复旦大学优秀高中生文化水平专题_复旦大学文化水平测试

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复旦大学2007年优秀高中生文化水平 选拔测试试卷

1.[唐]韩愈《进学解》:―业精于勤,荒于嬉;行成于思,毁于随。‖这一句子中―于‖的意 思是。

A.在B.从

C.由于

D.对于

2.〔当〕王充《论衡•量知篇》:―人之学问,知能成就,犹骨象玉石,切磋琢磨。‖其中―磋‖ 字的准确含义是。

A.搓弄

B.商量讨论

C.摘取

D.把象牙加工成器物

3.《左传•宣公十五年》:―我无尔诈,尔无我虞。‖句中前一个―尔‖的意思是

。A.如此

B.而已

C.你

D.那样

4.―苦口老师归寂日,知恩弟子庆生辰。‖(〔宋〕惠洪《石门文字禅•云庵生辰》)其中―苦口‖一词的含义是。

A.佛口

B.说话太多口变苦

C.口气沉重

D.不辞烦劳、反复恳切地说

5.当代小说家毕淑敏在《提醒幸福》中写道:―幸福有时会同我们开一个玩笑,乔装打扮而来。机遇、友情、成功、团圆……它们都酷似幸福,但它们并不等同于幸福。‖与这里的―乔装打扮‖一语的意思最远的一顶是。

A.涂脂沫粉

B.改头换面

C.庐山面目

D.面目全非

6.韩小蕙在《悠悠心会》中写道:―有的夫妻一个屋檐下厮守一辈子,有的同事一个办公室对坐几十年,就是没话,心灵始终隔膜着一片寸草不生的荒漠。‖与这里的―寸草不生‖一语的意思最近的一项是。

A.赤地千里

B.天府之国

C.鱼米之乡

D.山穷水尽

7.2004年的印度洋地震海啸令当地人民

不及防,造成了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失,但海啸无情人有情,通过中国国际救援队队员等多方救助后情况就得到了改善。句中方框应填入的字是。

A.防

B.措

C.猝

D.促

8.〔清〕刘熙载《艺论》:―是其苦心孤诣,且不欲徇非常人意,况肯徇非常人之意乎?‖句中―苦心孤诣‖一语的结构属于

。A.并列式

B.偏正式

C.补充式

D.主谓式

9.蒋子龙在《乔厂长上任记》中写道:―但是,他相信生活不是命运,也不是赶机会,而是需要智慧和斗争的无情逻辑!因此他要采取大会战孤注一掷。‖这里的―孤注一掷‖在句中作。

A.补语

B.状语

C.宾语

D.谓语 10.纯洁的爱情体现着优美的。

A.对立统一性

B.对立冲突性

C.和谐同构性

D.矛盾差异性 11.耳聋之人不能欣赏马思聪的《思乡曲》是因为他气管

。A.后天的学习

B.后天的实践

C.先天的能力

D.先天的灵性

12.―枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家,古道西风瘦马,夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯。‖(〔元〕马致远《天净沙•秋思》)其中的―古道西风瘦马‖这一比喻表现的是

。A.客观的景物描写

B.客观的必理投射

C.客观景物与主观情意的交融

D.纯粹的主观情意

13.泰戈尔说,翅膀坠上黄金的鸟儿将无法飞翔。刘翔110米栏完美爆发平世纪夺冠,宣告了―刘翔时代‖的到来。但没有对手的日子是孤寂的,有名利的纠绕更加危险。未来,他还能为世人带来多少惊喜,没人能预知,在这个巨星升起和陨落同样倏忽的年代,这的确是留给世人的一声重重的叩问。这―重重的叩问‖是指

。A.在巨星升起和陨落同样倏忽的年代刘翔是否趎的没有对手。B.鲜花和名望是否会让刘翔成为一颗转瞬即逝的流星。

C.刘翔走上了偶像的神坛之后,能否经受得住世俗眼光的评判。D.刘翔面对巨大的名利诱惑,能否继续奋斗、再创辉煌。

14.―夸父与日逐走,人日。渴欲得饮,饮于河、渭;河渭不足,北饮大泽。未至,道渴而死。弃其杖,化为邓林。‖这个神话故事出自。

A.《山海经•海外北经》

B.《水经注》

C.《天工开物》

D.《梦溪笔谈》 15.―美丽地描绘一副面孔‖和―一副美丽的面孔‖分别指的是

。A.艺术的美、自然的美

B.自然的美、艺术的美 C.现实的美、艺术的美

D.艺术的美、社会的美

16.风来似一片绿色的海,夜静如一堵坚固的墙―(张抗抗《地下森林断想》)。这里运用联想的方式属于。

A.对比联想

B.接近联想

C.相似联想

D.因果联想 17.幻想中的情感体验是。

A.真实性

B.虚假的C.功利性的D.超脱的 18.下列名句中的空缺,正确的是。,飞鸟相与还。(陶渊明《饮酒》)A.海客谈瀛洲

B.山气日夕佳

C.结庐在人境

D.古道接悠远 19.以下不具有崇高感的诗句是。

A.人闲桂花落

B.飞泉挂碧峰

C.海上生明月

D.飞流直下三千尺

20.秦观《踏莎行 郴州旅舍》有―驿寄梅花,鱼传尺素‖的句子,其中的―鱼‖是指。

A.鲤鱼

B.木鱼

C.信函

D.信笺

21.在中国近代教育史上,主张―以美育代宗教‖的人物是

。A.孙中山

B.王国维

C.梁启超

D.蔡元培

22.熟悉大海的人见到大海的画面,口中有了海水的咸味,这种现象属于

。A.想象

B.联想

C.通感

D.理解 23.对―六书‖解释正确的一项是

。A.甲骨文、金文、篆文、隶书、楷书、行书 B.风、雅、颂、赋、比、兴

C.《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《易》、《乐》、《春秋》 D.象形、指事、会意、形声、移注、假借

24.牛顿的联想随之褪色,难怪有人感到失望而责怪牛顿。句中的―霓裳羽衣‖见诸。

A.〔唐〕李白《将进酒》

B.〔唐〕白居易《长恨歌》 C.〔唐〕杜牧《过华清宫绝句》

D.〔唐〕李商隐《锦瑟》

25.颜之推《涉务》云:―古人欲知稼穑之艰难,斯盖贵谷务本之道也。夫食为民天,民非食不生矣,三日不粒,父子不能相存。‖下列句中―为‖的含义与―食为民天‖中的―为‖含义相同的一项是。

A.皆信僮仆为之

B.―子为谁?‖曰―为仲由。‖ C.秦为知之,必不救也

D.今故告之,反怒为? 26.东施效颦所模仿的对象是,典出

。A.褒姒《荀子》

B.毛嫱《管子》 C.西施《庄子》

D貂婵《三国演义》

27.我们从有限的对象中获得无限的韵味需要对象本身具有

。A.想象性特征

B.抽象性特征

C.具象性特征

D.自觉性特征 28.文艺复兴以后,西方悲剧的主要对象是

。A.神

B.人自身的性格

C.社会

D.人的灵魂

29.〔元〕赵禹圭《折桂令•过金山寺》:―长江浩浩西来,水面云山,山上楼台。山水查=上连,楼台相对,天与安排。诗句成云烟动色,酒杯倾天地忘怀。醉眼睁开,遥望蓬莱,一半儿云遮,一半儿烟霾。‖对这首元曲解说不恰当的一项是

