中西酒文化对比的论文_中西方酒文化比较论文

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Abstract: Nowadays, with the expansion of communication between China and Western countries and the globalization of the world, the differences between Chinese and Western cultures have been attracted much more attention, for instance, the differences of wine culture is one of which focused as an iue.The wine is considered as the gift given by the god of wine.Wine culture has a long history and wine plays an important role in people’s daily life, and it combines people’s lives and interpersonal communication in all aspects.On the other hand, as a linker of inheriting history and leading to the future, wine is an article that deserves our earnest study.Because of the differences of living environment, historical background，traditions, values and thinking mode，social norms and culture, wine culture has a different connotation in different countries and regions and shows the characteristics of disparate style as a kind of profound cultural phenomenon.This article is an analysis performed after a lot of data collection and reading, which mainly describes the differences of wine culture between China and western countries.According to the research, the wine culture between China and western countries is very special, which has similarities in their differences and differences in their similarities.The study presents that the content of the wine culture is really rich and complex.Therefore, for the sake of the succeful intercultural communication, among different nations and regions having a good knowledge of wine culture is neceary.What’s more, it can deepen people’s understanding of their own history.Key words: Wine Culture Intercultural Communication Cultural Differences

摘要： 随着中西方交流的扩大,中西文化之间的差异也越来越受到重视,酒文化的差异也当然是其中之一。酒被认为是酒神赐予人们的礼物,酒文化源远流长.酒在人们日常的交际生活中起着重要作用,它融会贯通了人们生活和人际交往的各个方面。而酒作为一个既传承历史又通向未来的道具是一个值得我们认真研究的课题。而由于生活环境、历史背景﹑传统习俗、价值观念、思维模式、社会规范以及文化底蕴的不同,酒文化作为一种深刻的文化现象,也在中西方各个国家、各个地区有着各不相同的内涵,呈现出风格迥异的特性。本文是在经过大量资料收集和阅读之后进行的分析总结,主要论述的是中西方酒文化之间的差异。中西方的酒文化同中有异、异中有同,内容丰富,了解不同民族的酒文化,有助于人们成功地进行跨文化交际,同时也加深了对历史文化的了解。

