公共管理英文_管理学英文考试

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INTRODUCITION

When John Locke wrote that the state of nature was wanting power to back and suport the sentence of a national judiciary,he was speaking of an executive power.There is a great deal of difference ,however,between the kind of of executive power that Locke had in mind and the kind of political executive that we find in contemporary political systems.What are the power situations in which contemprary political executives find themseves? How do they get where they are ？What kinds of relationships do they have with the legislatures of their respective political settings?

It is to these questions that we shall try to respond in this chapter.当约翰洛克写道国家的本质是想要权力来支持一个国家的司法判决，他提到了一种行

政权，然而，在洛克心中的行政权和我们在当代政治系统中所涉及的行政权有着巨大差异。当代行政机构的权利状况是什么？如何实现？他们和各种政治环境下立法机关有着什么样的关系？我们将在这章对这些问题进行回答。

THE EXECUTIVE ROLES

What does an executive do in a political system?In his claic study of the American Presidency,Clinton Roiter listed ten

distinct,identifiable roles that the president is expected to play in the Ameircan political arena.行政角色

在一个政治体系中行政部门是干什么的呢？在对美国总统制的经典研究中，克林顿罗西特列出可以感觉到的，总统在政治舞台上所扮演的10个不同角色。

1.Chief of State2.Chief Executive3.Commander in Chief 4.Chief Diplomat5.Chief Legislator6.Chief Of Party 7.Voice of the People

8.Protector of Peace9.Manager of Prosperity 10.Wordld Leader

1.国家元首2.行政长官 3.总指挥 4.首席外交官5.主要立法者6.党领袖7.人民代言人8.和平保护者9.繁荣管理者10.世界领导者

When we look at this list of duties that the president must perform，we must marvel that anyone is able to handle the demands of the

office.Indeed,this was one of the major themes of Roiter’s

study.Wouldn’t a political system be more efficiently run if hired a crew of executives to handle all of these jobs,one job to a person?Actually，the concept of a multiple executive is not new at all ,and in the history of political systems the multiple executive has been tried.At the Federal Convention in Philadelphia in1787,where the U.S Constitution was

created,the idea of a multiple excutive was suggested.It was

rejected ,however,because history had shown that it might tend to（1）cause divisivene when a difficult decision needed to be made and（2）abscure responsibility,or culpability,in that blame for a bad decision might be difficult to attribute to a single individual.当我们看到总统必须履行的这系列的职责，我们必须惊奇任何人都可以处理部门的要求。事实上这是罗斯特研究的一个重大主题。如果雇佣一组行政人员处理所有工作，每人负责一项，一个政治制度难道不能高效运转吗？实际上，多元行政的概念一点也不新，历史上的政治体系已经尝试过多元行政。在美国宪法诞生的1787年费城制宪会议上，多元行政的想法被提出。然而它被否决了，因为历史表明，它可能会(1)当要做出一个艰难决定时间导致分歧(2)赏罚不明，归咎于一个失误的决策可能难以归因于个人。

In point of fact,Roiter’s list of ten roles for the president may be more detailed than is neceary.Political history has shown that we really only need to separate the executive role into two components:a symbolic role and a political role.In the symbolic role,the executive represents the dignity of the state.The executive lays wreaths on tombs,attends funerals,makes national proclamations,and generally

serves a ceremonial function.In the political role,the chief executive “manages the national busine,”and makes the hard political decisions that need to be made.In this context the chief executive can be seen to be chief of the executivebranch of government, the ultimate decision makers,the owner of the desk where “the buck stops.”

实际上，罗斯特列出的总统的十个角色的详尽程度超出了必要。政治历史已经表明，我们其实只需要将行政角色分为两部分：一个象征性的角色和政治角色。象征性的角色，行政机关代表国家的尊严。执行墓碑前献花圈，参加葬礼，制作国家公告，和一般服务礼仪功能。而政治角色，首席执行官“管理国家的事务，”并且按照需要做出艰难的政治决定。在这种背景下，首席执行官可以被看作是政府的执行机构的首席，最终的决策者，写着“责任止于此”那张桌子的主人（典故白宫里杜鲁门总统的桌子上放着一个牌子,上面写着 “责任止于此”）。