。A.作者用―浩浩西来‖的长江的动景来衬托巍峨的金山寺,显得绮丽动人。B.这首元曲的开头没有直接写金山寺,而是描写金山寺气势不凡的背景。

C.―诗句成云烟动色,酒杯倾天地忘怀‖是用狂态来表现自己沉醉在如此胜景中的豪情。D.―山水相连,楼台相对‖说的是金山寺倒映江中,山与水连在一起,楼中上下

30.―上海的石库门住宅是特定历史的产物,是弄堂里的上海风情!我虽然没在那里住过,但我懂得那一种感觉。那里所有的温煦、质朴和对待生活的韧性是我所熟识的,也是我所向往的。这恐怕是我生长的家庭和我成长的城市所给予我的唯一不变的东西。有一天,上海的石库门会像曾经居于其间的人一样悄然地逝云,但是他们留给这尘世的那种精神却永远不变。‖这段文字的结尾流露出作者怎样的感情?下列说法中不正确的一项是

。A.生活在现代都市,同时保有着对以往石库门生活的同情 B.对上海石库门的古旧所传递的一份永远不变的精神眷恋

C.上海石库门所代表的一种石库门文化让作者着迷与留恋相互映照,山在水中,水在山上,一派奇妙景象。

D.对于上海石库门住宅中的具体的旧事和故人的怀念

31.They are fed up

the old routine.A.with

B.of

C.at

D.on 32.He is such a(n)

teacher that has devoted all his and energy to his students.A.conscientious

B.conscious

C.academic

D.scientific 33.We are looking for someone with a real sense of

to the job.A.committee

B.commitment

C.community

D.commiion 34.There are fewer working hours in the executive jobs,the job stre is comparatively higher.A.that

B.where

C.which

D.what 35.Since you are

to the seafood, you‘d better avoid eating it.A.sensible

B.sentimental

C.sensitive

D.sensory 36.During the celebration, fireworks have been

at the bay.A.set out

B.set about

C.set up

D.set off 37.They declared the war, for they believed that country had

the weapons of ma destruction.A.liberated

B.countered

C.approved

D.proliferated 38.The journalist reported the

of children labors who had worked many days on end.A.expansion

B.expedition

C.exploitation

D.exploration

What is the thing called happine? For centuries, people were too busy pursuing it

much time analyzing it.Now a pioneering band of researchers has finally bagged the elusive quarry or at least taken its measure.Using such sophisticated new tools

the five-item Life Satisfaction Scale and the seven-point Delighted-terrible Scale(On a scale of one to seven, how do you feel about your life?),social psychologists have plumbed the heart of happine.And their answer to the age-old

is that it all depends.Happine, that is,42

what makes.you feel happy, which is why psyc1hologists often call it―subjective well-being.‖ But from studies of various age and population groups in the United States and abroad, they have reached some

at the top of the charts is not, as many might expect, succe, youth, good looks or any of those

aets.The clear winner is relationship, close ones, followed by happy marriage.Supportive, intimate connections with other people seem

important.Using simple survey questions, psychologist David Myers found that the

happy people are those in unhappy marriages.Happiest are those who married

their ―best friend.‖

39.A.to spend

B.spending

C.has spent

D.have spent 40.Alike

B.alike

C.as

D.for instance 41.A.psychology

B.mystery

C.solution

D.trick 42.A.results in

B.leans against

C.dependes on

D.arrives at 43.A.realistic

B.idealistic

C.objective

D.individualistic 44.A.endlely

B.contradictorily C.harmoniously

D.consistrntly 45.Aenviable

B.reliabele

C.inevitable

D.endurable 46.A.vastly

B.tremendously

C.swiftly

D.basically 47.A.most

B.best

C.least

D.worst 48.A.to

B.with

C.for

D.off

Sarah Alexander celebrated the start of her last year at Wells College the way many other seniors before her have.She ran acro the picturesque to the shores of Cayuga Lake, where she jumped into the water.So did many of her fellow seniors.But dozens of students decided to stay away, especially the relatively few newly arrived male students.Wells College, which since 1868 had educated only women, began accepting men this year in hopes of bolstering its dwindling enrollment.For many students and alumnae, it was a crushing decision.After the college announced last October that it would go coeducational, about half of the students protested and two filed a lawsuit, which they later dropped.The students—33 men and 383 women – campus late month Both sexes are now trying to navigate new social landscape.Mr.Phillips said―You can‘t do guy stuff.Every time you want to sit and watch sports or a game, it turns into a movie.‖ The women were ―some what nasty.‖ I could see the dirty looks in their eyes,‖ he said.―But I was not going to let that stop me from coming.‖

Wells was a place where women did not have to fu over their appearance or fight to be taken seriously by their profeors.They could enjoy the camaraderie of their campus sisters and their playful traditions.Besides jumping into the lake, the women dance around the maypole each May and ki the feet of the statue of Minerva, the Roman godde of wisdom, before exams.Ms.Alexander said,―People told us we wouldn‘t notice a difference, but from the moment men arrived on campus not could notice a difference.Waking up early to put on makeup, and that‘s odd,‖ she said.Henry Wells, a founder of Wells Fargo and a friend of Cornell‘s benefactor, Ezra Cornell established this college, when women were not considered capable of higher learning.―Give her the opportunity,‖ he wrote.Henry Wells, a founder of Wells Fargo and a friend of Cornell‘s benefactor, Ezra Cornell established this college, when were not considered capable of higher learning.―Give her the opportunity,‖ he wrote.The great-great-great-great granddaughter of Henry Wells, Stephanie Redmond, 18,of Washington State, said that earlier this year a Wells student had tracked her down and asked her to support the protest.But Ms.Redmond said the move the move to admit men had encouraged her to enroll at Wells this year as a freshman.She plans on a career in engineering, a male-dominated field, and said attending an all-women‘s college might have put her at a disadvantage.49.The primary reason for the Wells College to accept men is that

.A.its enrollment rate is decline

B.the campus is lack of vigor and vitality

C.it will face the destiny of being closed down

D.all-women‘s college might put a woman at a disadvantage 50.A typical behavior for seniors to do that

.A.they jog along the picturesque campus

B.they switch sports programs to a movie

C.they celebrate their year by jumping into a lake

D.they swim in Cayuga Lake accompanied by friends 51.The change after turning into a coed college is that

.A.dirty looks in women‘s eyes have disappeared

B.women get up early to make up

C.women are waking up early to study

D.women dance with men around the maypole 52.The attitude of the author is that

.A.she hares a tradition of all-women schools

B.she calls on women in support the protest

C.she dislikes the change and hopes to file a lawsuit

D.she objectively describes the new and uneasy coeducation 53.Which of the following statements is Not true?