关键词

酒文化 跨文化交际 文化差异

1.The Background of Wine Culture 1.1 Wine Culture in China

China is one of the ancient countries in the world and has a long history about

the wine culture.“Since the appearing of wine and formed the methods of brewing wine, then the procees of brewing, the making of all kinds of drinking sets and drinking customs and etiquette were gradually formed and completed.”(Lixiaoye, 2010, P7)This is just the definition of wine culture.It is well known that Confucianism is the core of Chinese culture, so people's understanding of the wine culture tends to the spiritual dimension and gives it a variety of emotions.In 1987, the renowned economist profeor Yu Guangyuan put forward the phrase “wine culture” in China and Wan xiaoyan(2009)explains that the wine culture has broad and narrow meaning.In the broad sense, wine culture including wine technology with thousands of years’ enhancement, technological level, legal system and drinking customs;in the narrow sense, wine culture is just referred to drinking etiquette, custom and anecdote.There are many experts devote themselves to the research of wine culture, but it’s difficult to give a clear definition.Wine culture represents different characteristics in different times and has different effects on society.Throughout the Chinese wine culture’s history, we know that wine culture studies the material, brewing techniques of wine and its social attitude.Xu Shaohua(1999)said that wine means drinking in social activities has a specific effect on politics, economic, culture, military affairs, religion, art, science and technology, social psychology, and folk customs.Wine culture is the combination of material culture and spiritual culture.It's a special and attractive culture.Next, take the Origin of Wine in China for example.Yi Di and Du Kang are considered the originators of wine-making in China.According to ancient annals Yi Di was ordered by Yu the Great to produce mellow wine fro me fermented glutinous rice.The concoction tasted good and Yi Di was confident he would receive a reward.Yu while agreeing that the drink was of excellent quality and had a good taste stopped short of rewarding its maker.Why? Because the Son of Heaven decided that over indulgence in this new beverage could be dangerous-it could make a person read-the monarch himself lose his wits and inadvertently put the country at risk.Another wine-maker Du Kang created a formula for high quality liquor made of sorghum..As legend has it one winter he put cultivated sorghum seeds in a hollow.The following spring he notice d a strong smell coming from it and was amazed to discover that the sorghum he left there had fermented.This accidental disconery inspired Du Kang to create an alcoholic beverage.1.2 Wine Culture in the West In the west, wine culture is also a richly historical culture.In most time, wine culture refers to grape wine in west countries.“It has a history more than 8000 or at most 10000 years since wine appeared, and much longer than the liquor history in China.”(Li xiaoye, 2010, P8)To western people, wine is a special kind of art and has its glamour.When we meet troubles in our daily life or feel sad, wine can help us become strong and comfort us.So there is no doubt that wine culture is not only a kind of material culture but also a kind of a spiritual culture.Owing to the different cultural backgrounds, the western people’s understanding of the wine culture tends to the symbol of the right and gives it elegant and luxury image.For example, they believe wine can enrich their life and regulate their feelings.Xu Yan(2004)said this view of life can be expreed as drink one’s sorrows/ troubles, drown one’s troubles away, drink down sorrow.Wine culture is the reflection of culture in history and it’s the witne of history.Next, take the Origin of Wine in the West for example.Greek mythology Dionysus Greek god of wine and fertility identified with the Roman god Bacchus.The son of Zeus and Semele Dionysus was reared by nymphs and taught men the secrets of cultivating grapes and making wine.but Hera struck him with madne and drove him forth a wanderer through various parts of the earth.Dionysus wandered through many lands teaching men the culture of the vine and the mysteries of his cult.The Bible The earliest written account of viniculture is in the Old Testament of the Bible which tells us that Noah planted a vineyard and made wine.Middle Eastern origin an ancient Persian fable credits a lady of the court with the

discovery of wine.This Prince having lost favor with the King attempted to poison herself by eating some table grapes that had spoiled in a jar.She became intoxicated and giddy and fell asleep.When she awoke she found the strees that had made her life intolerable had dispersed.Returning to the source of her relief her subsequent conduct changed so remarkably that she regained the Kings favor.2.The application of the wine culture 2.1 Types of Wine Baijiu is a typical Chinese wine, while grape wine plays an important role in Western countries.China is a country with a long history and it is no exaggeration to say that Chinese history with five thousand years is written by wine.As China is a large agricultural country, the most wine is brewed with grain.In China, the word is “jiu” can be used to represent all the types of alcoholic beverages, such as beer, grape wine and so on.The most popular wine in China can be claified into two types, namely, yellow wine and white wine.The yellow wine is brewed directly from rice and wheat.The white wine is also brewed grain, but it has a higher purity of the alcohol level.Although China has a lot of techniques to brew wine and there are various types of wine, the grain liquor is always in the important position;this is because of the effect of geographical environment and agricultural culture.China's climate is very good for the growth of rice and other grain, as a result, the grain liquor is very prevalent.In the Western countries, no matter when we talk about the western wine, grape wine is always the first one comes to our minds.Grape wine is the major wine and

plays an important role in people’s life.Grape wine has a long history, Qu Xiaohui(1996)said that the Western archaeologists found that people had drank grape wine seven thousand years ago.Western is different from China as a large agricultural country, so most of Western countries develop animal husbandry and busine.But the climatic and soil in many places don’t fit the growth of crops, they are suitable for grape.Grape wine was produced and became more and more popular under this circumstance.With the development of society, there are more types of grape wine, such as whisky, brandy, rum, cocktail and so forth.2.2 Drinking Veels Where there is wine, there is drinking veel.As the saying goes, if there is no drinking veel, there is no way to drink.So there is no doubt that drinking veel as a part of wine culture has a long history.The development of drinking veel is closely bound up with the national economics;it can reflect a country’s level of development.China always shows great respect for the use of drinking veels.People divided the drinking veels into different categories depending on their usage.In ancient times, due to the low level of social development, people use some natural materials to make drinking veels, such as horns and gourds.With the improvement of productivity and development of the wine industry, there are more types of wine veels, for example, the drinking veels are made of bronze or jade or other materials.What’s more, some drinking veels are made in different shapes, for instance sheep, tiger, cow, rabbit and other animals or landscape.Different shapes of drinking veels not only can help people enjoy the beauty of wine, but also reflects the unique charm of Chinese art.Compared with China's drinking veels, West’s has a distinctive flavor.Westerners pay attention to different glaes for different kinds of wine.When they drink whisky, brandy and grape wine, they will prepare the corresponding cups.It is

