高考英语一轮复习1名词性从句教学案_高考英语一轮复习学案
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专题11 名词性从句
考纲展示 命题探究
考点一 主语从句
基础点
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通过放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
主语从句的连接词
在句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句。连接主语从句的连接词主要有三类：从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。
(1)从属连词
从属连词主要有两个that, whether；从属连词在从句中不作任何成分。That he will come to the conference has excited every one of us.他要来参加会议使我们每一个人都十分激动。Whether you can succeed depends on yourself.你是否能成功取决于你自己。
特别提醒
if一般(不在句首)引导主语从句。that引导主语从句不能省略。(2)连接代词
连接代词在从句中起名词的作用，作主语、宾语、表语、定语等，一般表示疑问。who谁，whom谁(宾格)，whose谁的，what什么，which哪一个，whoever无论是谁，whomever无论是谁(宾格)，whosever无论是谁的，whatever无论是什么，whichever无论是哪一个。
What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么还不清楚。
Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize.你们当中第一个到达这里的人将获得这个奖品。
特别提醒
主语为从句时，谓语动词一般要用单数形式；但如果what引导的从句作主语、代表复数概念时，谓语动词则常用复数形式。
What we need is water.我们所需要的是水。
What we need are useful books.我们所需要的是有用的书。(3)连接副词
连接副词在从句中起副词的作用，作状语，一般表示疑问，但有时不表示疑问。when什么时候，where在哪里，why为什么，how如何，whenever无论是什么时候，wherever无论在哪里，however无论如何。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英语晚会将在哪里举行还没有宣布。
Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.它们为什么突然消失还是个谜。
重难点
it作形式主语的主语从句
(1)It＋be＋adj.＋主语从句。常用于该句型的adj.有： neceary必要的likely可能的clear清楚的 important重要的 poible可能的 right正确的 wrong错误的 strange奇怪的 natural自然的 certain肯定的 obvious明显的
It_is_quite_clear_that the whole project is to fail.很清楚，整个项目就要失败。
典例1 It is by no means clear ________the president can do to end the strike.[答案] what 句意：总统可以采取什么措施来结束罢工一点儿都不清楚。此句中it是形式主语，代替后面的真正的主语从句，故设空处应填能够引导主语从句的连接词，由于从句中及物动词do后缺少宾语，故应使用连接代词what。
(2)It＋be＋名词/名词词组＋主语从句。常用于该句型的名词或名词词组有： shame遗憾
pity可惜
hope希望 no wonder难怪 good news好消息
It_is_a_shame_that we should have lost such an important customer.真遗憾我们失去了一位如此重要的客户。
It_is_our_hope_that the two sides will work together.我们的希望是双方能够合作。
(3)It＋be＋过去分词＋主语从句。常用于该句型的过去分词有：
said据说
believed被相信
reported据报道 thought被认为 known所知
It_is_said_that our school will hold a sports meet next week.据说我们学校下周要举行运动会。
It_has_been_decided_that they should start the project next month.他们要在下个月开始这项工程已经定下来了。
(4)It＋特殊动词/动词短语＋主语从句。常用于这种结构的特殊动词/动词短语有： seem看上去
appear显得
happen碰巧 matter重要 turn out结果是
It_happened_that a lion was hiding nearby.刚好有一头狮子躲在旁边。
Does it_matter_that I won't attend the meeting tomorrow? 明天我不去参加会议要紧吗？
典例2 It doesn't matter ________you turn right or left at the croing—both roads lead to the park.[答案] whether 句意：在十字路口无论你向左转还是右转都没关系——两条路都通往公园。It是形式主语，设
空处应填入引导主语从句的连接词，从句后半部分的连词or提示本题为whether...or...结构，表示“是……还是……”。
典例3 It's no longer a question now ________man can land on the moon.[答案] that 句意：现在人类登上月球不再是问题。考查名词性从句，it为形式主语，后面的从句是真正的主语。由于引导词在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，故用that。
[考法综述] 了解名词性从句的基本用法，掌握各引导词的用法，辨析that与what，掌握it作形式主语的常见结构。
命题法 考查主语从句的引导词
典例1 ________we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.[答案] How 句意：我们如何理解事物与我们的感受有很大关系。分析句子结构可知，________we understand things 在句中作主语，是主语从句，根据句意可知，此处应用连接副词how。
典例2 What Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born is known to the public, but some won't accept it.________________________________________________________ [答案] What→Where 依据语境可知，此处指有些人对大诗人李白的出生地存在质疑，分析句子结构可知，What Li Bai，...was born在句中作主语且其中只缺状语，因此改为Where，引导主语从句。what引导名词性从句要在从句中作主、宾或表语。
【解题法】(1)掌握各引导词在意义和功能上的差别。
(2)在语篇型语法填空中，考查名词性从句的引导词是不给提示词的，考生要分析句子结构，找出主语部分，分析引导词在从句中所作成分和表达的意义。
(3)在短文改错中，考查引导词的错用，掌握相似引导词的差别，如what和that等。从引导词在从句中所作成分和意义入手。
A．单句填空