A.The enrollment of male students caused controversy,B.The grandchildren of the college founder benefited most.C.The current president of the college was also its graduate.D.The founder hoped to give women opportunities of higher education.But what is teacher quality? How can one measure it reliably? An analysis is iued a sample of data a Texas school district.Experts argue convincingly that teacher effectivene should be measured by students‘ gains on standardized tests: Mr.Smith is presumably a better teacher than Ms.Brown if his students consistently improve their test scores more than hers do.Though this approach is appealing, there are tricky iues.For example, what if Ms.Brown teaches in a school where students score so high there is little room for improvement? The authors try to correct for this problem, as well as other sorts of measurement iues, to generate a measurement of teacher effectivene.The paper is primarily concerned with how this measure is related to other observable teacher characteristics.The first finding is that is a large variation in teacher effectivene: some teachers consistently have a larger impact on their students‘ achievement than others.Second, easily observable characteristics like having a master‘s degree or a paing score on the teacher certification exam are not correlated with teacher effectivene.Then what does matter? The most important single influence is experience: first-year teachers are much le effective than others.The second year is significantly better, and by the fourth year, most teachers hit their stride.It is not entirely clear whether this experience effect is learning by doing(the more you teach, the more effective you become)or survival of the fittest(those who are not good at teaching tend to drop out early).From my reading of the paper, both effects appear important and there is no simple answer.The data do suggest, however, that teacher effectivene is pretty clear by the end of the second year, so the information to make an informed decision is available at that time.The authors also investigate the contentious iue of racial matching of students and teachers.Here they find strong evidence that minority teachers tend to be more effective with minority students.Again, it is unclear whether this is because of a role model effect

(students respond better of their own race)or an empathy effect(teachers empathize better with students of their own race)or something else entirely.The authors also look at teacher mobility.There is some evidence that teachers who quit teaching or switch schools tend to be below average in effectivene.This is consistent with the survival-of-the-fittest model.54.The schoolmaster could decide wisely whether to further employ the teacher by the end of the

.A.the first year

B.the second year

C.the third year

D.the fourth year 55.The phrase―hit their stride‖ most probably means―

‖.A.reach their normal level

B.become confident

C.walk with long steps

D.get bored 56.The author of this paage the view that

.A.teachers will perform better with time paing

B.ineffective teachers should leave earlier rather than later

C.teacher‘s effectivene is apparent after a couple of years

D.a master‘s degree will improve teacher‘s effectivene

57.Why do black teachers tend to be more effective with black students?

A.Students feel secure, so they respond better.B.Teachers sympathize with students of their own race.C.There are entirely some other identified reasons.D.The reasons are far from clear and definite.58.Which of the following may serve as the best title? A.Tenure, Turnover and the Quality of Teaching B.Impact of Teacher Quality on Student Learning C.Different Sorts of Measurement Iues D.Survival-of-the-fittest Model vs.Learning-by-doing Model h_1为下标为1,“sqrt”为开根号,x^2为x的平方,“sube”是集合包含于的意思。

以下为浙江大学今年的自主招生部分试题:

面试:

1.10S~20S自我介绍。

2.Do you think sports is good to build up teamwork?

3.辩论:大学里应该培养专才还是全才。

4.谈谈《西游记》中四个人物你最喜欢哪一个,并简述理由。

笔试(由于是回忆,可能会有些偏差):

数学(全):

1.有一个圆锥正放,它的高为h,圆锥内水面高为h_1,h_1=2/3h,将圆锥倒置,求倒置的水面高度h_2。

2.椭圆x^2+4(y-a)^2=4与抛物线x^2=2y有公共点,求a的取值范围。

3.已知a>0,b>0,log_9a=log_12b=log_16(a+b),求b/a的值。

4.A={x,y|(x-1)^2+(y-2)^2≤4/5},B={|x-1|+2|y-2|≤a},AsubeB,求a的取值范围。

5.已知A,B,C为△ABC的三个内角,求证:cosB+cosC+2a/(b+c)≤4sinA/2。

6.已知,a>0,b>0,求证1/(a+b)+1/(a+2b)+……+1/(a+nb)〈n/(sqrt(a+1/2b)(a+(n+1)/2b)。

7.x>0,y>0,a=x+y,b=sqrt(x^2+xy+y^2),c=m sqrt(xy),求是否存在正数m使得对于任意正数x,y可使a,b,c为三角形的三边构成三角形,如果存在,求出m的值,如果不存在,请说明理由。

数学

1.f是定义在R上的函数,M={x|f(x)=x},N={x|f(f(x))=x}.(1)求证:M属于N(2)若f在R上单调增加,是否有M=N?并说明理由。这道还好,2用反证 2.已知sin(x+20°)=cos(x+10°)+cos(x-10°),求tanx.一般般 3.抛物线方程y=sqr(x),作了n个正三角形,求第n个三角形的边长。

4.甲乙两人抛掷一枚质地均匀的硬币,先抛的正面的获胜。上一场失败的下一场先抛,问:(1)先抛者获胜的概率.取极限就行了

(2)若第一场甲先抛,则第n场甲胜的概率是多少.1. 杜甫《旅夜书怀》的前四句是:细草微风岸,桅樯独夜舟。

。A.穷年忧黎元,叹息肠内热。

B.飘飘何所以,天地一沙鸥。C.星垂平野阔,月涌大江流。

D.山随平野尽,江入大荒流。2. 下面表达中,哪一种体现了意象的虚伪性特征?

。A.―燕山雪花大如席‖

B.―春来江水绿如蓝‖ C.―半江瑟瑟半江红‖

D.―雾失楼兮,月迷津度‖ 3. 原始舞蹈和原始绘画中所表现的。

A.只有原始宗教的观念

B.只是物质匮乏和技术落后的形象化体现 C.已有审美意识的反映

D.只是闲来无事的涂鸦 4. 阿Q头上有疤,而忌讳―亮‖、―光‖,这属于。

A.相似联想

B.接近联想

C.对比联想

D.对立联想 5. 中国古代文论中的―兴‖,它被提出来主要用于阐释。

A.《诗经》

B.《乐府》

C.《古诗十九首》

D.《楚辞》

6. 孙子曰:凡用兵之法,全国为上,破国次之;全军为上,破军次之。(《孙子兵法•谋次》)与―全国为上‖的―全‖用法不同的一项是

。A.全军为上,破军次之

B.故兵不顿而利可全

C.故今墓中全乎为王人也

D.毁人之国而非久也,必以全争天下

7. 杜牧在《阿房宫赋》里描写秦人的奢华、浮靡时有这样几句话:―鼎铛玉石,金块珠砾,弃之逦迤,秦人视之,亦不甚惜。‖下列与―金块珠砾‖结构完全相同的一项是

。A.金玉良言

B.蓬户瓮牖

C.翁牖绳枢

D.渔夫樵父

8. 孟尝君曰:―先生老矣,春秋高矣,何以教之?‖(汉•刘向《新序•杂事第五》)句中的―春秋‖一词的含义是。

A.我国古代编年体的史书名

B.一年,四季 C.我国历史上的一个时代

D.年龄

9. 在下列作家中,将丑作为重要表现对象的浪漫主义作家是。

A.巴尔扎克

B.雨果

C.左拉

D.司汤达 10.有的艺术家喜欢表现小草,有的艺术家则喜欢表现大海,这说明了知觉的。A.想象作用

B.意向作用

C.选择作用

D.完形作用 11.下列各句中,没有语病、句意明确的一句是。

A.每每念及那个曾经让我梦寐以求的愿望,我的心里总是忐忑不安。

B.他有一种无形的精神力量的尊严,世俗的权势和财富的力量在它面前低头弯腰。C.站在一座寸草不生的土山上,似乎他出神地想着什么。D.在绵密的细雨中,透析出从未有过的、令人陶醉的幽香。

12.下列《荷塘月色》中的几句,哪一句运用了通感这一修辞手法?