well known that most western drinking veels are made of gla and crystal, because these cups are good for drinkers to appreciate the wine's color and enjoy the beauty of wine.This is indeed the case;the western drinking veels have an elegant appearance as well as the good usage.Nowadays, the glaes become more popular and are carriers to spread the wine culture.2.3 Etiquette of Drinking Wine is a medium to understand the culture of different countries.Knowing the etiquette of drinking can reduce the misunderstandings in social activities and promote communications between peoples.After careful studies, we can find that there are some differences of etiquette of drinking between China and Western countries.China is a country known as ceremony and pay attention to etiquette.Talk freely about the saying “No Custom without Wine”, etiquette of drinking is becoming an important part of life.Chinese drinking etiquette reflects the respect for the drinker.There is fixed seating and a fixed toast times about who is the master, who is the guest.Toast normally chooses after eating the main course, and before the sugar beet is not on.The cup must be held on the eyes level when the toast happen.The toast must begin from the master and watch each other, and at least drink a little wine to show respect.Others are not qualified to respect until the master finished.If the toast order is upset the person who upset the toast order will be fined.Toast must be started from the most distinguished guests, at this time the wine should be full of so that the most distinguished guests can be respected.Not only younger people toast to the elders, and subordinates take the initiative to propose a toast to the higher levels, but also should drink first in order to show respect.The Jiuling, Finger Gueing Game etiquette of wine, but also to make drinkers thoroughly enjoyed themselves.Obviously, Chinese wine culture deeply influenced by Chinese culture and traditional

ethics of hierarchy of seniority, during drinking alcohol the respect for those who drinking was placed in the most important position.Western drinking wine etiquette demonstrates respect for wine.Drinking wine must watch their color, smell their fragrance, taste its quality, and mobilize all kind of sensory to enjoy nice wine.In the sequence of drinking, pay attention to the first drink after drink red wine, white wine, the first lighter wine In the sequence of drinking, it is neceary to pay attention to the order of drinking.White wine should be first and after red wine, the first lighter wine following Re-bodied wine to drink a short year wine and then drink a long year wine, changes gradually in-depth change in the enjoyment of wine flavor.The selection of wine device, also revolve around how to get the full enjoyment of drinking on the drinkers.Let aroma convergence on mouth of the tulip-type goblet cup, and even for wine temperature degree specially designed thermometer, without exception, demonstrate respect for Westerners wine, and their Drinking etiquette is for a better appreciation of wine.In the West people rarely Toast each other, they usually drink separately.Only in certain occasions, they will join in a toast.If a time like this is usually the person after the speech, they are bleing a person, or to celebrate something for someone.2.4 Purpose of Drinking