1．Exactly________the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.答案 when [句意：马铃薯具体是在什么时候被引入欧洲的并不确定，但有可能是在1565年左右。由句意可知，后一分句是来补充说明前一分句中的不确定的内容的，根据“around 1565”可知是对时间进行提问，因此用when引导前面的主语从句。] 2．I think________imprees me about his painting is the colours he uses.答案 what [句意：我认为他的画给我印象最深的是他对色彩的运用。what引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语，表示“……的”。] 3．Some people believe________has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.答案 what/whatever [句意：一些人认为，不管是以前发生的还是现在发生的事情都会在将来重现。此处“________has happened before or is happening now”是主语从句，且从句中缺少主语，故填what/whatever。] 4．________the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.答案 When [句意：延误的飞机何时起飞很大程度上取决于天气状况。根据句意填连接副词When。] 5．________makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.答案 What [句意：使这本书非同寻常的是这位作家创造性的想象力。What在此处引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。] 6．________you are on good terms with your clamates will affect your mood.答案 Whether [句意：你与同学相处得是否融洽会影响你的情绪。此处为主语从句，if表示“是否”且于句首时不引导主语从句。根据句意可知应用Whether。] 7．It suddenly occurred to me ________I hadn't locked my door.答案 that [句意：我突然想起我没锁门。it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。It occurs to sb.that意为“某人突然想起……”。] 8．As the spokeswoman said，________we should take action against them depends on what they will do.答案 whether [句意：正如女发言人所说的那样，我们是否应该针对他们采取行动取
决于他们将会怎么做。本空需要用连接词引导主语从句，表示“是否”，因此用whether引导。] 9．—What made her so happy? —________her son paed the college entrance examination.答案 That [句意：——是什么使她这么快乐？——她儿子通过高考了。答语为that引导的主语从句，引导词在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用。] 10．________will matter is not how many books you read, but how much you learn when you finish reading them.答案 What [句意：重要的不是你读了多少书，而是你读完书后学到了多少。从句子结构看，is前面是一个主语从句，从句中缺少主语，应用What。] B．单句改错
1．That you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.________________________________________________________ 答案 That→What [句意：你在会上所说的话描述了公司的光明前途。分析句子结构可知，引导主语从句，且在从句中作宾语，故用What, That引导主语从句，在从句中不作成分。] 2．It remains to be seen that the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→whether [句意：这个新成立的委员会的政策能否实施还有待观察。分析句子结构可知，It 作形式主语，而真正的主语是后面的从句“that the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice”；再根据句意可判断，此处表示“是否”，故改为whether, that无意义。] 3．It struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.________________________________________________________ 答案 It→What [句意：这部电影最打动我的是父亲对他儿子深深的爱。“It struck me most in the movie”为主语从句，从句中缺少主语，表示“所……的”，故用What，It不引导从句。] 4．Which one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.________________________________________________________ 答案 Which→Whichever [句意：你们中任何一个人打破窗户都必须赔偿。根据题干中one of you可知，空处要用whichever修饰one, 指“你们中的任何一个人”。which指哪一个，表达疑问，故改为whichever。] 5．It doesn't matter how many times you fail;that matters is how many times you stand up and try again.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→what [句意：你失败多少次都不要紧；要紧的是你有多少次站起来并再次尝试。分析句子成分可知，“that matters”是主语从句，从句中缺少主语，指物，故用what引导。that不作成分。]
6．We have learned from the story that which is most valuable is not what we have in our lives but who we have in our lives.________________________________________________________ 答案 which→what [“which is most valuable”是主语从句，在宾语从句中作主语，根据语境可知，该主语从句缺少主语且表示事物，故用what。which指某一范围中的哪个或哪些。] 7．It was never clear that the man hadn't reported the accident sooner.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→why [句意：不清楚这个人为什么不早一点报告那起事故。此处需要连接副词引导主语从句并在从句中作原因状语，why表示“为什么……”。故把that改为why。] 8．—The manager finally agreed to our new marketing proposals.—It never occurred to me what you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→that [答句表示“我根本就没想到你能说服他改变自己的看法”，句中It作形式主语，这里应该用that引导主语从句，连接词在从句中不作任何成份，也无意义。故把what改为that。]
