用语很多。有时，它们的构造看起来不合逻辑，甚至不合常理，但又不能随意更改。例如，我们用双脚步行，应该是“on feet”，但偏偏是“on foot”才对。一般上说，成语、短语或惯用语中的字眼不可用别的字取代，词序也不可调换，因为一字之差，词序一换，原意可能走样，甚至毫无意思。

在下列各组句子中，(a)错、(b)对：

①a.What is the reason of all this shunning away from blue-collar work?

b.What is the reason of all this shying away from blue-collar work? ②a.I am working on the behalf of my company.b.I am working on behalf of my company.③a.We need a capable person to help us in time of difficulties.b.We need a capable person to help us in times of difficultes.④a.In term of economic development, our country has done a good job.b.In terms of economic development, our country has done a good job.⑤a.Few would like to make friend with hypocrites.b.Few would like to make friends with hypocrites.⑥a.Let's discu this matter in details.b.Let's discu this matter in detail.⑦a.That rich woman is covered with jewellery from top to toes.b.That rich woman is covered with jewellery from top to toe.⑧a.For the better or worse, we must try to get along with our colleagues.b.For better or worse, we must try to get along with our colleagues.⑨a.The Public Relations Officer did not speak much.What is worst, she hated to mingle with people.b.The Public Relations Officer did not speak much.What is worse, she hated to mingle with people.⑩a.All must come to the meeting without failure.b.All must come to the meeting without fail.11a.Most of the students learn historical facts by hard.b.Most of the students learn historical facts by heart.12a.A holiday abroad will take your mind of the work tension for a while.b.A holiday abroad will take your mind off the work tension for a while.13a.It is out of question for you to go tonight;you haven't finished your aignment yet.b.It is out of the question for you to go tonight;you haven't finished your aignment yet.14a.Students should spend their time studying instead of involving in destructive activities.b.Students should spend their time studying instead of involving themselves in/ getting involved in destructive activities.英语惯用语的简化

语言是社会的产物。任何语言都在随着社会的发展而发展。其中一个突出的倾向，就是简化。例如英语有些惯用语中的小小成分就可以省略不用，趋向于较简单的形式。

以下便是些惯用语某些成分可以被合法省略的例子:

⒈定冠词 the 的省略，如：

● pull the strings→pull strings：通过人事用其影响力

● the long and the short of...→the long and short of...：总而言之

● if the worst comes to the worst→if worst comes to worst ：大不了

● to go through the proper channels→to go through proper channels：通过正常渠道

⒉不定冠词的省略，如：

● in a great measure→in great measure：在很大程度上

● at a breakneck speed→at breakneck speed：以惊险速度

⒊名词复数符号的省略，如：

● to rack one's brains→to rack one's brain：绞尽脑汁

● in the interests of...→in the interest of：为了……利益起见

⒋所有格代名词的省略，如：

● to save one's face→to save face：保存面子

● to take one's leave of→to take leave：请假

⒌返身代词的省略，如：

● to stand oneself aloof from→to stand aloof from：远离 ● to adapt oneself to→to adapt to：适应

⒍形容词的省略，如：

● to make both ends meet→to make ends meet：收支平衡

● to take one's own life→to take one's life ：牺牲自己

● to hit the right nail on the head→to hit the nail on the head：做对、答对

● at long last→at last：终于

⒎介词的省略，如：

● to take to flight→to take flight：逃之夭夭

● at full length→full length：详细地

⒏副词的省略，如：

● to have too many irons in the fire→to have many irons in the fire：要做的事太多

● to put out to sea→to put to sea：启航

⒐“As”及其他词语的省略，如：

● as regular as clockwork→regular as clockwork：很准时地

● as blind as a bat→blind as a bat：视力不良

● his word is as good as his bond→His word is his bond：重视诺言 英语惯用语的活用

惯用语是个固定的词组，有一定的语义，是不可分割的统一体，其整体的意思往往不能从组成惯用语的各个词的原有意思中猜测而得。此外，惯用语的各个组成部分不可任意拆开或替换。但是某些惯用语，在特殊情况下，容许做些更动，从而增添活用性。

现在从下面的四点举例说明：

⒈惯用语组成部分的替换，例如：

● pull a long face（愁眉苦脸）→pull an unhappy face, 如：

“The football coach pulled an unhappy face when his team was defeated.” ● a stitch in time saves nine（及时补救）→a word in time saves nine, 如：

“The two were going to quarrel, but their friend cut in to appease them.A word in time saves nine.”

⒉惯用语组成部分分开，例如： ● get an upper hand（占上风）→“In a debate competition, a quick-witted debater can get an upper cut, if not the upper hand.” ● cannot see the wood for the trees（见树不见林）→“He sees too many trees, but not the whole wood.”