Wine exists with the form of water and with the content of fire.They are incompatible since ancient times, only an exception on wine.It is water also fire.Not only was extinguished by the minds of unhappy, but also can bright the inner.Both Chinese and westerners love wine, but the diversity of cultures, so caused the difference on drinking purposes between the Chinese people and Westerns.The purpose of drinking in western is simple.They have a drink in order to enjoy drinking.Of course, wine also has the function of communication, but it is more important for people to enjoy the taste of wine.What kind of drink should be used to

enjoy on a occasion , and what temperature degree should be , what shape of the gla should be, there is a very fine clear requirement.There is not hing Finger Gueing Game was provided on the banquet.The aesthetic of western is a direct form Style-oriented and do not require to use distiller's yeast to achieve communicative effects, showing that the West is drinking for wine.In China, wine is often used as a communicative tool.Therefore, there are not scientific systematic theoretical analysis on Chinese wine culture.More attention was paied on other function s brought by drinking.The so-called ulterior motives are not on wine , but care between landscape and landscape of the music.People who drink often want to discu official busine, or talk to a private matter.In short, drinking is just an expreion of a mood-aisted behavior.People have a drink just want to borrow the role of alcohol to complete a number of other things, so Chinese people will never be le wine on the table.Whether it is Chinese New Year, or a busine in the future, wine is the middle of the hub of everything.It also links to the subtle emotions between people, but people rely more on drinking is the pursuit of wine.Qingmeizhujiu is to prove who is the hero.The paradis Jiang Jinjiu purpose to eliminate the same melancholy;Bamboo Poets of the Seven Sages was to take sanctuary.Qianlong 1000 gentleman feast want to share happy with the public.Chinese people drinking is not for alcohol but for feelings.Therefore, so long as having appropriate reasons, everyone can advise each other to drink, in order to show goodwill and sincerity.Toast is a typical performance of Chinese hospitality, but often is not understood by Westerners on the Chinese people.China is the ceremonies.The communication is usually advocated implicitly.They are not bounded, not only can speak, also can criticize after drinking alhtough there is nothing to speak usually.Wine can help Chinese people to achieve communicative purposes.2.5 Drinking Habits Several major Chinese festival of the year have a corresponding drinking activities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival drink “calamus wine”.Suspended drink “chrysanthemum wine”.In some places, such as Jiangxi, people gathered to drink after planting the cereal crop or to celebrate the harvest time.Chinese New Year also is known as New Year's Eve.It is the day for family reunion to have the most sumptuous dinner of the year.Dinner and wine are eential to the even poorest family.In some places, people generally do not leave the house on the first day of the first lunar month.From the second day, people begin to drop around.The owner of the house takes the dishes which have been prepared earlier to the table and enjoy the wine with the guests.“liquor of daughter in the south“ According to the earliest record by the ”Southern Graes“ that the southern people began to make wine when their daughter was seven years old.Then they bury the brewed wine when their daughter got married.This kind of wine was inherited in Shaoxing and developed to be famous as ”Huadiao jiu“.Another difference exists in the custom of drinking wine.As is known to us, China is a big country with 56 nationalities and vast territory.Most of the nations have its own distinctive wine and custom of drinking wine.However, there still exists the common character: encouraging people to drink.While in western countries, no one will encourage you to drink.It is up to you to drink or not.No one would aociate toasting people with the face.If there exists buying wine culture, that is, today I buy the wine for you in a bar;tomorrow you will buy for me.Wine culture brings about the difference of ideology of flows.Wine culture that caused great affection on the east and west civilization is embodied in the feminism.In the west, fete is an important means of worship of wine.The housewives and girls gathered in wild mountains to dance and enjoy themselves the whole night.Women could communicate with any people.Although the man was discontented with this, he could not have any complaints.This tradition was handed down.As a result, women got almost the same status with the man in the west.The worship of wine came along with the mysterious worship of maternity, which rippled in the civilization of the west.It was not the case in China.Although at the beginning, the wine was brewed for the daughter of Yu, women were deprived of right of drinking wine by man.The girls

in The Dream of Red Mansion mostly drank fruit wine.The liquor, repetitive of wine, was the patent of men, such as Jia Zheng.The status of women was gradually promoted after the spread of western culture during the period of Fourth Five.Women have the same right of drinking wine in modern times.3.Different Communicative Functions and Drinking Culture 3.1 Shallow Sip and Cattle Drink