考点二 宾语从句
基础点
在句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句(Object Clause)。宾语从句可分为三类：动词后的宾语从句、介词后的宾语从句、形容词后的宾语从句。宾语从句的连接词
I think(that)you should turn to the teacher for help.我认为你应该向老师求助。I wonder whether/if it is true.我想知道它是否是真的。
I wonder what I can do for you.我不知道能为你做些什么。
He didn't tell me when we would meet again.他没告诉我什么时候我们再相见。
Could you please show me how you operate the machine? 你能给我展示一下如何操作这台机器吗？
I don't know whom you should depend on.我不知道你该信任谁。
典例1 Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt ________he could have expreed it differently.[答案] that 句意：杰瑞不后悔给出评论，但是觉得自己本来可以用不同的方式来表达的。从句that he could have expreed it differently作felt的宾语，连接词that在从句中不作成分。故填that。
特别提醒
that引导宾语从句时，常被省去，但下列情况下不能省略：①当that从句作介词的宾语时；②动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略，引导第二个和以后几个从句的that不可省略；③宾语从句前有插入语时；④that引导的从句位于句首时。
I know nothing about him except that he is from the countryside.除了他来自乡下以外，我对他一无所知。
He said(that)he liked rain very much and that he wouldn't use an umbrella when it was raining.他说他非常喜欢雨，下雨天他都不愿打伞。
We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反，我们希望他和我们待在家里。That our team will win, I believe.我相信我们队会赢。
一般来说，能引导主语从句的连接词都能引导宾语从句。
表疑问的宾语从句需要运用陈述句语序，但个别宾语从句本应运用陈述语序，但由于习惯而仍保持原疑问语序不变。
I don't know what is the matter with the machine.我不知道这台机器怎么了。2 动词后接宾语从句的用法
(1)大多数及物动词及动词短语后可接宾语从句。
We should keep in mind that there is no short cut to learning.我们应当牢记，学习是没有捷径的。(2)用it作形式宾语的宾语从句。
一些动词后的宾语从句有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾语，而将that引导的宾语从句后置。常见的这类动词有：
find发现
feel感觉
think认为 consider考虑 believe相信 gue猜测 suppose假定，设想 make使得
I think it neceary that we drink plenty of boiled water every day.我认为我们每天喝大量开水是有必要的。
The teacher made it a rule that all the cleaning should be finished before 7：30 every morning.老师规定每天早晨7：30之前所有的清扫工作必须结束。
(3)动词hate, like, dislike, appreciate, enjoy等表示“喜欢”，“厌恶”的动词以及一些动词短语see to, depend on, rely on等常用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。
I hate it_when they talk with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话。
I would appreciate it_if you can help me.如果你能帮助我，我将不胜感激。
典例2 You can always rely on________Jack says, as he never tells a lie.[答案] what 句意：你完全可以相信杰克的话，因为他从不说谎。what引导宾语从句作rely on的宾语，what在从句中作says的宾语。介词后接宾语从句的用法
(1)一般情况下介词后只能接wh类连接词引导的宾语从句。He'll talk to us about what he saw in the USA.他将给我们讲述他在美国的见闻。
典例3 When she was awake, she found that she was standing on________seemed to be a piece of stone.[答案] what 句意：当她醒来时，她发现自己好像正站在一块石头上。stand on后接宾语从句，宾语从句缺少引导词和主语，what在宾语从句中作主语，that引导的从句一般不作介词宾语。故填what。
(2)in, but, except 等少数几个介词后可接由that引导的宾语从句，但此时介词和that已形成固定搭配，即in that因为，but that要不是，except that除了。
The high income tax is harmful in_that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.所得税很高是有害的，因为它可能使人不愿意多赚钱。He would have failed but_that you helped him.若不是你帮助他，他会失败的。(but that意为“若不是，要不是”)4 形容词后接宾语从句的用法
(1)表示情感的形容词后可接宾语从句，如：afraid, certain, glad, pleased, sure, surprised, sorry, happy, confident, anxious, aware, convinced, determined, proud, worried, thankful, ashamed, annoyed, disappointed, hurt, content等。
I'm very pleased that all of your family will come.我很高兴你们全家都会来。
I'm sure that they'll make it in spite of the terrible weather.我确信尽管天气很不好，但他们会准时到达的。
(2)sure后宾语从句的连接词that, whether, if的选择。
当be sure用于肯定句时，其后的宾语从句的连接词常用that；当be sure用于否定
句时，其后的宾语从句的连接词常用whether或if。
Are you sure that I won't bother you if I sit beside you? 你确定我坐在你旁边不会打扰你吗？
