非谓语动词专项讲解(一)_非谓语动词专项讲解

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一、非谓语动词概说

顾名思义,非谓语动词就是不能作谓语的一种动词形式。非谓语动词有三种:动词不定式、动名词和分词。分词又分为现在分词和过去分词。

二、动词不定式

1.不定式的构成与特征

动词不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,一般由“to + 动词原形”构成。它在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用,同时也保留着动词的一些特征,可以带宾语或状语。例如:

At the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, Liu Xiang excited people all over Asia when he became the first Asian to win the gold medal in the men’s 110-metre hurdles.在2004年雅典奥运会上,刘翔在110米跨栏比赛中成为第一个获得金牌的亚洲人,使全亚洲人兴奋不已。(不定式起形容词作用,同时带有宾语和状语)

2.不定式的功能与用法

1)作主语

It is difficult to imagine a more inhospitable place.很难想像出一个比这更不适合居住的地方。

(it作形式主语,to imagine a more inhospitable place为真正的主语)

2)作表语

The aim of the treaty is to prevent the commercial and military use of the continent.这个公约的目的是防止商业和军事上使用这个洲。

3)作宾语

He was very happy to meet two foreigners and wanted to learn all about Europe.他很高兴遇到两个外国人,于是想全面了解欧洲。

注意:两个不定式并列时,第二个不定式to省略。例如: People like to meet in the evening and watch the moon.人们喜欢在夜晚聚在一起赏月。(watch the moon 与to meet in the evening为两个并列的不定式,故watch前省略了to。这两个不定式均作like的宾语。)

能够接不定式作宾语的动词很多,常见的有:afford, agree, aim, ask, bear, begin, bother, care, choose, continue, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, forget, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, pretend, refuse, remember, try, wait, want, wish等。

【透视高考题】

真题:

I don’t want ________ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair.A.to sound B.to be sounded C.sounding D.to have sounded(2005 天津)简析:考查不定式作宾语。want后接不定式,而且sound是连系动词,不用被动语态。所以A是正确答案。sound like听起来像是。

4)作宾语补足语

We saw her enter a restaurant.我们看见她走进一家餐馆。

I want you to come to my birthday party.我要你来参加我的生日聚会。

注意:某些动词(大都是感官动词)接动词不定式作宾语补足语时,通常不带to。下面的口诀可以帮助大家记住这些动词:“四看(see, watch, notice, observe)三使役(let, have, make)二听(hear, listen to)一感觉(feel)。”

能够接带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有很多,常见的有: advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, direct, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, instruct, invite, oblige, order, permit, persuade, pre, recommend, remind, request, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn等。

5)作定语

Do you want to make more friends but lack the confidence to talk to people you do not know?你想结交更多的朋友却感到与陌生人交流信心不足吗?

注意:某些不及物动词作定语时需要加上一个介词,即构成“不定式+介词”结构,这个介词不可省略。例如:Give me a pen to write with.给我一支笔写字。另外,还有一种“介词 + which + 不定式”的结构也可以作定语。例如:The young couple needs a lot of money with which to buy a new appartment.这对年轻夫妇需要一大笔钱来买房子。

【透视高考题】

真题:

This company was the first ___ portable radios as well as caette tape recorders in the world.A.producingB.to produceC.having producedD.produced

(2005 上海春)

简析:考查不定式作定语。在first, last等词后,要用不定式作定语。故B正确。

6)作状语

I am very happy to meet you.我很高兴见到您。

注意:

①有的语法学家将形容词后的不定式归到宾语。这类形容词有: afraid, anxious, careful, content, determined, foolish, prepared, ready, slow, willing等。

②在强调目的状语时,不定式前可加上in order或so as,即通常我们所说的“in order to/so as to”词组。有时为了突出强调目的,还可将这个词组置于句首,但so as to不用于句首。

③在so...as to, enough to, only to, too...to等结构中,不定式表示结果。例如:

Will you be so kind as to open the window?

劳驾您打开窗户好吗?