。A.―叶子底下是脉脉的流水,遮住了,不能见一些颜色;而叶子却更见风致了。‖ B.―叶子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗过一样;又像笼着轻纱的梦。‖ C.―弯弯的杨柳的稀疏的倩影,像是画在荷花上。‖

D.―塘中的月色并不均匀;但光与影有着和谐的旋律,如梵婀玲上奏着的名曲。‖ 13.说―喜剧将那无价值的撕破给人看‖的人是。

A.郭沫若

B.朱光潜

C.鲁迅

D.徐志摩

14.科学家说:―虽然地外生命形式看起来也许不像银幕上的外星人,但他们存在于地球之外的可能性却是千真万确的。‖下列对科学家所说理解不恰当的一项是

。A.地球之外的星球有生命存在的可能性是不容置疑的。B.地外生命的形态看上去有可能与银幕上的外星人类似。

C.地外生命与银幕上的外星人相比,只是生命形式也许不同于银幕上的外星人。D.地外生命有千真万确存在的可能性,只是生命形式也许不同于银幕上的外星人。15.―人类文明的健康发展必然要伴随着不断的启蒙。然而,事情却并非如此简单。因为在20世纪,先是有人宣判启蒙思想因其资产阶级属性而告别启蒙。这就使启蒙是否需要成为一个必须回答的问题。那么,启蒙是否需要?就今日中国现实而言,启蒙无疑是一个迫切的任务。就中国历史而言,它是一个没有完成就被打断的历史任务。五四新文化运动的启蒙精神虽然长期被湮没和遗忘,但这并不证明中国不需要启蒙。现代化的种种挫折都在提醒着我们:在现代化进程中,启蒙的任务是不可逾越的。因为人的解放这一目标没有什么东西可以将其超越,只要这一目标还没有实现,历史就必须进行补课。‖根据这段表述,下列对―补课‖这一概念的理解,准确的一项是。

A.知识分子教育民众放弃激进主义,超越并冲破传统模式。

B.在人的解放这一目标还没有实现时,知识分子必须冲破传统的思想模式。C.重新树立五四新文化运动的精神,进行持久的、全面的、认真的启蒙。D.铲除专制主义和蒙昧主义,致力于维护自然演进的秩序。

16.下列名句中的空缺,正确的是:,绝知此事要躬行。(陆游《冬夜读书示子聿》)A.小楼一夜听春雨

B.位卑未敢忘忧国 C.读书本意在元元

D.纸上得来终觉浅 17.在以下名句中,哪种表现出―无我之境‖?

。A.―感时花溅泪,恨别鸟惊心。‖(杜甫《春望》)B.―欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。‖(王之涣《登鹳雀楼》)C.―采菊东篱下,悠然见南山。‖(陶渊明《饮酒》)D.―仰观宇宙之大,俯察品类之盛。‖(王羲之《兰亭集序》)18.以下中国乐曲,不出自阿炳的作品是。

A.《二泉映月》 B.《听松》

C.《寒春风曲》 D.《十面埋伏》 19.林黛玉从贾宝玉送的手帕中悟出一种深情,属。

A.实用态度

B.认知态度

C.审美态度

D.欣赏态度 20.使―文以载道‖说得到完善的是。

A.孔子

B.孟子

C.韩愈

D.柳宗元 21.宋代画家文与可画竹时―胸有成竹‖,这个―成竹‖指的是。

A.自然中的竹子

B.画家的审美意象 C.观众的审美的意象

D.艺术品的现实形态 22.―亦雁荡具体而微者‖着一文言句子的句式属于。

A.判断句

B.被动句

C.定语后置句

D介宾结构后置

23.―夫金玉珍宝,谷帛财货,人之所聚,岂天之所与?若盗之而获罪,孰怨哉?‖(《列子•天瑞》)与―岂天之所与?‖中的―与‖字含义相同的一句是。

A.玉斗一双,欲与亚父

B.刘备天下枭雄,与操有隙 C.朝过夕改,君子与之

D.与赢而不助五国也 24.下列作作品及作品中的人物对应全部都正确的一组是。

A.王实甫—《牡丹亭》—杜丽娘;

莫泊桑—《项链》—玛蒂尔德 B.矛盾—《春蚕》—老通宝;

契诃夫—《装在套子里的人》—奥楚蔑洛夫 C.周立波—《暴风骤雨》—老孙头; 高尔基—《母亲》—尼洛芙娜 D.吴敬梓—《儒林外史》—范进;

鲁迅—《祝福》—康大叔

25.鲁迅的小说《狂人日记》影响很大,这影响最主要体现在哪个方面?。

A.道德教育

B.社会干预

C.审美

D.思想启迪 26.下列成语没有错别字的一组是。

A.一劳永逸

川流不息

相形见拙

东鳞西爪 B.为虎作伥

金玉良言

甘之如怡

闲庭信步 C.喧宾夺主

按步就班

匪夷所思

崎路亡羊 D.风声鹤唳

潜移默化

党同伐异

方兴未艾

27.从前的教科书上说,吐鲁番的葡萄哈密的瓜,伊犁的苹果顶呱呱,那已是早为人知的事实,如今的伊犁又是另一番景象。□□说伊犁的文化风情别具一格,物产丰富,不是江南胜江南,□说如今首府的建设就让人赞叹不已。

填入空格处最恰当的一项是。

A.不仅

B.就算

C.且不

D.并非

且 28.古希腊的神话和悲剧一般认为人生的悲哀和痛苦是一种不可逃避的。

A.性格

B.命运

C.矛盾

D.悲剧 29.人的心理气质和精神面貌最集中地体现在上。

A.风趣与情操

B.身体与外观 C.言辞与谈吐 D.知识水平

30.―如果不是月亮、太阳和星星真的照耀着天空,我们决不会被灿烂的朝霞、宁静的落日或者闪烁着光辉的神秘的夜所激动。‖这一质问最能说明。

A.美是相对的B.美是漫无边际的 C.美是自相矛盾的D.美有其客观的属性

31.The score that a student obtains before any adjustment and transformation is called the

score.A.bare

B.raw

C.primitive

D.crude 32.The play is so intriguing that the audience quickly identified

the actors and actrees.A.by

B.for

C.with

D.on 33.When the chief executive officer was invited to play the piano at the end of the concert, she performed a piece without.A.inspection