I am not sure whether I should write to him or not.我不确定要不要给他写信。
重难点宾语从句的时态
(1)主句的谓语动词如果是一般现在时或一般将来时，从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态。
He says that he studies at school from Monday to Friday.他说他从周一至周五都在学校学习。
He will tell us what happened to him during our absence.他会告诉我们我们不在的期间他出了什么事的。
(2)主句的谓语动词是一般过去时时，从句的谓语动词要用相应的过去时态。The boy said that there were no claes on Sunday afternoon.那个男孩说周日下午没有课。
My Chinese teacher asked me if I was reading the book Red and Black when he came in.我的语文老师问我他进来时我是否在读《红与黑》这本书。
(3)如果从句表示客观事实或真理，不管主句的谓语动词是何种时态，从句都要用一般现在时。
As a child, I was told that the moon has no light of its own.I didn't believe it.孩提时，人们告诉我月亮自身不会发光，我不相信。
特别提醒
学习宾语从句的时态的有关知识时要注意：若主句的谓语动词用一般现在时，从句的谓语动词须根据需要选用相应的时态；若主句的谓语动词用一般过去时，则从句的谓语动词也应用过去的某种时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时)；若从句的内容为客观事实、格言、谚语、真理等，从句的谓语动词的时态不受动词时态一致性原则的限制，仍然用一般现在时；若从句的内容为历史事实，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。宾语从句的否定转移
(1)主句主语是第一人称，谓语动词think, believe, suppose, imagine, gue等后面的宾语从句中的否定词要转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定形式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定形式。
I don't_think I can remember the 100 words within two hours.我想我不能在两小时内记住这100个单词。I don't_suppose that he likes it.我想他不喜欢它。
(2)含有否定转移的句子变反意疑问句时有两种情况：若主句主语是第一人称，简短问
句的主语和谓语应分别与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致；若主句主语不是第一人称，简短问句的主语和谓语应分别与主句的主语和谓语保持一致。
I don't_think(that)he is interested in that thing, is he? 我认为他对那件事不感兴趣，是吗？
You don't_imagine he paed the exam, do you? 你认为他没有通过这次考试，是吗？
“I don't think/believe/suppose/expect so.”是常见的表达，但是没有“I don't hope/gue so.”，正确的表达应为“I hope/gue not.”。
[考法综述] 考查宾语从句主要集中在对引导宾语从句的各引导词的考查上，以及it作形式宾语的宾语从句的考查。
命题法 考查宾语从句的引导词
典例1 I truly believe ________beauty comes from within.[答案] that 句意：我真的相信美是发自内心的。分析句子结构可知，________beauty comes from within在句中作believe的宾语，是宾语从句，不缺少句子成分，故填that。
典例2 As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly what thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.________________________________________________________ [答案] what→how 根据语境和形容词thick可知应用how引导宾语从句，表示程度。此处表示要弄清楚到底土坯房的墙需要“多”厚。故把what改为how。
【解题法】(1)分析句子结构，找出主句谓语，判断从句类别。掌握各引导词在意义、功能上的差别。
(2)在语篇型语法填空中，要分析设空处在从句中的成分和意义，结合整个主句的结构和意义，从而找到合适的引导词。
(3)在短文改错中，先分析主句结构，再分析从句的类别，熟记各引导词的特点，找出使用错误的引导词，并改正。
A．单句填空
1．The exhibition tells us ________we should do something to stop air pollution.答案 why [句意：该展览告诉我们为什么我们要采取措施阻止空气污染。根据句意以及句子结构可知，空格处用why引导宾语从句。] 2．—I wonder ________Mary has kept her figure after all these years.—By working out every day.答案 how [根据答语“By working out every day”可知，空格处用how 来引导宾语从句，表示方式。] 3．Reading her biography, I was lost in admiration for________ Doris Leing had achieved in literature.答案 what [句意：读着她的自传，我对Doris Leing 在文学上已经取得的成就赞叹不已。根据句子结构来判断，for后接一个宾语从句，而从句中缺少宾语，所以要用what。] 4．We must find out________Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.答案 when [句意：我们一定要搞清楚Karl什么时候来，以便我们给他订房间。由句意可知，要给Karl订房间，那么就要清楚他来这里的时间，故填when。] 5．Susan made it clear to me ________ she wished to make a new life for herself.答案 that [句意：苏珊清楚地向我表明，她希望自己开始一种新的生活。it为形式宾语，设空处引导的宾语从句为真正的宾语。从句结构和句意完整，故用that。] 6．After a long journey, those young men finally reached ________they called the paradise.答案 what [句意：长途跋涉后，这些年轻人最终到达了他们称之为天堂的地方。“________they called the paradise”是宾语从句，作reach的宾语，在从句中call缺宾语，故用what引导宾语从句同时作从句中call的宾语。] 7．The 3G cellphone must be of great use and convenience to________wants to get the information through the Internet quickly.答案 whoever [句意：3G手机对于那些想要快速浏览网络获取信息的人来说一定是非常方便实用的。whoever引导宾语从句作介词to的宾语，且whoever在从句中作主语，相当于anyone who。] 8．John seemed puzzled about________the question meant.答案 what [句意：John 对这个问题意味着什么感到很迷惑。根据句子的结构判断，about后接的是一个宾语从句，而从句中meant缺少宾语，所以填what。] 9．Mom often phones me, asking________I am getting along with my studies.答案 how [句意：母亲常给我打电话，问我学习进展如何。此处asking 后为宾语从句，根据句意可知，应填how。] 10．Are you sure________Mr Li will come to your birthday party? 答案 that [句意：你确定李先生要来参加你的生日晚会吗？空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中不作成分，故用that引导。] B．单句改错
