浙江科技学院自动化专业英语期末考试1_专业英语期末考试题

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An energy source(a primary or secondary cell, a generator, and the like)convertschemical mechanical,thermal or some other form of energy into electric energy.An energy

converter, also called load(such as a lamp, heating appliance, or electric motor), converts electric energy into light，heat mechanical work，and so on.电源（如原生电池、再生电池和发电机等）将化学能、热能或其他形式的能量转换城电能。能量转换器（也称作负载，比如灯泡、取暖器及发电机等）将电能转换成光、热和机械等能量

AC.circuit analysis involves the addition of harmonic time functions having the same

frequencies but different peak values and epoch angles.Direct addition of such functions.Would call for unwieldy trigonometric transformations.Simpler approaches are provided bythe Argand diagram(graphical solution)and by the method of complex numbers(analytical solution)

交流电路的分析包括对有相同频率、不同幅值和初相角的谐振时间函数的加法。这些函数的直接相加将要求用到复杂的三角转换。简单的方法是采用阿尔冈图法（图解法）和复数方法（解析方法）

The entire system of Boolean algebra can be built up using combinations of only three

basic functions, the logic AND,the logic OR,and the logic NOT(or negation).Any Boolean equation can be realized by some combination of these three basic functions.These three

bsic functions will be discued in detail below.布尔代数的整个系统都可以由三个基本函数逻辑‘与’‘或‘‘非’组合构成。任何一个布尔等式可由这三个基本函数中的一部分组合而成，以下将详细讨论这三个基本函数。Many types of automatic control systems have appeared during the twentieth century，based on electronic mechanical, hydraulic and fluidic principles.In each case the design techniques have been similar because each component of the system usually contributes a single well defined function to the system behaviors

在20世纪，出现了许多种基于电子、机械、液压和流体原理的自动控制系统。由于系统中的每一元件通常对系统的运转状态只起单一 确定的功能，各种类型系统的设计技术是相似的 The first advantage has already been mentioned;the large scale integration of

electronic systems has reduced the number of components which are used, leading to an increasein the overall reliabilityof the system and a reduction in aembly costs.The decreasein size which results from largescale integration means that the equipment based onmicrocomputers is usually much smaller, lighter, and more robust than that using older technologies.第一个优点已经提到过了，就是电子系统的大规模集成已经降低了所用的元件数量，促使系统的总体可靠性的提高和装配费用的降低。由于大规模集成引起的尺寸减小意味着基于微计算机的设备功能通常要小得多，轻得多，并且比用旧技术制成的设备要更为强大Electronic systems are used forihandling information in the most general sense;This

information may be the telephone conversation, the instrument reading or ‘the company’saccounts, but in each case the same main types of operation are involved;the proceing, the storage and the transmiion of information.In conventional electronic design,Theseoperations are combined at the function level;for example, a counter, Whether electronicor mechanical, stores the current count and increments it by one as required.A systemsuch as an electronic clock which employs counters has its storage and proceing capabilities spread throughout the system because each counter is able to store and proce numbers.广义的说，电子系统是用于处理信息的，这种信息可以是电话交谈、仪器读数或企业账户，但是各种情况下都涉及相同的主要操作：信息处理、储存和传送。在常规的电子设计中，这些操作都是以功能平台方式组合起来的，列如计算器，无论是电子还是机械的，都要储存当前值，并按要求将该值增1.诸如采用计数器的电子钟之类的任一系统要使其存储和处理能力遍布整个系统，因为每个计数器都能存储和处理一些数字。

Microcomputers use RAM(Random Acce Memory), into which data can be written

and from which data can be read again when needed.This data can be read back from

thememory in any sequence desired, and not necearily the same order in which it was written, hence the expreion ‘ random’ acce memory.Another type of memory ROM(Read

Qnty Memory)is used to hold fixed patterns of information which cannot be affected by

the microproceor;these patterns are not lost when power is removed and are normally

used to hold the program which defines the behavior of a microproceor based system.ROMs can be read like RAMs, but unlike RAMs they cannot be used to store variable information.Some ROMs have their data patterns put in during manufacture, while othersare programmable by the user by means of special equipment and are called programmableROMs.The widely used programmable ROMs are erasable by means of special ultravioletlamps and are referred to as EPROMs, short for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories.Other new types of device can be erased electrically without the need for ultravioletlight, which are called Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories, EEPROMs

计算机常使用RAM（随机存取存储器），在RAM中数据可被写入，并且在需要时可再次被读出。这种数据能以任一所希望的次序从存储器中读出，不必按写入时的相同次序，所以有“随机”存取存储器。另一类ROM（只读存储器）用来保持不受微处理器影响的固定的信息标本；这些标本在电源切断后不会丢失，并通常用来保存规定微处理器化系统运转过程的程序。ROM可像RAM一样被读取，但与RAM不一样的是不能用来存储可变信息。有些ROM在制造时将其数据标本放入，而另外的则可通过特殊的设备由用户编程，所以称为可编程ROM。被广泛使用的可编程ROM可利用特殊紫外线灯擦除，并被称为EPROM，即可擦除可编程只读存储器的缩写。另有新类型的器件不必用紫外线灯而用电擦除，所以被称为电可擦除可编程只读存储器EEPROM。

To employ feedback control, we must first measure the condition we wish to maintain at the desired standard.The condition(variable)may be temperature, preure, flow,level ,conductivity , pH, moisture content, or the like.要应用反馈控制，我们首先必须测出所要维持的某个期望标准的对应状态。这状态（变量）可是温度、压力、流量、物位、电导体、pH值、湿度或类似。

System models can be developed by two distinct methods.Analytical modeling consists of a systematic application of basic physical laws to system components and the interconnection of these components.Experimental modeling, or modeling by synthesis, is the

selection of mathematical relationship which seems to fit observed input-output data.系统的模型可以通过两类截然不同的方法来建立。解析模型是将物理学基本定律系统性地应用于系统各组成部分及其相互之间的关联关系进而获取结果的方法。经验建模，或叫综合建模，是一种通过寻找数学关系而建立模型的方法，这种数学关系应该能够与输入-输出观测数据相配合。