Chinese people pay attention to the “shallow sip”.The so called“shallow sip”is to put the gla in one hand and enjoy the fun by singing a song or poem to purse the realm into a little drunk.The so called little drunk is like non-drunk and non-awake, with a rather wonderful feeling to get high in the realm.We Chinese people will take a little drunk while talking with our friends or family and have a good time.The Westerners pay attention to “cattle drink”, the so called “cattle drink” also described as the “drink by”.That is, no matter one battle or one gla, just raise your neck to drink it overturned.They enjoy the excitement that the wine brings to them.3.2 Masculinity and Feminism

Chinese wine culture is the doctrine of partial male.Since ancient times, “wine” was always used by men as the signboard and mask of their entertainment.By the “wine” of power, things will line.Things can be done easier by the power of wine.CaoCao used wine to test whether troops under his command were loyal to him.Wine and beauty seem always to go together;both are men’s tool to release their preure.Actually, with the collapse of the feudalism, women were no longer regarded as men’s vaal.Neverthele, in most case, women are often still at arm’s length speak of love.The western wine culture joined more feminist factors and is relatively neutral.In western countries, there is not only spirits for men but also cocktails and champagne with a sweet or fruity taste and beautiful color for women to drink.Female drinking is socially accepted, and fends to be neutral on the whole.3.3

Lyricism and Enjoyment

China, the scenic spot of wine culture, the significance of drinking wine is far more than the sensual pleasure.In many occasions, wine is used as a cultural symbol to represent a ritual, a state of mind.Wine and poetry, had the tight relationship from then on.In China, The wine is often used as a communication tool, a medium to expre feelings after drinking.The so called the drinker’s heart is not in the cup but in people and in love.Such as to make the plum wine is in order to prove who is the real hero;to drink one more cup of wine is to bid farewell to the friend going away.Different feeling and different mood are paed through the wine.In the western countries, the purpose of drink is often very simple, to enjoy the wine and alcohol.Of course, the red wine in the west also has the function of communication, but it is more of a pursuit of how to enjoy the taste.It can be seen that the Western wine culture focus more on the wine itself while we Chinese people seem to pay more attention to the spiritual experience after evaporation or distillation of the wine.Western habit of tasting wine is to taste with their tongue, while we Chinese people use more of a heart and brain to feel the feeling the wine bring us.The Way to Promote the Intercommunication of Wine Culture 4.1.Launching International Communication Conference

The development of world wine culture depends on the intercommunication of different nations.On this matter, I give several suggestions as following: Firstly, we should launch international communication conference about research of wine culture.At present, the research communication between profeors and experts in especially French, Germany, and England and so on is little.Profeors and experts exchange their ideas and views about wine and put forward new suggestions.It is an important and direct way to push the development

of wine culture.Secondly, a worldwide organization should be set up to harmonize and guide the deed acted by nations.Regions and nations behave according to the rules regulated.4.2.Setting the Suitable Rules

As we know, a proverb says without rules we cannot do things well.Thus it is neceary and important to set the suitable rules.Nations can communicate and behave well with the restrictions.However, the rules are not set now, which needs the efforts of the profeors and experts.4.3 Innovation

Wine culture can not develop without innovation which is the gist of wine culture.China has a long history of brewing wine, which is proud by us.Meanwhile, we indulge ourselves in the succe we have had and depend on the traditional wine culture exceively.Therefore, crisis is there.In order to keep the booming vitality of wine, obviously, the innovation is crucial.But what we should do innovate the wine culture.In my point of view, we should do as the following: To begin with, the combination of innovation of wine and idea.The consumption psychology of people is always changing.There is an increasing demand about the safety and sanitation of wine.The idea of green consumption occurs to people.As a result, we not only cater to the demand of trend, but also put our feet in the consumer's shoes.Secondly, the combination of innovation and technology.The innovation of culture can not;eave the development of technology.The big innovation and development of many profeions is caused by the innovation of technology.The innovation of technology and technique push the development of the profeion of brewing wine vigorously and base the solid foundation of the innovation of wine culture.Thirdly, the combination of innovation of wine culture and the management of firm.The history of abroad or domestic management of firm can be subdivided into three stages: ”experimental management“ ”scientific management“ and ”cultural management".It realized the big leap on management from experimental one to Tylor's scientific one.However, scientific management neglects the creativity and ability of man, which can not fit the demand of development.Thus, cultural management came into being.That whether the wine culture is a succe or a failure is aociated with the leader of the enterprise.The runner of the wine firm is different from the leader of the firm of making screwdriver.He should be an artist with high quality of culture and artistic taste.The fierce competition demands that they give direction and decision on the design of products, the direction of market, the selling