1．It is difficult for us to imagine that life was like for slaves in the ancient world.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→what [句意：对我们来说很难想象在古代奴隶的生活是什么样子的。What...be like为固定形式，表示“……是什么样子”。what引导的宾语从句作imagine的宾语，同时what在宾语从句中作介词like的宾语。] 2．Pick yourself up.Courage is doing that you're afraid to do.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→what [句意：振作起来。勇气就是做你害怕要去做的。分析句子结构可知，doing后为宾语从句，从句中缺少宾语，故用what。that在名词性从句中不作成分。] 3．Police have found where appears to be the lost ancient statue.________________________________________________________ 答案 where→what [句意：警察已经找到了与丢失的古代的雕像类似的东西。分析句子结构可知，用what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作主语。where是副词，不作主语。] 4．Experts believe why people can waste le food by shopping only when it is neceary.________________________________________________________ 答案 why→that [句意：专家们相信，人们只有在必要时才去购物就能减少食物浪费。根据句意和结构可知，believe后面要求接宾语从句，而且从句中不缺句子成分，也无意义，所以用that。] 5．Some people care much about their appearance and always ask if they look fine in which they are wearing.________________________________________________________
答案 which→what [句意：有些人太过在意自己的外表，总是问(别人)自己穿在身上的衣服看起来是否不错。分析句子结构，再结合句意“他们所穿的衣服”应使用连词what引导这一宾语从句，what在从句中作wear的宾语，指代人穿的衣服。which在引导名词从句时意为“哪一个”，不合题意，故把which改为what。] 6．Only when you go to New York City in person will you realize what diverse the American culture is.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→how [句意：只有当你亲自来到纽约时，你才会意识到美国文化是多么不同。根据how＋adj./adv.＋主语＋其他部分可知，应用how。故把what改为how。] 7．The bride and groom gave who attended their wedding some gifts to share their happine.________________________________________________________ 答案 who→whoever [句意：新郎和新娘给任何一个参加他们婚礼的人发礼物以分享他们的幸福。分析句子成分可知，“who attended their wedding”是宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，故用whoever，意为“无论谁”，而who意为“谁”，表疑问。] 8．—Dad, I want to go out for dinner with my friends tonight.—Keep in mind when you have to be home by 9：00.________________________________________________________ 答案 when→that [句意：——爸爸，今晚我想和朋友们一起出去吃饭。——记住你9点前必须回家。keep in mind that...是习惯用语，意为“记住……”，其中that引导的从句作keep的宾语。故把when改为that。] 9．This still leaves the question of that local public services should be improved in the next five years.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→how [句意：未来五年地方公共服务应该如何改进的问题仍然遗留下来。应用how引导的从句作介词of的宾语，且how在从句中作方式状语。how意为“如何”，that无意义。故把that改为how。] 10．He seems too tired today, and I wonder that he got a good sleep last night.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→if/whether [句意：他今天似乎太累了，我想知道他昨天晚上是否睡得好。宾语从句表示是否，动词后可用if或whether, that无意义，故把that改为if/whether。]
考点三 表语从句和同位语从句
基础点
一、表语从句
在句子中作表语的从句称为表语从句(Predicative Clause)。引导表语从句的连接词主要有：从属连词that, whether;连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever等；连接副词when, where, why, how等。此外，表语从句还可用because和as if/as though等连接词引导。表语从句的连接词
从属连词在句中只起连接作用，不作成分；连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语；连接副词在从句中作状语。
从属连词：that，whether 连接代词：what，who，whose，which，whatever，whoever，whosever，whichever等
连接副词：how，when，where，why等
The question is whether you can afford it.问题是你是否买得起。