B.investigation

C.manipulation D.rehearsal 34.The multi-millionaire has reached the point

money no longer makes much difference to him.A.that

B.which

C.when

D.where 35.Helen

her former clamate when she was on the train bound for Germany.A.ran into

B.hit on

C.bumped against D.rushed at 36.A series of lectures have

the students‘ interest in science and technology.A.arisen

B.enforced

C.risen

D.aroused 37.The story goes that Narcius saw his handsome

in the lake and became intoxicated in his good image.A.reflection

B.identity

C.impreion

D.projection 38.The jury eventually reached a(n)

verdict on the basis of law and witnees‘ testimony.A.ignorant

B.pure

C.secure

D.legitimate

During Washington‘s presidency, many important things happened.The first national 39 was completed.The total number of U.S.citizens was then 3,929,214.40 , the Bill of Rights became law on December 15,1791.These ten laws make sure that Americans will have basic freedoms, 41 freedom of speech and freedom of religion.Washington helped to shape the beginning of the United States in three important ways.First, he commanded the Continental Army that won 42

from Great Britain in the Revolutionary War.Second, he 43 as president of the convention that wrote the United States Constitution.Third, he was the first man 44 president of the United States.No other American has been honored

than Washington.The nation‘s

46, Washington, D.C., was named for him.The state of Washington is the only state that was named for a president.Many counties, towns, cities, streets, bridges, lakes, parks, and schools have his name today.Washington‘s portrait appears on postage stamps, on the one-dollar bill, and on the quarter.His birthday is also a

holiday.The people of his day loved Washington very much, His army officers wanted to make him king, but he did not let them.From the time of the Revolution War, his birthday

celebrated throughout the country.39.A.census

B.prospecting C.counting

D.accounting 40.A.After all

B.As a result

C.First of all

D.In addition 41.A.for instance B.such as

C.despite

D.besides 42.A.withdrawal B.seceion

C.independence D.reliance 43.A.became

B.knew

C.served

D.trained 44.A.devoted

B.erected

C.selected

D.elected 45.A.more

B.rather

C.le

D.other 46.A.council

B.capital

C.region

D.area 47.A.local

B.municipal

C.federal

D.provincial 48.A.has been

B.was

C.is

D.had been

An expert suggested that certain criminals should be sent to prison in their own home.When the scheme was first put forward publicly, many people opposed it or hand serious reservations about it.One very experienced social worker opposed the scheme in a television interview.When asked to explain the basis for his opposition, he thought for a moment and finally confeed, ‗Well, I gue, because it‘s new.That‘s my only reason.‘

Advocates of the scheme pointed out that courts frequently sentenced first offenders to community service of some kind rather than send them to prison.The stigma of having a criminal record was an adequate deterrent, and nothing positive was achieved by sending some types of convicted people to prison.Some critics rushed to take extreme cases.‗If a murderer is allowed free in the community like this, what is to prevent him from killing somebody else?‘ This argument ignored the fact that nobody proposed to allow convicted murderers to use the bracelet system.One criticism put forward was that an offender could take off his bracelet and leave it at home or give it to a friend to wear while he himself wet off to commit another crime.The reply to this was that the bracelet would be made so that the computer would immediately detect any attempts to take it off or tamper with it.A more serious objection to the scheme was that the harsh life of prison was intended to be part of the deterrent to crime.A prisoner who was allowed to live at home would suffer no particular discomfort and thus not be deterred from repeating his crime.No immediate action was taken on the proposal.It was far too revolutionary and needed to be examined very carefully.However, the idea was not rejected.Several governments appointed experts to investigate the scheme and make recommendations for or against it.49.People‘s opinions are divided on the suggestion that.A.some criminals shoud serve their terms at home B.social workers can expre themselves on TV C.first offenders should be sentenced to community service D.old offenders should be imprisoned 50.A social worker opposed the proposal for the reason that.A.it is unique B.it is creative C.it is novel

D.it is out-of-date 51.We can learn from the paage that the ―bracelet‖ is supposed to.A. keep the track of the offenders B. detect the offender‘s attempt of murder C. be worn for decoration D. be worn by offenders‘ friends occasionally

52.The supporters of the scheme will probably agree that ______.A.the hard life of prison may prevent some people from repeating a crime

B.the life at home is too comfortable for the prisoners

C.high-technology should be deterrent to crime

D.imprisonment will not achieve much to some offenders 53.The prospect fo the advice is that _______.A.it will be put into practice immediately

B.it will be declined by the government

C.it will be further carefully looked into

D.it will be confirmed by appointed experts

Dr Adams was tired and suffering from jet lag.His temper was not improved when he was told, on arriving more than three hours late at New Delhi, that his plane to Colmbo had already gone and that there would not be another until the next day.The airline staff were very sympathetic and aured him that they had already booked him into the best hotel in the city, to which the airline bus would take him straight away.In the meantime.They hoped that Dr Adams would take the opportunity of seeing something of their historic city.The only things Dr Adams felt he needed at that point were a bath, a change of clothes, a good breakfast and then a long sleep.The hotel was luxurious and very cool and comfortable.After he had eaten he pulled down the blinds to shut out5 the glaring Indian sun and then slept for most of the day.About 6.30 p.m.he dr4eed and went down to the hotel bar, where he got into conversation with another delegate to the Conference who came from Zambia and who would be traveling with him on the Colombo plane the next morning.They decided to dine together and explore some of the sights and sounds of India at night.The journey to Colombo was completed without mishap and Dr Adams and his companion were met at the airport by the Conference Secretary, Mr.Mahaveli, who had been informed of their impending arrival by the airline.Mr.Mahaveli took them to their hotel, where many other delegates were already installed, and made sure that they had the programme for the opening seion.On the morning of the second day of the Conference, Dr Adams read his paper, which was received with much interest.He was asked many questions by delegates in whose countries many of the problems he had discued were commonly found.During the five days of the Conference he had opportunities to talk to agriculture experts from Jamaica, Kenya, Tanzania, India, Gambia, Australia and Nigeria and he also met some old friends who had previously been students at the Commonwealth School.He heard from many of them how they were putting all that they had learned to good use and of the problems they were trying to overcome in their own countries.On his flight home Dr Adams could not help reflecting that the Conference had proved how valuable the sharing of information and experiences could be, as an example of true cooperation between the develope3d and the developing world.54.Which of the following statements of is NOT true of Dr.Adams? ________.A.He was angry about his late arrival at New Delhi.B.He was due to arrive in New Delhi late at night.C.After dinner, he went out into the streets of New Delhi.D.He found long journeys exhausting and tiresome.55.All the delegates to the conference were _______.A.students of the Commonwealth School

B.from the developing countries C.from African countries

D.agricultural specialists 56.The phrase ―without mishap‖ in Paragraph 3 most probably means ―_______‖.A.on the safe side

B.importance of conferences C.sage and sound

D.at ease 57.The last paragraph of the paage was mainly concerned with ________.A.Dr.Adams‘ opinion of the conference

B.importance of conferences C.an example of a major operation

D.Dr.Adam‘s belief in friendship 58.The paage mainly tells the reader that __________.A.Dr.Adams was a keen sightseer

B.Dr.Adams was a well-read expert C.Dr.Adams had a meaningful trip D.developing countries needed experts of all kinds 07年复旦大学自主招生考题