He arrived at the airport only to find the plane had already taken off.他到达机场(结果)却发现飞机已经起飞了。

【透视高考题】

真题:

__ the employees’ working efficiency, the supervisor will allow them to have a coffee break.A.ImprovingB.To improveC.Having improved D.Improved

(2006 上海春)

简析:考查不定式作目的状语。分词一般不能作目的状语,故选B。

3.不定式的否定结构

不定式的否定结构由“not + 不定式”构成,简言之,to前加not。例如:

She finally decided not to marry him.她最终决定不嫁给他。

4.“疑问词+不定式”结构

疑问词who, what, which, when, where和how后加上不定式可构成一种特殊的结构,它的作用相当于一个名词性从句。同样一句话,英语里可用从句和不定式结构来表达,意思没有区别。试比较:

我不知道该怎么办。

I don’t know what I should do.(宾语从句,较正式)

I have no idea(of)what I should do.(同位语从句,较正式)

I don’t know what to do.(疑问词+不定式结构作宾语,简洁,较口语化)

I have no idea(of)what to do.(疑问词+不定式结构作同位语,简洁,较口语化)

注意:在 Why(not)do sth.? 这个句式里,不定式不带to,例如:Why not try again? 为

什么不再试试?

5.不定式的复合结构

有时候不定式前有自己的逻辑主语,用for来引出,结构为: for + 名词(代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如:

It is neceary for us to master at least one foreign language.我们至少掌握一门外语是很有必要的。

注意:有些形容词后接这种结构时,不用介词for,而用of。例如: It’s very kind of you to do so.你这样做真是太客气了。这类形容词还有:silly, bad, nice, honest, stupid, clever, wise, wrong等。

6.不定式的时态与语态形式

所谓不定式的时态和语态形式是指不定式有完成式、进行式和被动式。例如:

I am very happy to have met your mother.见到了你的母亲我非常高兴。

Her English seems to be improving.她的英语似乎在长进。

【透视高考题】

真题:

The flu is believed ________ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.A.causingB.being caused C.to be caused D.to have caused

(2004 上海)

简析:考查不定式的被动式。这是个被动语态句型:sb./ sth.is believed to do / be done / doing / have done / have been done,根据句意,应该用被动式,故选C。

三、动名词

1.动名词的构成与特征

动名词是由“动词原形 + ing”构成,与现在分词的构成完全相同。顾名思义,动名词既具有动词的特征,又具有名词的特征。所谓的动词特征是说动名词可以有自己的宾语和状语,名词特征是指动名词可以像名词一样充当主语、表语、宾语和定语。例如:

Would you mind my closing the window? 你介意我关上窗户吗?

2.动名词的功能与用法

1)作主语

Seeing is believing.眼见为实。

It’s no use crying over spilt milk.泼出去的水收不回。

注意:在It is no use...;It is no good...;It is great fun...等这些句子结构中,其后习惯接动名词。

2)作表语

His job is fixing computers.他的工作是修电脑。

3)作动词宾语

Have you finished writing the article? 你写完那篇文章了吗?

She suggested going there by air, as plane tickets are very cheap.由于机票很便宜,她建议乘飞机去那里。

有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语,这类动词常见的有:admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, finish, imagine, include, keep, mind, mi, practise, resist, risk, suggest等;短语动词有give up, insist on等。为了帮助大家记忆,现将最常用的10个动词的首字母缩略在一起:MEPSKARFI(梅不是咖啡)(M-mind, E-enjoy, P-practise, S-stop, suggest, K-keep, A-avoid, R-risk, F-finish, I-insist on)。

【透视高考题】

真题1:

The parents suggested ________ in the hotel room but their kids were anxious to camp out during the trip.A.sleepB.to sleepC.sleeping D.having slept(2006 上海春)简析:考查动名词作宾语。suggest后有三种情况:

1)意为“建议”,后接动名词作宾语,如此句,所以C为正确答案;

2)后接that从句时,从句的谓语要用“(should)+动词原形”;

3)表示“暗示”含义,后接that从句时,从句的谓语要用陈述语气。

真题2:

When asked by the police, he said that he remembered ______ at the party, but not _______.A.to arrive;leavingB.to arrive;to leave

C.arriving;leavingD.arriving;to leave(2005 北京)简析:考查动名词作宾语。remember后接动名词作宾语表示“记得已经做过的事”。remember to do sth.表示“记住去做某事”,即表示没有做的事。根据句意,前后都应填动名词,指已经发生过的事情,故C正确。

4)作介词宾语

I wrote him and his wife a thank-you note for helping me.我给他和他的妻子写了一封感谢信,因为他们帮助了我。

【透视高考题】

真题:

Accustomed to ________ the steep moun?鄄tains, he had no difficulty reaching the top.A.climbingB.climbC.having climbedD.have climbed(2005 上海春)简析:考查动名词作介词宾语。be accustomed to是个词组,表示“习惯于(某事)”,to是介词,后接动名词作宾语。故A正确。

5)作定语

The Iron Curtain was the statesman Winston Churchill’s term for the dividing line between eastern and western Europe.铁幕是政治家温斯顿·丘吉尔使用的术语,指东欧与西欧的分界线。

3.动名词的否定结构

动名词的否定结构是由“not + 动名词”构成。例如:

I am sorry for not handing in my homework on time.我很抱歉没有按时交作业。

4.动名词的时态与语态形式

所谓动名词的时态形式是指动名词有一般式和完成式两种,语态形式是说动名词有被动式。

5.动名词的复合结构

动名词有时带有自己的逻辑主语,这样就形成了动名词的复合结构。其构成形式为:“名词所有格(或物主代词)+动名词”。例如:

Mary’s coming late made the teacher very angry.玛丽的迟到让老师很生气。

【透视高考题】

真题:

I really can’t understand ________ her like that.A.you treatB.you to treatC.why treat D.you treating(2005 安徽)简析:考查动名词复合结构。understand后接动名词或动名词的复合结构作宾语。动名

词的复合结构作宾语时,其动名词的逻辑主语可以用物主代词,也可以用人称代词宾格。此句中可用your treating 或you treating,故选D。

6.动名词与不定式的比较

动名词与不定式有许多相同或相似的用法,容易混淆,现将二者的异同点作一比较。

1)相同之处。下列句子的表达既可用动名词,也可用不定式,意义上无区别。眼见为实。Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.他爱玩电脑游戏。He likes playing computer games.He likes to play computer games.我的工作是教你英语。My job is teaching you English.My job is to teach you English.2)不同之处。下列情况用动名词与用不定式会有不同的效果和意义。

A)动名词的逻辑主语可能泛指人们,而不定式的逻辑主语则是句子本身的主语。试比较:I hate smoking.我讨厌吸烟。(相当于说:I hate people smoking.)

I hate to smoke.我不爱吸烟。(相当于说:I don’t smoke as I dislike it.)

B)动名词表示一般的或抽象的多次性动作,而不定式则表示具体的一次性动作。试比较:I like seeing English films.我喜欢看英文电影。

Would you like to see the English film tonight? 今晚你想看英文电影吗?

C)有些动词后面只能接动名词作宾语,而有些动词就只能接不定式。这些动词我们在前面已有归纳,这里不再赘述。

D)有不少动词后面既可接动名词作宾语,也可接不定式作宾语。这类动词常见的有:attempt, begin, continue, fear, forget, hate, help, intend, learn, like, love, mean, need, neglect, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, try, want等。有些动词后接动名词与不定式,意思会有所不同。试比较:

I regret telling you the truth.我后悔对你讲了真相。(动名词表示过去已发生的事情)I regret to tell you that I cannot come.我很遗憾地告诉你我不能来。(不定式表示现在)E)有些动词后面接动名词主动式表示被动意义,而接不定式则要用被动式。试比较: The car needs repairing.汽车需要修理。(repairing为主动式表示被动含义)

The car needs to be repaired.汽车需要修理。(to be repaired为被动式表示被动含义)

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