Our plan is that we'll go there once a week.我们的计划是一周去那里一次。That's what he said.那就是他说的话。
Your big opportunity is right where you are now.好机会就在你眼前。
特别提醒
if不引导表语从句；that引导表语从句一般不省略。
典例1 —When choosing furniture, you only focus on function while I think more about the design.—That's ________we differ.[答案] where 句意：——在选择家具时，你只注重功能而我更注重设计。——那正是我们不同的地方。考查表语从句。where在从句中作状语。as if/as though引导的表语从句
此类表语从句可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气，常跟在一些连系动词后面，如： seem似乎
look看起来
taste尝起来 sound听起来 feel摸起来 appear好像
It seemed as_though it had happened yesterday.那件事好像昨天发生的一样。
It looks as_if it is going to rain.看起来天要下雨了。
特别提醒
as if/as though意为“好像，仿佛”，其引导的表语从句常位于系动词(如seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel, smell等)之后。若表语从句所述的是非真实的情况，从句用虚拟语气；若从句所述的是事实或是极有可能发生的情况，从句用陈述语气。考生要仔细体会其中的语境差别。
I felt as_if we had_known each other for years.我感觉好像我们已经认识多年了。
She looks as_if she has_been_working hard for a long time.她看起来好像努力工作了很长时间。3 because, why也可引导表语从句
because引导的表语从句，主语不能是reason或cause。常用于以下句型： This/That is why...这/那是……的原因 This/That is because...这/那是因为……
This is why we mied the early bus.这就是我们错过了早班车的原因。That's because he is ill.那是因为他生病了。
特别提醒
当主句的主语是reason时，表语从句一般用that引导，不能用why或because，这种用法常见于以下句型：
The reason why...is that...……的原因是……
The reason why he came late was that he got up late.他来晚了是因为起床晚了。
二、同位语从句在句中作同位语的从句，称作同位语从句。同位语从句常位于下列名词之后，如： advice建议
demand要求
doubt怀疑 fact事实 hope希望 idea主意
information信息 meage消息 news消息 whisper低语 order命令 problem问题 promise诺言 question问题 request请求 suggestion建议 truth事实 wish愿望 word消息 conclusion结论 thought想法
The_news_that we won the game was exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
The_suggestion_that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman.采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。
I have no_idea_when they will be back and settle down.我不知道他们什么时候回来定居。2 同位语从句的引导词
(1)常用的引导词有：that, whether, why, who, where, how, when等。if一般不引导同位语从句
在同位语从句中that, whether不作成分，whether表示“是否”，其他连接词具有实义，同时在同位语从句中作一定成分。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不省略。
The_fact_that some countries are still suffering from poverty is really a great problem to the world.有一些国家仍然贫穷对整个世界来说是一个大问题。
The_question_why so many people would choose to live in the countryside is still under discuion.为什么如此之多的人愿意到乡下去居住仍然在讨论中。
典例2 I made a promise to myself________this year, my first year in high school, would be different.[答案] that 句意：我向自己保证：今年——我高中的第一年——将会是不同寻常的一年。分析句意可知，空格处引导的是同位语从句，解释说明promise的内容，并且此从句结构和意义完整，故用that引导。
(2)what也可引导同位语从句
I gave the girl a big doll, exactly what she longed to have.我给了这个女孩一个大洋娃娃，那正是她渴望拥有的东西。(3)分隔式同位语从句
有时同位语从句的谓语较短，而从句内容较长，这时为避免“头重脚轻”，常常将谓语部分提到从句前面，形成分隔式同位语从句。
My_wish will come true one day that I should buy a big house for my parents.我要给父母买一间大房子的愿望终有一天会实现的。
典例3 The notice came around two in the afternoon________the meeting would be postponed.[答案] that 句意：下午两点左右，有人通知说会议要推迟了。分析句子结构可知，“________the meeting would be postponed”是同位语从句，该从句解释说明notice的具体内容，从句不缺少成分，所以用that引导。此处谓语较短，从句较长，为避免“头重脚轻”而将从句放在了谓语部分之后，形成了分隔式同位语从句。故填that。
重难点后边不能直接跟that从句的动词
这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。
(√)I admire their winning the match.我羡慕他们赢了比赛。
(×)I admire that they won the match.2 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句”结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impre, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。
(√)He impreed the manager as an honest man.他给经理的印象是个诚实人。
(×)He impreed the manager that he was an honest man.3 wh与whever引导名词性从句的区别
