中国古代葬俗_中国古代的婚俗与葬俗

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Chinese Burial in Ancient Times

中国古代葬俗

一、土葬

The formation of burial customs has a close relationship with the mindset of the people.They believe that the dead being buried is the inevitable end, “The Rites of Zhou said that” all creatures die, the dead will return to the earth, “ and Korea to Be Rumor said “the dead said the demon, and normalized also the eence to divine, meat attributed to” Rites also said: ”The soul of gas attributed to the day, form the soul attributed to“.• The above can be seen that the ancients believed that the soul of the dead body buried in the ground, out of shape can be attributed to the day.Burial in close contact with the ghost concept, from the Paleolithic to the modern people in the burial of the deceased should be worth buried a large number of items, including appliances, food, decorations, so that the souls of the dead in another one of the world live better.土葬习俗的形成，同人们的观念有着密切关系。他们认为死者入土是人的必然归宿，《周礼》中说“众生必死，死必归土”，《韩待外传》中说“人死曰鬼，鬼者归也，精气归于天，肉归于地。”《礼运》也说：“魂气归于天，形魄归于地”。·以上可以看出，古人认为人死后形体埋入地下，脱离形体的灵魂才可以归于天。土葬与鬼魂观念有密切联系，从旧石器时代一直到现代，人们在埋葬死者时，都要为之随葬大量的物品，包括各种用具、食物、装饰品等，目的是让死者的灵魂在另一个世界生活得更好

Burial began in the late primitive society, into the cla society, respectable and humble level of difference.To the Qin and Han dynasties, the rulers of the body is affected by the parents, did not dare damage ”as an excuse to ban China cremation, burial became a common burial ceremony of the Han nationality, and hereditary.Burial custom of the implementation of the first burial in most areas, but in some regions and ethnic groups in the implementation of secondary burial or multiple complex burial.Burial in China although is diffreent in the form of the characteristics of the different peoples and different historical periods, the basic concepts are the same, that the deceased should be kept finished dead and “buried”.It is the burial custom of long-term conventionalism.土葬始于原始社会末期，进入阶级社会后，有了明显的尊卑贵贱的等级差别。至秦汉时期，统治者以“身体发肤，受之父母，不敢毁伤”为由，禁民火葬，土葬遂成为汉民族的通用葬式，并世代沿袭。土葬之俗，在多数地区实行一次葬法，但在部分地区和民族中也实行二次葬法或多次复葬法。我国土葬在不同民族和不同的历史时期的形式特点虽有差别，但其基本观念都一样，即认为死者应保存完尸，“入土为安”，故土葬之俗，长期因袭。

nce cremation（火化）is traditionally uncommon, the burial of the dead is a matter taken very seriously in Chinese society.Improper funeral arrangements can wreak（造成）ill fortune and disaster on the family of the deceased.To a certain degree, Chinese funeral rites and burial customs are determined by the age of the deceased, cause of death, status and position in society, and marital（婚姻）status.因为从传统上来看，火葬是不常见的，所以土葬在中国社会拥有举足轻重的地位。不恰当的葬礼安排会给死者的家庭带来不幸和灾难。在某种程度上来说，中国的葬礼和埋葬风俗是由死者的死因、社会地位和婚姻状况所决定的。

According to Chinese custom, an elder should never show respect to someone younger.So, if the deceased is a young bachelor, for example, his body cannot be brought home and must remain at the funeral parlor（接待室）.His parents cannot offer prayers to their son, either: Since he was unmarried, he did not have any children to whom he could perform these same rites.If an infant or child dies, no funeral rites are performed either since respect cannot be shown to a younger person.The child is thus buried in silence.Funeral rites for an elder must follow a prescribed form: Rites befitting a person's status, age, etc., must be performed even if this means the family of the deceased will go into debt.根据中国的习俗，长者不需要向年轻人表示敬意，所以如果死者是一个年轻的单身汉，他的遗体不能带回家而必须停放在义馆，他的父母也不能为他祈祷。因为他从未结婚，所以他没有孩子让他可以履行相同的仪式。如果一个婴儿或是小孩死了，也是没有任何葬礼仪式的，因为不需要对年轻人表示敬意，孩子就要被悄悄埋掉。一个年长者的葬礼必须遵循规定的形式：符合一个人身份、年龄的仪式是必须的，即使那意味着死者的家庭将承担债务。

