Gustave Flaubert居斯塔夫_居斯塔夫库尔贝
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Gustave Flaubert居斯塔夫·福楼拜
(French pronunciation: [ɡystav flobɛʁ])(December 12, 1821 – May 8, 1880)was a French writer who is counted among the greatest.He is known especially for his first published novel, Madame Bovary(1857), and for his scrupulous devotion to his art and style19世纪中叶法国重要的批判现实主义作家居斯达夫·福楼拜，1821年12月17日出生在卢昂一个著名的外科医生家庭。其作品反映了1848-1871年间法国的时代风貌，揭露了丑恶鄙俗的资产阶级社会。雨果.He was educated at thein Rouen.and did not leave until 1840, when he went toto studyFrom 1846 to 1854, Flaubert had a relationship with the poet;Flaubert was a tirele worker and often complained in his letters to friends about the strenuous nature of his work.His first finished work was , a novella, which was completed in 1842.In September 1849, Flaubert completed the first version of a novel,.n 1850, after returning from Egypt, Flaubert began work on.The novel, which took five years to write, was serialized in thein 1856 Major works
《包法利夫人》（一八五七年）、《萨朗波》（一八六二年）、《情感教育》（一八六九年）、《圣安东尼的诱惑》（一八七四年）、《布瓦尔和佩库歇》（一八七九年）和短篇小说集《三故事》（一八七七年），《包法利夫人》（1857年）《庸见词典》对19世纪末及至20世纪文学，尤其是现代主义文学的发展有着极其深远的影响，被誉为―自然主义文学的鼻祖‖、―西方现代小说的奠基者‖。Rêve d'enfer, 1837
(1838;Mémoires d’un fou)emoirs of a Madman alternates between the narrator's musings on the present and his memories of the past.In the sections that deal with the present, the narrator takes a bleak outlook on life, discuing writing, sanity, and death. (1842)(1857)作者以简洁而细腻的文笔，通过一个富有激情的妇女爱玛的经历，再现了
19世纪中期法国的社会生活。
(1862)(1869;L'Éducation sentimentale)梗概是主人公弗 雷德利克·莫罗出身于法国外省一个中产阶级家庭，1840年去巴黎上大学，在旅途中与画商阿尔努夫妇相识，对阿尔努夫人一见钟情，到巴黎后想方设法跟她接近。莫罗由于得不到阿尔努夫人的爱情，和交际花萝莎妮相好，还有了一个孩子。从此他陷入双重恋爱中不能自拔。与此同时，他和各种政治倾向的人物交往，终于学业荒废。小说以他和戴洛立叶在炉边一回忆无聊虚度的一生而结束。
Le Candidat(vaudevile), 1874
(1874;La Tentation de Saint Antoine)(1877;Trois contes).“A Simple Heart”, “Saint Julian” and “Herodias”(théâtre), 1880
(1881)当代西方有很多作家、学者认为福楼拜的未完成小说《布瓦尔和佩库
歇》才是其一生的巅峰之作，其伟大之处是超越时代的，是伟大的福楼拜在现代主义文学滥觞世界文坛之前写出来的现代派小说,
(1911;Dictionnaire des idées reçues)Souvenirs, notes et pensées intimes(1838–1841), 1965 Album, annoté par Jean Bruneau et Jean A.Ducourneau, 1972 Bibliomanie et autres textes 1836–1839, 1982
Novelists should thank Flaubert the way poets thank spring;it all begins again with him.There really is a time before Flaubert and a time after him.Flaubert decisively established what most readers and writers think of as modern realist narration, and his influence is almost too familiar to be visible.We hardly remark of good prose that it favors the telling of brilliant detail;that it privileges a high degree of visual noticing;that it maintains an unsentimental composure and knows how to withdraw, like a good, from superfluous commentary;that it judges good and bad neutrally;that it seeks out the truth, even at the cost of repelling us;and that the author's fingerprints on all this are paradoxically, traceable but not visible.You can find some of this in oror , but not all of it until Flaubert.—Criticin How Fiction Works(2008)
From Mrs.Malaprop, a character in Richard Sheridan's play The Rivals(1775), whose comic trait was her ludicrous misuse of words, we get the word
malapropism.词语误用, 用词错误可笑 A malapropism is the striking misuse of a word or phrase that sounds somewhat similar to another word or phrase.A malapropism is the grotesque or
inappropriate use of a word.An example is 's statement: “Texas has a lot of electrical votes.” The malapropism is the use of “electrical” instead of the correct word, “electoral,” which is similar in sound.Malapropisms appear in many works written well before Sheridan created their namesake character;used them in a number of his plays.Often a malapropism occurs when a speaker or writer attempts to use a word or idiom that belongs tohis paive rather than his active vocabulary.*Malapropism is a particular risk for those who attempt to put on airs, by using what they consider to be “more elevated” language than they would normally use.These days people are so carele about the use of language, even when they aren't being
pretentious, that malapropisms pop up all over the place, even in the work of profeional writers.Hindi adj.北印度的 n.北印度语属印欧语系中印度-伊朗语族印度语支，是由古梵语发展而来的一种现代印度-雅利安语言。分布于印度中部和北部的中央直辖德里特区、北方邦、中央邦、比哈尔邦、拉贾斯坦邦、哈里亚纳邦等地区。是印度国内最为通行的一种语言 “Hindi” redirects here.For other uses, see.Standard Hindi, or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi, also known as Manak Hindi(: मानक हिन्दी),High Hindi, Nagari Hindi, and Literary Hindi, is a andof
thederived from thedialect of(and the surrounding westernand southern region).Swahili-斯瓦希里Swahili(known in Swahili itself as Kiswahili)is aspoken by various ethnic groups that inhabit several large stretches of thecoastline from northern to northern , including the.It is also spoken by ethnic minority groups
in , , theand.Although only five million people speak Swahili as
their , the total number of speakers exceeds 100 million.It serves as a , or, of four nations: , Kenya,and the.Within much of , it is often used as a.Uganda officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country inEast Africa.Uganda is also known as the “Pearl of Africa”.It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by
the , on the southwest byRwanda, and on the south by Tanzania.say