连接词what, which, who分别表示“……的东西或事情”、“哪一个”、“谁”，表示疑问含义；而whatever, whichever, whoever分别相当于anything that, any...that, anyone who意为“无论……”，强调一切情况。试比较：
What you choose to wear should be clean.你选择穿的衣服应该是干净的。
Whatever you choose to wear should be clean.无论你选择穿什么，你的衣服应该是干净的。
特别提醒
如何判断是用wh还是用whever引导名词性从句？
做题时，我们要认真分析语境，看看句子要表达什么意思，如果表示任何一个人或事物，无范围可言，就用whever；如果有疑问的含义，且指的是具体的人或物，就用wh。whever和no matter wh的区别
whever既可以引导名词性从句，又可以引导让步状语从句，如：whatever, whichever, whoever等；而no matter wh只能引导让步状语从句，如：no matter what, no matter where, no matter who等。
I will give this dictionary to whoever can win the first prize in the English
contest.我将把这本字典赠给在英语比赛中获得一等奖的人。(宾语从句)Whoever/No_matter_who can win the first prize in the English contest, I will give this dictionary to him.不管谁在英语竞赛中获得一等奖，我都会把这本字典给他。(让步状语从句)
[考法综述](1)对表语从句的考查通常是以引导词的选择为主，所以正确分析表语从句的结构相当重要。先确定从句的结构和意义是否完整，如果完整就用that，且that不能省略；如果不完整，确定所缺成分，然后结合句意选定答案。弄清从句中的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的也很重要。如果从句中的谓语是不及物动词，那么后面的部分是状语，再根据缺少的意思来选定答案。
(2)解答考查同位语从句的题目时，一定先要找出从句解释说明的那个名词，然后根据从句的意思和从句的结构判断从句所缺的引导词：
①从句意思和成分都完整就用that引导，此时要注意that引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别。
②从句成分完整，但意思不完整，就用whether(是否)，切记此时不能用if代替whether。③从句缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语，则应用连接代词。根据句子所要表达的意思进一步选择用哪一个连接代词。
④从句缺少地点状语、时间状语、方式状语或原因状语时，则分别用连接副词where, when, how, why。
命题法1 考查表语从句
典例1 A ship in harbor is safe, but that's not ________ ships are built for.[答案] what 句意：船泊港湾固然安全，可那不是造船的初衷。but连接的并列句中that's后应为表语从句，________ ships are built for表示为什么目的而造船，what for结构与句子意思相符。
典例2 As John Lennon once said, life is that happens to you while you are busy making other plans.________________________________________________________ [答案] that→what 句意：正如约翰·列侬曾经所说，生活就是在你忙于制订其他计划的时候发生在你身上的事情。此处引导表语从句并在从句中充当主语，把that改为what。
【解题法】 表语从句的解题思路
(1)找出主句的动词、系动词之后，为表语从句分析从句意义和结构，利用各引导词的特点。
(2)在语篇型语法填空中，主要考查引导词。找出空前的系动词确定是表语从句，分析所填词在从句中的成分和意义。
(3)在短文改错中，主要考查引导词的错用、漏用和多余。掌握that与what的区别，以及who与whoever等词的区别。分析句子成分，结合句意。
命题法2 考查同位语从句
典例3 —Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday? —Yeah, but I have no idea ________ he did it;that's one of his favorite universities.[答案] why 句意：——迈克昨天真的拒绝了耶鲁大学的录取吗？——是的，可我不知道他为什么那么做；那是他最喜欢的大学之一。设空处引导同位语从句，用于解释说明idea的内容；从句中缺少状语，根据句意此处表示原因，故用why引导。
典例4 The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief what you are better than anyone else on the sports field.________________________________________________________ [答案] what→that [句意：成功达到最高水平的唯一办法是保持这样一种信念，即你比运动场上的任何一个人都好。分析句子结构可知。此处为同位语从句，而且从句结构和意义完整，所以用that。] 【解题法】 同位语从句的解题思路
(1)掌握常跟同位语从句的一些名词如suggestion, advice, hope等，了解同位语从句的功能。
(2)在语篇型语法填空中，主要是考查引导词。同位语从句的引导词that较多见，也会考到when, where等。分析主句结构，识别关键词，判断从句种类。
(3)在短文改错中，主要考查引导词的误用、漏用和多余。考生要根据主句结构挑出从句，如从句表示陈述意义，常用that引导，表疑问常用疑问词引导。
A．单句填空
1．The best moment for the football star was ________he scored the winning goal.答案 when [句意：对这个足球明星来说，进球得分的时刻是最好的时刻。when在表语从句中表时间。] 2．“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.”This is ________my mother used to tell me.答案 what [句意：“每次你吃甜东西，喝点绿茶。”这是过去妈妈经常对我说的话。分析结构可知，此处考查的是表语从句的引导词。从句缺少tell的直接宾语，用what引导。] 3．—What a me!You are always so lazy!—I'm not to blame, mum.I am________you have made me.答案 what [句意：——真是一团糟！你总是这么懒惰！——妈妈，别怪我。我现在这样就是你造就的呀。分析成分可知，I am后是表语从句，引导词what在从句中作made me后的宾语补足语，相当于the one that，即I am the one that you have made me。类似例子还有：He is no longer what(＝the one that)he used to be。] 4．Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, “That's________I was born.” 答案 where [句意：奶奶指着那个医院说：“那就是我出生的地方。”此处考查的是名词性从句中的表语从句。] 5．Courage is a kind of quality ——and that's ________it takes to face the