一、填空(30分)

1、马克思唯物主义哲学的来源是黑格尔和__________。

2、古希腊的_________学派是数论的创始人。

3、风雅颂赋比兴合称为《诗》_________。

4、古希腊的三大史学家是希罗多德、修昔底德和___________。

5、康有为为了推动变法,假托孔子的名义写了一部《__________》。

6、在中世纪基督教会中居于很高的地位,并著有《忏悔录》一书的是_________。

二、选择题(选项略)(30分)

1、《长生殿》的作者()

2、货币是()

3、历史规律和自然规律是()

4、下列哪一部是弗洛伊德作品()

5、下列哪一部作品反映了章太炎的一种学说()

三、请从―治学‖角度简要说明―才‖、―学‖、―识‖的含义。(5分)

四、试列举出演绎推理和归纳推理各一例。(5分)

五、请你列举三种你最喜欢的文学作品,每一种请写出不多于三句话的理由。(10分)

六、试从你认为的角度对惠能的―下下人有上上智‖作论证。(20分)

七、请用文言表达你对文言文的喜爱或者不喜爱之情(200字以内)。(20分)

八、给出一段用繁体字写的文言文(200—300字),用简体字誊写并为其标点,翻译全文。(30分)

九、作文《如果重度高中时代》,1000—1200字。(50分)1假定A、B是有不同量纲的两个物理量,经过哪种运算后仍能得到有意义的物理量:1加法2除法3减法4乘法

2匀速运动的火车上,有一元硬币从桌上掉落,其相对火车的加速度?相对地球的加速度?

3XX里

有一个单摆,求当XX向上加速,向下加速,匀速运动时单摆周期(原始周期为T)

4假设所有的电子带正电荷,而所有的质子带负电荷,问人们的生活会发生哪些变化?(这道题还有点意思)

5飞船从地球飞到月亮与从月亮飞到地球,耗费燃料相同吗?哪个多?

6空间中有一个4Q的正电荷,与Q的负电荷,相距为r,问正电荷发出的电场线与进入负电荷的电场线哪个多?

7说明电阻与电阻率的主要区别。

8有一个内部中空均匀带电的球体,问其中空部分的电势为多少?

9根据理想气体方程PV=nRT可否得出结论当温度趋近于0K时,V趋近于0?

10求地球场中月球势能与动能的绝对值之比。

简答题

1有长为L的绳,上栓一质量为m的小球,假设能量守恒,求最高点与最低点绳的拉力之差。

2两质量相同的汽车,甲以13m/s的速度向东行驶,乙向北。在十字路口发生完全非弹性碰撞,碰后两车一同向与东西方向成60度角飞去,求碰前乙的速度。

3正方体八个顶点上各有一电荷为q的点电荷,求它们在上面中心O形成的合场强大小方向。

4测量棱镜顶角时,用平行光照射棱镜,求角F与角A的关系(A为顶角,F为两出射光线的交点,入射角为ψ)5有三个阻值不同的电阻R1R2R3,求可组成多少种不同的等效电阻。

6氧气大于P0就会有害人体,潜水员位于水下50m处,使用He与氧气的混合氧气瓶,问He与氧气的合适质量比。

数学题

1已知a>=1/2,f(x)=-a^2*x^2+a*x+c,求证对于任意x∈〔0,1〕,使f(x)

2已知a1=1,an=1+1/an-1,n>=2.(1)求证1=

1/3=

4大致是给了12345五数字,排列这五个数字,要求第一个到第i个位置(1=

1、2组成,同理32145也不可)求可能的组合数。

5A、B是双曲线x^2/a^2–y^2/b^2=1上不同的两点

(1)线段AB的中垂线过点Q(4,0),求AB中点的x坐标

(2)问OA是否可能垂直于OB

1.与―乐不思蜀―意思相反的是:A否极泰来 B饮水思源 C悲从中来 D喜极而泣

2.―青菜萝卜各有所爱‖体现了:A品位上的不同,B心理上的不同,C审美上的不同,D精神上的不同

3.最基本的人权是:A生存权和发展权,B选举权和被选举权,C言论权和受教育权,D以上都不是

4.国家标准码ASCII是由几位二进制码构成的:A6,B7,C8,D16 你的诞生已经

诞生的你的死

已经不死的你的诞生已经诞

生的你的死已

经不死的你

一棵树与一棵

树间的一个早

晨与一个早晨

间的一棵树与

一棵树间的一

个早晨与一个

早晨间

那距离必有二倍距离

然而必有二倍距离的——林亨泰《二倍距离》

这就是最近吵的沸沸扬扬的5大高校自主招生联考语文小作文题。我看了30遍然后知道了我为什么去不了北大清华的原因......不说废话了,大家一起先看熊先生的赏析吧...这首诗在内容上有浓厚的哲学意味。在语言上则又颇为晦涩。一定有人觉得这首诗怪诞不可解,我现在来写这一分析文章,觉得这首诗很清楚明白,然而要解释,却不容易。

全诗的结构分为三节。第一节和第二节有相似之处,却又不同。第一节说一个主体:“你”。说你的生与死。第二节说“之间”。“之间 ”是两点之间的距离,有两种不同的距离:空间里的距离和时间里的距离。两倍距离之间是打通的,因为时空本是不可分的。第三部分似是一个结论。

为了解释的方便,我们按阅读的顺序把诗句截为若干段,一段一段地去说明。从语法构成去看,第一节只是一句话,并且没有说完。第二节也是一句话,也没有说完,一段一段地去解释,只是不得已。

第一节

这一节说生与死。主词是你,这一句说你的生与你的死。

你的诞生——“诞生”在这里是一个名词。“你的诞生”抽象地指一个存在者(你)的起点,指“你”来到世间的这个事件。“你的诞生”只是一个主语,有待宾语的补充才是一个完整的句子。所以说了这个主题后,这事件是否已经发生,或者尚待发生,或者已经落空(流产、夭折),我们都不知道。这四个字可能是一个作家在妻子怀孕后他写给未来的孩子的信的开头。

你的诞生已经诞生——读到这里,一个句子已经完整。“你的诞生”得到了说明。我们知道“你”这个存在者不是假想的、期待着的,而是来到实际的人世间了。

所以这里的两个“诞生”——你的诞生已经诞生——好像指同一件事,可以被认为是无谓的重复,范了叨叨的逻辑(Taotology)的语病,其实不然。“诞生

(一)”抽象地指一个存在的开端,“诞生

(二)”指此开端已经成为事实。“诞生

(一)”是名词,“诞生

(二)”是动词。

你的诞生已经诞生的你——在前面说“你的诞生......”是完整的句子,现在,又加上了“的你”,使原先的完整句式变成一个具有冗长的附加成分的代词的“你”。这里的两个“你”也不是单纯的重复。“你

(一)”只有作为对话第二人称的意义。至于“你

(二)”则是“已经诞生的”一个存在者,你正是具体的、有血有肉、握着小拳头嘶喊他的存在的事实和权利的婴儿了。

你的诞生已经诞生的你的死——看见生,理应感到生的可喜,家中有新生儿是一喜事。悲观而善感的人也许联想到生之苦,未来生活中的悲欢离合、艰辛和苦难。而哲学家看见生立即想到死,这是哲学家共有 的恶疾。

叔本华说:人一降生便达到可以死的年龄。

海得格尔说:人一降生便步向死亡。

庄子借孔子之口说:生死亦大笑。

孔子本人说:未知生,蔫知死?