⒊惯用语组成部分的扩充，例如： ● put into practice（实行）→put into widespread practice, 如：

“David's proposal was well accepted, but no real effort was made to put it into widespread practice.”

● keep company（结交朋友）→keep disreputable company, 如：

“His busine son often dines out and keeps disreputable company.” ● come of age（成年）→come of college age, 如：

“Even his youngest son has now come of college age.”

⒋惯用语组成部分的缩略，例如：

● every cloud has a silver lining（一线希望）→silver lining ● make a mountain out of molehills（小题大作）→mountains of molehills

有些惯用语缩略后引起转化词，如：

● call someone names（谩骂某人）→name-calling：“You won't command respect if you enjoy name-calling.”

● Bury one's head in the sand（对面临的危险闭目不见）→ head-in-sand：“Don't be so foolish as to adopt a head-in-sand attitude.”

● live and let live（自己活，也让别人活）→a live-and-let-live policy：“All the countries in the world should adopt a live-and-let-live policy.”

● A dog in the manger（占着茅坑不拉屎的人）→a dog-in-the-manger attitude: “As it is wrong to have a dog-in-the-manager attitude, you had better give what you don't want to others instead of holding on to it.”

上述例子说明了严谨的惯用语，在特殊情况下，也可以稍微改变，或替换字眼，或拆开组成部分，或扩充词语，或缩略成分，达到灵活运用的目的。英语惯用语的类别

英语词汇丰富，惯用语很多。学习英语者，不能只注意单字单词，他们也必须同时学习各常见的惯用语，以便从另一领域增加英语词汇。

什么是英语惯用语呢？它们有哪些类别呢？

所谓惯用语（idiomatic expreions），顾名思义，就是两个或两个以上的字合组而成一个固定短语，具有个固定意思，有时，如片语动词，还可能有一个以上的含义。

英语常见惯用语有七种如下：

㈠片语动词（phrasal verbs），如：

①turn down：拒绝；②turn up：出现；③take after：长得像 ……；④put off：延期；⑤put up with：忍受；⑥do away with：取消、废除；⑦go back on：食言；⑧zero in on：将注意力集中在 ……

㈡介词短语（prepositional phrases），如：

①in a nutshell：总而言之；②by leaps and bounds：很迅速地；③with open arms：热烈地；④under the weather：不舒服； ⑤from time to time：偶尔；⑥of one's own free will：自愿地；⑦by degrees：渐渐地；⑧on one's own：独自；⑨without fail ：一定；⑩in high spirits：精神奕奕地。

㈢动词短语（verb phrases），如：

①pluck up courage：鼓起勇气；②get to the bottom of...：查询到底；③ hold the fort：代人尽责；④waste one's breath ：浪费气力；⑤close one's eyes to...：熟视无睹；⑥come in handy：会有用处；⑦go without saying：不说便知；⑧lose track of：失去踪迹。

㈣名词短语（noun phrases），如：

① a bird's eye view of...：概览；② a bolt from the blue：晴天霹雳；③ Achilles' heel：人性上的一个弱点；④ child's play：轻而易举的事；⑤ food for thought：可供思考的事；⑥ a flash in the pan：昙花一现；⑦a feast for the eyes ：赏心悦目事；⑧ the rat race：激烈的竞争。

㈤形容词短语（adjective phrases），如：

① bent on...：决心……；② susceptible to...：易于…… ；③devoid of...：缺乏……；④conducive to...：有助于……； ⑤comfortably off：富裕的；⑥ busy with...：忙于……；⑦ second to none：最佳的；⑧serious of purpose：认真的。

㈥“三合一”短语，如：

① ways and means：各种方法；② aches and pains：各种疼痛；③ law and order：法规；④ odds and ends：零星杂品；⑤ make or break：不成功就失败；⑥ give and take：亦取亦舍、互相忍让；⑦ forgive and forget：既往不咎；⑧ hale and hearty ：健壮的；⑨free and easy：自由自在的；⑩ here and there：各处；11 safe and sound：安然无恙的；12 now and then：偶尔。

㈦成语／谚语（proverbs/ maxims），如：

① more haste, le speed：欲速不达；② man proposes, God disposes：谋事在人，成事在天；③ strike while the iron is hot：打铁趁热；④ easy come, easy go：易得易失；⑤ time flies：光阴飞快；⑥ prevention is better than cure：预防胜过治疗；⑦ never say “die”：永不言“休”；⑧ the early bird catches the worm：早起的鸟儿有虫吃。

在这七种惯用语中，㈠－㈤数目多又好用，片语动词尤为特出，不论是口语或书写，都很适合。第七类，流传已久，耳熟能详，宜于适当时刻使用。第六类出现的时间较迟，数量较少，但是很有用，颇受欢迎。英语短语

短语或词组（phrases）是英语句子结构中重要的成分，不可忽视。

英语短语是由至少两个字合组而成为一个有意义的单位。

短语通常没有主语，也没有谓语动词，但是每个短语都有一定的结构和语义，在句子中形成一个重要的环节。

论功能，英语短语可分为名词短语（noun phrase）、形容词短语（adjective phrase）和副词短语（adverb phrase）三种。

名词短语，主要有三种形式，即：㈠名词组；㈡动名词组；㈢不定式动词组。

名词短语和名词功能一样，可在句子中充当主语，如例①；宾语，如例②；补足语，如例③：

① The state of Johore lies in the southern part of Malaysia.② I enjoy teaching English.③ Who is to accompany you to the airport?