and plan of market.It is also neceary for them to carry out the cultural management and innovation of management and make full use of resources including resource of mankind to infuse the color of culture in the product.Make sure the realization of innovation of wine culture succefully through innovation of management.This is one aspect and another aspect is that: In the first place, transfer the advantage of culture into the advantage of market.Transmitting culture is to exploit the market.The core of the wine market is health;safety and fashion which the enterprises need long time of penetration of culture and patient and dedicate cultivation of market.It advocates drinking wine in a scientific way and green consumption to guide man return to rationalism from the traditional wine culture, which advocates drinking wine in great amount.In the second place, transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic, society and zoology.The advantage of economic is the final embodiment of the advantage of market.Promoting the additional value of wine culture is a significant way to transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic.At the same time, it requires shat the effectivene of society and zoology should be taken into account.We should strengthen the idea of sustaining development of firm and carry out green management and controlling of whole proce and protect the mature during the proce of carrying out the innovation of wine culture.Therefore, the vitality of wine lies in wine culture and fitting the progreive consumption culture, which is to keep pace with time.Conclusion The wine is the best present that God has given.Wine culture comes along with the birth of wine since wine appeared.Due to the difference of wine, regions and environment, the faith brought by wine culture also has more or le difference.At first, the wine in China was the sweet wine made from fruits.After that, man gradually found the grain which was used as the raw material of liquor.It was much better than sweet wine either in power or taste.Therefore, it is the mainstream to brew wine with grain as the raw material.At present, it refers to liquor when it comes to the wine of China.However, the wine in the west was brewed with barley the raw material firstly.Man began to brew wine with grape.The wine made man intoxicated and gradually became the mainstream of the west.And now, it refers to champagne and Brandy wit grape as the raw material.Drinking wine in China is the common phenomenon of different nations.Most of nations have its own characteristic wine

and custom of drinking wine.The culture of drinking wine has endurable vitality and character.The research of drinking custom will promote the unity of nations and progre of civilization.In order to communicate with the consumer, it is neceary to promote the development of wine culture.The wine can popularize wildly and sell best according to the taste of consumer.The brewed wine is to be consumed by man.Consequently, people's suggestion about the way of brewing wine is vital, which is to make sure the wine is consumed with confirmation and agreement of consumer.Intercommunication is also crucial to the development of wine culture.Thus, increasing international communication is eential.Profeors and experts can exchange their views and put forward new ideas about innovation of technology.A worldwide organization restrains the behavior of the members.Through this topic, the profound Chinese culture during the course of investigations will be appreciated.Consequently the Chinese wine culture will develop along with the development of the world wine culture.Bibliography [1] Patrick McGovern.Ancient wine: the search for the origin of viniculture.Princeton University, 2000.[2] Haeger.North American Pinot Noir.Langman, 2004.[3] Patrick Matthews.Real wine: the rediscovery of natural winemaking.Mitchell Beazley, 2000.[4] Jeni Port.Crushed by women:women and win., Arcadia, 2000.[5] Jancis Robinson.Jancis Robinson's wine tasting workbook.Conran Octopus, 2000.[6]Dai Weidong.A New Concise Course in Lingustics for Students of Englishin [M].ShangHai Foreign Language Education Pre, 2010:125-126 [7]Jamie Goode.The science of wine: from vine to gla[M].University of California Pre, 2005 [8]John Winthrop Haeger.North American Pinot Noir[M].Niversity of California Pre, 2004

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