鲁迅在“立论”(《野草》)里讲一个故事。一家人家生了一个男孩,满月时,客人来祝贺,说了许多吉利的话。有一个却说:“这孩子将来是要死的。”他于是得到一顿痛打。在生的时刻,说死的来到,当然是不合时宜的,然而这是一句真话或者实话。预言凶吉都是虚谎,因为一生中的苦乐顺逆都是不可预料的情节。至于生和死有必然的联系。可以预言存在者有个开始,便有个终结。陶渊明“挽歌诗”第一句便是“有生必有死”。这句话是不会错的。只是这句话是说不得的。

你的诞生已经诞生的你的死已经不死——人一旦知道自己的死,便祈望自己的不死。他明知死的必然,而死仍是他最大的恐惧和不安。人类搬动了巨大的岩石、木材建造金字塔、教堂、庙宇,用了最稀贵的金属与珠宝来装潢......都是为了祈求或证明“死的不死”。

人类又用了无穷无尽的语言、无穷无尽的文字、无穷无尽的唱诵与管弦、无穷无尽的形象与色彩来肯定、装潢永生的不虚。在这诗里,没有借助周密的逻辑或神学的说教来转化“死”为“不死”,而直截了当地写下“你的死已经不死”。

如果我们把句子“......已经诞生的你的死已经不死”改写为“......已经诞生的你的死亡已经死亡”,我们会觉得掉入无力、无意味、无意义。接着,“诞生的已经诞生”一句说“死已经死亡”令人觉得同一个模式的叨叨逻辑。唯有“死已经不死”的形式是成立的,有跌宕,有突变,有诗的必然,诗人只能如此写,而诗句的必然带来命题的必然。

这里出现两个“已经”,“已经

(一)”是表示过去式的副词。“已经

(二)”是未来中的过去式,这“已经

(二)”并没有过去式的作用,乃是一种特殊的肯定方式,死好像说:“这是预言,但是我的现在已经能够肯定预言:你是不死的。”这是以诗的语言说一个预测,说一个生命的信念。是一祈望,更是一坚信。

你的诞生已经诞生的你的死已经不死的你的诞生——这里出现了“你

(三)”。它不是对话中第二人称的“你”,如“你

(一)”。也不是实际世界中的“你”,如“你

(二)”,而是“不死的你”。这“你

(三)”只能是不死的,是超越的,是真际中的你。这里我们用“真际”来表示理念世界,你一但诞生,则在现实世界里真正永存。

你的诞生已经诞生的你的死已经不死的你的诞生的你已经诞生——这个真实世界中你也有诞生,而且已经诞生,如“你

(一)”的诞生在人间,一如神子进入这个真实的多难的世界,成为人之子;一如佛说:“我不入地狱,谁入地狱?”

这诗句还可以延续下去。“你

(一)”,“你

(二)”,“你

(三)”......,似乎在重复,其实在层层上升。“你

(一)”是未确定的;“你

(二)”是进入实际世界的;“你

(三)”是超越入真际的;“你

(四)”是从真际返回实际的,......此处用真际是和实际相似的真际,指真际世界,实际指实际存在的世界。每一次“你”的出现都是一次飞跃,积累前一层意义的内容。

实际的你与超越的你赖由一个一个“的”的妙用相承接、相环扣。你是实际与真际两栖的存在。你是世间的又属于超世间的。你有在世间的生和世间的死,你有在世间的死与在世间的不死。

第二节

这一节说时与空。

一棵树与一棵树间——上一节说存在者的生与死。诗句类似一句抽象思考的哲学命题。不容我们做任何形象上的联想。连存在主体“你”也只是一个对话形象,如电话线那一端的受话者,并不给我们具体的形 象。

这一节说存在所据有的时空。不涉及存在主体。但是初读到“一棵树”,很容易使读者误以为这是句子的主词,因为在句子这个位置上通常是主词。读下去,“与一棵树”,又可使读者误认为两棵树是句子的主词。待读到“间”,才察觉两棵树只是两个坐标,这两个坐标构成一个空间的框架。在此,框架将发生什么事。

再读下去,“的一个早晨”,读者意味这回碰到主词了,但下面是“与一个早晨”,那么这两个“早晨”该是主词了,却又出现了“间”。原来两个早晨也只是两个坐标,这两个坐标构成一个世间的框架。

在阅读过程中,读者期待主词,不断期待一个存在主体的出现,他被树与早晨轮替诱导,树于早晨相继要担任主词的角色,但主体即刻相继幻化,幻化为世间与空间的框架。然而在它们尚未被“间”幻化之前“,它们在读者心里曾经一度是一棵树与一个早晨。

早晨是生命在时间里的一次苏醒,在时间流里的一个小的新起点,一次小的诞生。司汤达说:”人的一生是以许多清晨组成的。“早晨!查拉图斯特拉迎着灿烂的巨日走下山去的那个早晨;陶渊明不能为五斗米折腰,放舟归田园,”恨晨光之曦微“的那一个早晨;苏格拉底在夜宴之后,众人都醉卧不醒,而他整衣步向市厘,寻人论辩的早晨;孟子所说:”鸡鸣而起孽二为善者,舜之徒也“的早晨;祖逖闻鸡起舞的早晨。然而这里要说的也并不是早晨,而是早晨与早晨构成的一段时间。

树是生命的象征。心理学家要认识一个人,让他自由地画一株树,那是他的枝影。树是他的自画像。树!树向上空升起,向四方舒展,向深处寻找水源,与风雨日月乌云对话。立在古村口,在古道边,在古寺

前,在古幕旁,是坚忍守候的象征,是荫翳仁慈的象征。孔子说:”岁寒然后知松柏之后调也。“庄子带着门人行于山中,见到那大而无用的樗。尤利西斯锯断一株老橄榄树,用留下的根桩作床脚做了床。这是他和他的妻佩涅洛佩共同的秘密,尤利西斯归来,从这秘密他知道了妻子的守贞,而佩涅洛佩也识出了尤利西斯。然而这里要说的不是树,而是树与树构成的空间框架。

”一棵树与一棵树间的一个早晨“比较好懂,我们可以想像漫步在疏林里,树与树之间透过来淡淡的曙色,继之以缤纷的朝霞,继而射过来晚阳的光芒,这光芒由金色转为白热。在树与树的框架中,我们看见

一段时间。

”一个早晨与一个早晨间的一棵树“费解些。树的特点是它的静止不动,是时间流过去。树在时间长流中告别一个早晨,又迎接另一个早晨。两个早晨之间有白昼和黑夜,它默默地生长,吐芽,开花,落叶,告别一个春天,又迎接另一个春天。有年轮暗暗记载它生命的历史。树正因为它的静止,大概比我们更能领会时间的迁流。所以说”一个早晨和一个早晨间的一棵树“。