Choosing a burial site Master Cheng(1033-1107)said, 'Divining a tomb site is aimed at discovering the excellence of the land….When the land is excellent, the spirits will be comfortable and the descendants will flourish;the principle is the same as the branches and leaves of a plant flourishing when earth is banked around the roots.When the land is bad the contrary occurs.But what is meant by excellence of land? It is land that is bright and moist;a flourishing growth of plants and trees is the evidence….'Neverthele there are five problems one must give attention in picking a burial site.One must see that the spot will never be made into a road, a city wall, or a ditch;that it will not be seized by the high-ranking or powerful;and that it will never be cultivated.上人（1133至07年）说，“选择墓址旨在发现卓越的土地......当土地是优越的，精神就是舒适的，后代也将蓬勃发展。这个道理跟肥沃的土壤能够让植物枝繁叶茂是一样的。当土地不好时，相反的情况就会发生。但何谓卓越的土地？就是光明的，潮湿的土地;蓬勃生长的植物和树木就是证据....“不过在挑选归葬地的时候，有五个方面的问题必须注意。必须看到，那个地方将永远不会有道路，城墙，或一条沟，它永远不会被种植作物;也不会被高层或强权所查获。

Preparing the grave goods The custom of burying grave goods with dead bodies lasted a long time, so the artefacts that remain range from Neolithic times(about 5000 BC)to the end of the Ming dynasty(1644).Inevitably, most of them come from the graves of the few with wealth and power;the lives of most people paed into history unrecorded.将陪葬品和尸体一起掩埋的习俗持续了很长时间，所以文物范围从新石器时代（约公元前5000年）到明朝（1644年）末年。不可避免地，他们大多来自一些有权有势的人的坟墓;虽然大多数人的生活痕迹历史上已没有记录。

Carve wood to make carts and horses, male and female servants, and all the things needed to care of the deceased.The objects should resemble those used in real life but be smaller.According to the law, those with rank five or six offices can have thirty objects;those with rank seven or eight offices, twenty objects;and those who have not reached court posts, fifteen objects.Prepare the lower-world furnishings.This refers to the bed curtains, cushions, armrests, tables and the like.These should also resemble those used in life but be smaller.Prepare the container.There should be one with a bamboo cover, to hold the offerings of wine and meat.Prepare baskets.There should be one with a bamboo cover, to hold the five grains.Prepare earthenware jars.There should be three made of pottery to hold the wine and dried meat.雕刻木头车和马，男的或女的仆人，和所有需要服务死者的东西。物品应该像在现实生活中使用的，但更小。根据法律规定，那些排名五，六个办事处的，可以有三十个物品;那些与排名七，八个办事处的，二十件物品，以及那些还没有官职的，十五件物品。准备阴界的家具。包括床窗帘，靠垫，扶手，桌子之类的。这些也应该像那些在生活中使用，但较小。

准备容器。应该有一个用竹盖子的，来装酒和肉产品。准备花篮。应该有一个用竹子盖的，持有五谷。准备陶罐。应该有三个陶器来装酒和肉干。

二、天葬

Sky burial, or ritual diection, is a funerary practice in Tibet, wherein a human corpse is incised in certain locations and placed on a mountaintop, exposing it to the elements(mahabhuta)and animals – especially to predatory birds.The locations of preparation and sky burial are understood in the Vajrayana traditions as charnel grounds.In Tibet the practice is known as jhator which means “giving alms to the birds.The majority of Tibetans adhere to Buddhism, which teaches rebirth.There is no need to preserve the body, as it is now an empty veel.Birds may eat it, or nature may let it decompose.So the function of the sky burial is simply to dispose the remains.In much of Tibet, the ground is too hard and rocky to dig a grave, and, due to the scarcity of fuel and timber, sky burials are often more practical than cremation.High lamas and some other dignitaries may receive burials so as to honor them in death, but sky burials were standard practice for commoners 天葬，或仪式清扫术，是西藏的丧葬做法，将一个人的尸体在某些地方和山顶上切开，把他给动物们享用476 BC)to the Warring States Period(476 BC-221 BC), were placed high above the water, particularly the ones found along the Daning River, with the lowest distance being 30 meters(98 feet)and the highest 500 meters(1,640 feet).With no support and backstop in the surrounding area, how the heavy coffins were placed in such a high place still remains a mystery.However, experts have speculated several feasible means by which ancient people did the great work.One theory is that the coffins were lowered down from the top of the mountain by ropes.Most coffins were made with one whole piece of wood into various shapes.It was said that the hanging coffins could prevent bodies from being taken by beasts and also ble the soul eternally.洞穴里的棺材,大多数的可追溯到春秋时期(公元前770——公元前476年)到战国时期(公元前476——公元前221年),被放置在高于水面很多的地方,尤其是在大宁河沿边发现的那些,最低的距离在30米(98英尺),最高的500米(1640英尺)。周边没有任何支撑的东西，这样沉重的棺材如何放置在这么高的地方仍然是个谜。然而,专家就古代人民的这一杰作提出了几个可能的方案。一个理论认为棺材是用绳子从顶上降下来的。大多数棺材是用一整块木头锯成各种形状。据说悬棺可以预防尸体被野兽撕裂,也可以永远祝福灵魂。

