从句_状语从句解析
从句由刀豆文库小编整理,希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便,猜你可能喜欢“状语从句解析”。
从句
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。如果what-分句本身明显表示复数意义,比如what分句的动词和补语都是复数,那么主句动词也可用复数。
如:What I say and think are none of your busine.(我说的和我想的都与你无关。)注意:当what引导的名词性分句作主语时,主谓一致问题极为复杂。著名学者周海中教授在论文《关于what-分句作主语的主谓一致问题》中就这一问题做了深入研究,并给出了10种的主谓一致关系。这些一致关系值得英语学习者和使用者特别注意。有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下: ⑴It + be + 名词+ that从句 ⑵It + be + 形容词+ that从句
⑶It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that从句 ⑷It +不及物动词+ that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”,常用的句型有:
It is neceary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that … It is suggested(requested, proposed, desired, etc.)that… 宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1.由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如: He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think(that)we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:
I insist that she(should)do her work alone.我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops(should)set off at once.司令员命令部队马上出发。
2.用who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如:
I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告诉了你什么。
3.用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
a.引导主语从句并在句首时;b.引导表语从句时;c.引导从句作介词宾语时;d.从句后有“or not”时;e.后接动词不定式时。例如:
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
4.注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用
不同时态。例如:
He studies English every day.(从句用一般现在时)He studied English last term.(从句用一般过去时)
I know(that)he will study English next year.(从句用一般将来时)he has studied English since 1998.(从句用现在完成时)
当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如:
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
5.think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如:
We don’t think you are here.我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so.我相信他不会这样做。
表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于联系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语+ 系动词+ that从句。例如:
The fact is that we have lost the game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。That’s just what I want.这正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies.这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he mied the train by one minute this morning.【注意】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、meage、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如:
The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么时候回来。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别:
that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略;that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)
其他从句 that从句 5.1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如:
主语:That she is still alive is her luck.她还活着全靠运气。
宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是最近谁也没有见过他。
同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.最近谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
5.2)That-从句做主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如: It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系: a.It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is neceary that… 有必要…… It is important that… 重要的是…… It is obvious that… 很明显…… b.It + be +-ed分词+ that-从句 It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 众所周知…… It has been decided that… 已决定…… c.It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识 It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是…… It is a fact that… 事实是…… d.It +不及物动词+ that-从句 It appears that… 似乎…… It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起…… wh-从句 6.1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如:
主语:How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语:In one's own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
表语:My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
宾语补足语:She will name him whatever she wants to.她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语: I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语:I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语:That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。
6.2)Wh-从句做主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末,例如: It is not yet decided who will do that job.还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他们何时结婚依然不明。if,whether从句
7.1)yes-no型疑问从句 从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能相同,例如:
主语:Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.这一计划是否可行还有等证实。
宾语:Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语:The point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。同位语:They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语:She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语:I worry about whether he can pa through the crisis of his illne.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。7.2)选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成,例如: Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。if和whether的区别:
1、在动词不定式之前只能用whether。如:
I can’t decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下。
2、在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。如:
I want to know whether it’s good news or not.我想知道是否是好消息。3、在介词后,只能用whether。如:
His father is worried about whether he lose his work.他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。
4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时,只能用whether。如: Whether this is true or not, I really don’t know.这是否真的,我真的不知道。
5、用if会引起歧义时,只用whether。如:
Could you tell me if you know the answer
这句话有两种意思:“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗?”或“如果你知道答案,请告诉我,好吗?”。如用whether可避免歧义。
形容词性从句
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
含义:在定语的位置上是个句子。why 关系副词why主要用于修饰表原因的名词(主要是the reason),同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如:
We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up.我们不知道他为什么没有来。
She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer.她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。
与关系副词when和where不同,why可以换成that或省略。如: That’s one of the reasons(why, that)I asked you to come.这就是我请你来的原因之一。
另外,与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样,why只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句。如:
他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。
误:The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正:The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.when
关系副词when主要用于修饰表时间的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如:
There comes a time when you have to make a choice.你必须作出抉择的时候到了。
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked.他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。
We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.我们将把野餐推迟到下星期,那时天气可能会好一点。
注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词,就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作时间状语,就用when;如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用when,而要用that, which等。如:
Don’t forget the time(that, which)I’ve told you.不要忘记我告诉你的时间。关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语,正因为是用作宾语,所以也可以省略。where
关系副词where主要用于修饰表地点的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如:
This is the village where he was born.这就是他出生的村子。
That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer.这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。
Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus.巴巴拉在奥伯里工作,每天得坐公共汽车去上班。
与前面when的情况一样,注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词,就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作地点状语,就用where;如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用where,而要用that, which等。如: He works in a factory that [which] makes TV sets.他在一家电视机厂工作。
关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作主语。
另外注意,where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如: We have reached a point where a change is needed.我们到了必须改一改的地步。
There are cases where the word “mighty”is used as an adverb.在一些情况下,mighty一词可用作副词。
He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。
I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day.我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。