树与树之间有早晨,早晨与早晨之间有树。在这一句诗里树只是作为空间的坐标而存在;早晨也只是作为时间的标志而存在。诗句要说的只是空间与时间两个框架。而”的“字的用法使两个框架相交织而相共存。存在有两个坐标系统,存在体只有一个。

第一节说生与死,死与不死。诗句像一个哲学判断。诗句乃以它本身的特殊结构证明哲学判断的不妄。

第二节说时空,时空的合一。这一诗句也许更像诗,因为带来形象的联想,其实也仍然潜藏着一个哲学判断。此诗句也是以其本身的特殊结构,连锁不断的扣接,证明哲学判断的真实。这里的”的“字的妙用使我们从空间框架步入时间框架,又从时间框架步入空间框架,反复不已,自由自在,悠然坦然。存在主体只有在两个系统的交相透视中才成为真实的存在。

第三节

这一节在全诗中类似一个结论。这一节大概最费解:”距离“指什么?两倍距离又是什么?为什么”必有“?为什么”然而“我不知道我的解释是否合乎作者的本意,如果此节有几种不同的解释,我想至少我的解释是可以说得通的一种。

那距离必有二倍距离——我们的生命从生到死是一段距离。作为存在者,我们存在于此时间的距离中。但是实际上我们只是活在”现在“,而”现在“只是此距离中的一个点,此点不停地移向未来。一般动物,无论牛羊、鸟鱼,都只活在现在,它们不回顾,不前瞻,不回忆往事,不期待未来,当然更不会把从生到死的时间看作一段距离。要意识到我们的所谓的”一生“,必须要跳出此行程,站在另一个距离下来观照,苏轼有诗句:”不识庐山真面目,只缘身在此山中。“这是说我们要看清山的形势脉络,当跳出山野之外。同样在时间上也如此。只有跳出”现在“,同时看到过去的”朝如青丝“和此后的”暮成雪“,才会有”与尔同销万古愁“的悲歌。杜甫的”归来始有怜“(《喜达行所在》)乃是逃出危难之后才能写出的诗句。在当时逃窜的路上乃是”同道暂时人“。必须跳出那时的”现在“和”暂时“才有怜惜自己的生命的心情。坐在火车车厢里,无法看到前后两站的距离,要把两站放入视野去考察,必须离开轨道,在另一个距离下去看,要实际上做到非常困难。实际上是以想像跳开车厢,又把前后两站同时纳入想像,所以距离必须是二倍的。

第二节所描写的时空框架的距离也是二倍的。从树与树之间的距离看早晨,和从早晨与早晨之间的距离里看树。也就是从空间的距离里看时间,从时间的距离里看空间,二者不可分,距离在两个不可分的坐标 系统中,所以也是二倍的。

然而必有二倍距离的——”然而“的用法是非常奇特的。

一九六七年我分析林亨泰的《风景

(二)》,也遇到过一个”然而“,那里的用法也非常怪异。”然而“是一个连词,应该连两个句子。在那首诗里,”然而“并不连接两个句子,细究是连接名词。句子的结构化简了是这样的:”防风林,防风林,然而海以及波。“既不合连词的语法功能,在句意上也看不出前后么有什么转折。我费了些篇幅来说明”然而“的合乎语法和有道理。我特别指出”然而“的转折意义在连接两个名词的时候也是有效的。

这里的情形略有不同。我认为,”然而“可以有各种隐晦复杂的意义。我举几个例子:

他很聪明,然而不懂人情世故。

他很聪明,然而没有道德观念。

他很聪明,然而身体太弱。

他很聪明,然而死得太早。

他很聪明,然而反为聪明误。

他很聪明,然而太聪明。

他很聪明,然而聪明绝顶,不是一般的聪明。

这许多”然而“,所表达的转折都不相同。现代中国作家中用”然而“最多的是鲁迅。在《野草》中有不少篇可以为例。比如《希望》只占三页,而有七次”然而“,四次同义词”但“。这样的”然而“在不深究的人看来必认为是文章的毛病。但是这”然而“不是句法意义上的转折,而是生存层次的困扰和彷徨,反映生命内在的冲突矛盾。我引《影的告别》中的一段,全文也只有三页,共出现了五次”然而“,一次”但是“。下面是文中的一段:

我不过是一个影,要别你而沉没在黑暗里了。然而,黑暗又会

吞并我,然而光明又会使我消失。

然而我不愿彷徨于明暗之间,我不知仍在黑暗里沉没。

然而我终于彷徨于明暗之间,我不知道是黄昏还是黎明。

那么,在我们分析的这首诗中的”然而“可以怎样解释呢?我认为是一种强调,是我举的例子”他很聪明然而......“中的第七例:他很聪明,然而绝顶聪明......例中”然而“的转折是从”聪明“的不同含义而产生的。第一、二例是说”他很聪明“,按理说,他也懂得人情世故,也懂得是非善恶,然而并不如此。第四例是说他既然很聪明,按说可以有很好的成就,然而”身体太弱“不能下苦工,甚至早死。第五、六例是说聪明很好,但聪明过了头,自以为是,不能自知,反受大害,第七例是说这里的聪明是超乎平常的意义。不过我已说,”然而“含有多种不同的意味。”诗无达诂“。我想最好还是让读者根据自己的体会去揣摩玩味吧。

附记:

一九六七年,我写了一篇《一首现代诗的分析》,在一个非常偶然的机会读到林亨泰写的一首小诗《风景(其二)》,觉得很打动我。这首诗是现代的。用词与造句都是极端简单而基本的。然就在这样极简的形式上有了修辞和语法的规则的突破。而这突破来自对于世界一种新眼光,这眼光是存在主义倾向的。站在传统诗的观点,这首诗是荒谬的,然而我察觉了一种新的诗的意味。我想我应该把我的感觉写出来,把这一首很晦涩的诗说个明白。动笔之前我并无把握,或者说毫无把握,把这样晦涩、荒诞的简短到只有一句话的诗说个明白也许是根本不可能的。我想起《庄子》里庖丁解牛的一段:”吾见其难为,怵然为戒,视为止,行为迟,动刀甚微。“写成后发表在一九六八年的《欧洲杂志》。

一九八五年,林亨泰先生从台湾给我寄来了一本《林亨泰诗集》。集尾附了两篇文章:《一首现代诗的分析》和我在一九六九年发表的《〈风景(其二)一诗〉的示意》。我很感激他对我两文的肯定。

在此诗集中我又发现一首诗很打动我:《二倍距离》。我又一次读到汉语修辞与造句规律的破毁和通过这破毁造成的新的诗的意味。我想应该再写一篇分析。但是这一次我感到困难更大了。从一九八五年到现在,十五年过去了,写写停停。有时候是因为觉得还没有读懂,有时候是觉得自己的意思说不出来,说不清楚,停下来。最近竟写成了。并不完全满意。说不上庖丁的”提刀而立,为之回顾,为之踌躇满志,善刀而藏之"。但是写成了。完全满意是不可能的。就如此交卷。

参考资料:此文当完成于二○○○年,二○○二年十二月作者辞世。二○○四年四月《读书》刊载。

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