It was a common funeral custom in ancient times for Yangtze River people to hang coffins on the cliffs.But the intention remains controversial.One legend among the Ba people has it that a man called Wuxiang defeated his rival competing for the chief of the tribe by making a boat out of earth that would float in the water.In order to commemorate the great leader, his descendants made his coffin boat-shaped and placed it high up in the cliffs.Thus this practice was retained by later generations.在古代，长江沿岸的人把棺材挂在悬崖上是非常常见的，但是意图仍存有争议。传说在巴,一个名叫Wuxiang的人为了争夺部落的首领，让船脱离地面，顺水漂流，从而击败了他的对手。为了纪念这位伟大的领袖,他的后裔,把他船型的灵柩安放在高处悬崖上面。因此这种做法被后人保留。

The hanging coffins of the Bo people in Gongxian, Sichuan Province, the Guyue people of Dragon Tiger Mountain and the Guyue people of Wuyi Mountain are the most famous.The Wuyi Mountain coffins are the oldest;some are more than 3,750 years old.While hanging coffins can be found in many places in China, the strange thing is all of them only existed for a certain period in history.Those in Wuyi Mountain are the first appear in China, as early as in the Zhou Dynasty(1027-777BC)while those in Gongxian County of Southwest china's Sichuan province are the most recent, which also marked the end of the hanging coffin custom.珙县僰人悬棺，四川省，龙虎山和武夷山的古越人悬棺是最有名的。武夷山悬棺是最古老的一些更超过3,750岁。虽然悬棺可以在中国很多地方发现，但奇怪的是，他们都只是在一定历史时期存在。武夷山悬棺是中国最早的，早在周朝（1027-777BC）就已经出现了，而那些中国西南部的四川省珙县的悬棺是最新的，它们也标志着悬棺习俗的结束。

五、树葬

Tree burial is that bury bone ashes under a specified large trees, or scatters the ashes in the soil, and plants a tree on it as a memento of the ashes of the approach.The tree burial is no special urn or biodegradable bone ashes boxes.It only does marks, such as: only put a stone under a tree, to nail a copper on stone, written the name ,the born and died date of the deceased on it , or hang the memorial tablet of the dead on the trees.Without leaving the mound, can not stand the gravestone, so it only need a little land.The tree burial is one of the world's most advanced funeral ideas and behavior....树葬是指把骨灰深埋在一棵指定的大树下，或者把骨灰撒在土壤里，上面种上一棵树作为纪念的新的骨灰处理方式。树葬没有墓穴，没有使用可降解的特制骨灰坛。它只作标记，如：仅在树下放一块石头，石头上钉一块铜板，写上死者的姓名、生卒年月即可，或者在树上悬挂死者的纪念牌。不留坟头，不立墓碑，只占很少的土地。树葬是当今世界最先进的殡葬理念和行为之一。

Tree burial is a very old burial method,.Its main form is put the body of the deceased on the mountains or the wild trees on any weathering;Later, some minor improvements are put the deceased landscapes in a specialized system scaffolding.Placed corpses and free it weathering, so the tree burial, also known as ”wind burial,“ burial ”,“ hang buried wood buried, bury in the air ”or“ dangling buria”l.The tree burial is a reflection of the living on the tree, therefore, tree burial is also a primitive life on the Burial Customs of the relics.树葬是一种非常古老的葬法，它的主要形式是把死者置于深山或野外的大树上，任其风化；后来，有的稍作改进的方式是将死者陈放于专门制做的棚架上。由于置放尸体后任其风化，故树葬也称“风葬”、“天葬”、“挂葬”、“木葬”、“空葬”或“悬空 葬”。树葬是树居的反映，因此，树葬也是原始生活在葬俗上的遗存。

The tree burial is an ancient burial custom of Yi.Yi area in Yunnan is circulating a ”tree“ legend: ”In that era of the Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang was alive.The great general , the ancestor of Yi ,Menghuo’s concubine died.Meng Huo order the servant to pack the body with silk, and bury it in the pine branches.People stand around the tree, singing, dancing to memory the beautiful concubine “.The local people also have a legend that after the tree burial, the bones fall from the trees.It’s hard to deal with, so loaded bones wrapped with silk and packed in buckets or put them in tree holes, known as ”ghost barrel".树葬是彝族古老的一种葬俗。云南彝区流传着一则关于“树葬”的传说：“在汉代，诸葛亮在世的那个年代，彝族先祖孟获大将军的妾死了。孟获让属下用帛缎裹尸，葬之在青松树丫上。人们围在树下唱歌、跳舞，悼念这位美丽的妾”。当地人们还传说，树葬之后，骨头从树上掉下来，不好处理，于是用桶把裹着帛缎的骨头装起来，或放之于树洞，称为“鬼桶”。