challenges in life.答案 what [句意：勇气是一种好品质，那就是面对生活中挑战所需要的品质。that's 后为表语从句，而且引导词作从句中takes的宾语。故应填what。] 6．Faced with difficulties, you should believe your confidence is ________makes a difference.答案 what [句意：面对困难，你应该相信你的自信会起很大作用。make a difference意为“起作用，有影响”；本句中“________makes a difference”是表语从句，因为从句缺主语，故用what。] 7．Don't be sad.The most important thing is ________we must learn from our mistakes and move on.答案 that [句意：不要难过，最重要的是我们必须从错误中吸取教训，并继续前进。表语从句不缺任何成分，故填that。] 8．I'm afraid he is more of a talker than a doer, which is ________he never finishes anything.答案 why [句意：我觉得他说得多做得少，这就是他从来没有完成任何事情的原因。分析句子结构可知，此处which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子的内容；在定语从句中，空处引导表语从句，再结合句意可知应填why。] 9．The meage of Saving Private Ryan is ________humans want peace, not war.答案 that [句意：《拯救大兵瑞恩》传达的信息是人们想要和平而不是战争。此处为表语从句，从句不缺少成分，所以用that引导。] B．单句改错
1．From space, the earth looks blue.This is why about seventyone percent of its surface is covered by water.________________________________________________________ 答案 why→because [句意：从太空看，地球是蓝色的。这是因为地球表面大约有71%的区域被水覆盖。分析句子结构可知，此处为表语从句，表示原因，故用because。because后加原因，why后加结果。因此把why改为because。] 2．Evidence has been found through years of study why children's early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.________________________________________________________ 答案 why→that [句意：通过数年的研究，儿童早期睡眠问题长大后有可能继续的证据已经被找到了。分析句子结构可知，空格后面的部分是解释说明evidence的内容，是evidence的同位语从句，引导词在从句中不作任何成分，故把why改为that。] 3．Her only problem, if you can call it a problem, is what she expects to be succeful all the time.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→that [句意：如果能称之为问题的话，她唯一的问题是她一直想成功。引导表语从句，从句中不缺少任何成分，故用that引导。] 4．The problem is what we can improve our reading skill in such a short time.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→how [句意：问题是我们如何在这么短的时间内提高我们的阅读技能。分析句子成分并结合句意可知，这里需要用连接副词how来引导表语从句。] 5．There is still some doubt that the system will work even though all the factors have been considered.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→whether [句意：即使所有的因素都考虑了，系统是否会运转仍有些疑问。whether引导同位语从句，作doubt的同位语，whether表示“是否”。] 6．People all over the world have a dream whether they will always live a peaceful life.________________________________________________________ 答案 whether→that [句意：全世界的人民都有一个梦想，即永远过着和平的生活。此处为同位语从句，解释名词dream的内容，因为从句中不缺少成分且意义完整，所以用that引导。] 7．The expert's argument what the increasing number of cars is the main cause of the rising PM 2.5 readings has got much support from the public.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→that [句意：这个专家的争论已经得到了来自公众的大力支持，争论围绕汽车数量的增加是PM2.5值上升的主要原因。此处为同位语从句，解释说明argument的内容，因从句不缺少成分，且句意完整，所以使用that引导。]
易错题一：名词性从句中连接词的误用
[例1] ________ surprised me most was to see some of the village people seated on the benches at the end of the room.[错解] It/That/Who [错因分析] 此处缺少主语，因此考生容易误用It, That, Who, Which等。[答案] What [心得体会]
[例2] I have no idea ________ he will come here or not this afternoon, for he is very busy at the present time.[错解] which/that/if [错因分析] 该题貌似定语从句，考生易误填which/that。此外，一些考生也许一看到后面的“or not”容易误填if。根据语意可知，idea后面接一个同位语从句，该从句是
对idea的解释说明，且由后面的“or not”可知应用whether。if不能引导同位语从句。
[答案] whether [心得体会]
易错题二：漏用关系词
[例] She was so angry and spoke so fast that none of us understood ________ ________ he said meant.[错解] that;what [错因分析] 许多同学一看便判断出understood后为宾语从句，第一空误填that;第二个空认为said后缺宾语，填what。
[答案] what;what [心得体会]
易错题三：名词性从句中用it作形式主语或宾语
[例] ________has been proved that eating vegetables in childhood helps to
protect you against serious illnees in later life.[错解] What [错因分析] 考生误认为此空引导主语从句，缺少主语，误填What。[答案] It [心得体会]