①是名词组；②是动名词组；③是不定式动词组。

形容词短语也有三种，即：㈠介词组，如例④-⑥；㈡现在分词组；如例⑦-⑧；过去分词组，如例⑨-⑩：

④ The boy on my right is the monitor.⑤ Bankers are people of great wealth.⑥ I published books on language learning.⑦ Hearing the scream, the small girl cried.⑧ Have you seen the thief running for his life?

⑨ Taken aback, the boy burst into tears.⑩ The rat, chased by a cat, ran into a ditch.由介词组成的形容词短语紧跟在被修饰的名词之后。由现在分词或过去分词组成者，则可以在名词之前，如例⑦和⑨或名词后头，如例⑧和⑩。

副词短语主要由介词协助组成，作用和一般副词一样，修饰动词，但位置灵活，可以在句前，也可以在动词之后。例如：The naughty boy was asked to stand in front of the claroom.Don't run acro the road.It is dangerous to do so.In 1989, I stayed a few months in the University of London as a visiting scholar.在这些短语中，由介词引荐者既有形容词的功能（见例④-⑥），又可负起副词的使命。这样一来，我们应如何判辨两者的差别呢？方法简单，就是从短语在句中的功能着手：修饰名词的是形容词性的、修饰动词的是副词性的，如：

14a The students in this cla are very active.b If you like, you may study in this cla.15a Two boys at the back of the cla are talking.b An unwell student has fallen asleep at the back of the cla.“In this cla”和“at the back of the cla”在14a和15 a里修饰名词“students”和“boys”，因此属形容词性短语。反之，在14b和15b中，则分别修饰动词“may study”和“has fallen asleep”，因此是副词性短语。切忌囫囵吞枣

和中文一样，英语有很多短语、成语和惯用语，但是不是所有的都可以望文生义，并且正确地使用。有些的意思不是每个字面意义的总和，而是有“言外之意”的。如果英语用法和中文对比，意义相似者固然不少，不同之处可能更多。

下列这些英语惯用语或成语，可以望文生义，而且几乎都和中文的意思一样：

● a bad egg：一个坏蛋

● behind the times：过时的● sooner or later：迟早

● to pour oil on fire：火上加油

● to save one's face：保留面子

● to turn over a new leaf：翻开新的一页

● experience is the best teacher：经验是良师

● barking dogs seldom bite：吠狗不咬人

但是下列这些惯用语就不同了，切忌囫囵吞枣，以表层意思误以为是深层真义：

● a busy-body：多嘴爱管闲事的人（不是“忙人”：a busy man）

● at the eleventh hour：在最后时刻（不是“在十一点时”）

● what a shame!：多可惜（不是“多可耻”）

● to be taken in：受骗（不是“被接纳”）

● to pull up one's socks：加紧努力（不是“拉扯袜子”）

● to bring the house down：全场喝彩（不是“把房子推倒”）

● to think too much of oneself：自视太高（不是“自己在胡思乱想”）

● to eat one's words：承认说错话（不是“食言”或“失信”）

● to draw up a plan：拟定计划（不是“画好计划蓝图”）

● John is only too glad to let you go：很乐意让你去（不是“ 太高兴了，不肯让你去”）● one can't be too careful to do this kind of work：做这种工作应该越小心越好（不是“……不应该过分仔细”）

● the importance of productivity cannot be over-emphasized ：必须极力强调生产力的重要性（不是“不可过分强调……”）

最后，有些英语习语，其含义和中文者可能有些歧异。例如： bookworm, to swim with the tide, to wash one's hands of..., in the same boat。

在英语里，a bookworm 是个“爱读书者”，是褒意，但中文的 “书呆子”却略带贬意。

“To swim with the tide”是①顺应潮流；②随波逐流，可贬可不贬，但中文多取贬意。

“To wash one's hands of...”会有①洗手不干；②断绝关系；③不再承担责任，这三个意思。然而，中文只取“洗手不干”一意，范围比英语窄得多。

“In the same boat”的意思是“处于同样不幸的境地”，如： “Alice stopped schooling because of financial difficulties.Allen stopped schooling for the same reason.Allen and Alice were in the same boat.”可是这句惯用语的中文表面义是“同舟共济”，有褒无贬，迥然不同。