[全套]初中英语中考复习资料(超全语法、词组、句型、作文及知识点)_中考英语作文短语句型

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第一篇词性

一、名词

(一)知识概要

名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法，但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类：专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义，专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall，America„它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如pen, worker„它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词，如：family,cla,team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体；物质名词，如：water,paper„它表示的是一种物质，原材料；而后一种是抽象名词，如:work, time„它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。

名词一览表 种类

专有名词 London, John, the Communist Party of China 普通名词 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 集体名词 cla, family, army, police, team, people 物质名词 water, steel, gla, cotton, wood, sand

抽象名词 happine, love, work, life, courage, honest 功用

主语 My family is now in New York.表语 His father is a scientist.宾语 We love our great motherland.宾语补足语 He made London the base for his work.定语 The girls are making paper flowesrs.状语 The car cost him 1000 dollars.同位语 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.名词在使用中的难点，在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等，如：

(二)正误辨析

［误］Please give me a paper.［正］Please give me a piece of paper.［析］不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如：two pieces of paper.［误］Please give me two letter papers.［正］Please give me two pieces of letter paper.［析］paper作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.［误］My glaes is broken.［正］My glaes are broken.［误］I want to buy two shoes.［正］I want to buy two pairs of shoes.［析］英语中glaes—眼镜，shoes—鞋，trousers—裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glaes而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：This pair of glaes is very good.［误］May I borrow two radioes? ［正］May I borrow two radios? ［析］以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式，但如果o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.［误］This is a Mary's dictionary.［正］This is Mary's dictionary.［析］如名词前有指示代词this, that, these those,及其他修饰词our,some, every, which, 或所有格时，则不要再加冠词。［误］There are much people in the garden.［正］There are many people in the garden.［析］可数名词前应用many, few, a few, a lot of 来修饰，而people

hair，但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用's来构成而不用of结构。如：a five minutes' walk.［误］Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.［正］Please make room for the lady in the school bus.［析］英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的，如： room为可数名词时为“房间”，如：I live in Room 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有：gla 玻璃glaes 眼镜stone 石头a stone 一块石头time 时间two times 两次wood 木头woods 树林 ［误］There is a flowers garden behind my house.［正］There is a flower garden behind my house.［析］名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外，还可以用来修饰另一个名词，这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式，如：shoe factory(鞋厂),post office(邮局),evening paper(晚报),night school(夜校),head master(校长),a law school(法律学院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting(运动会)。

［误］My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.［正］My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.［析］英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese(中国人), means(方法)。所以应讲one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese.如果讲There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。

［误］Mary expreed her thank to her boy friend.［正］Mary expreed her thanks to her boy friend.［析］英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如： thanks, greens，而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes 为衣服，而cloth则是布，sand沙子，而sands是沙滩。

［误］I offered my son my congratulation on his succe.［正］I offered my son my congratulations on his succe.［析］英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式，但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shake hands.［误］We have five German in this meeting.［正］We have five Germans in this meeting.［误］I paid five pennies for the sweet.［正］I paid five pence for the sweet.［析］英语中便士有两个复数形式pence用来表达一定数量的钱。而pennies是指一个个的硬币，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。(即一便士一个的硬币)。［误］There are many fruit in the shop.［正］There are many fruits in the shop.［析］物质名词为不可数名词，但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词，这里应译为各种各样的水果。 ［误］There is a new car.It is Jone's and Mary's.［正］There is a new car.It is Jone and Mary's.［析］有生命名词的所有格，如果是单数名词则加's如：Mary's car.如果是以s结尾的复数名词则只在s后面加’如：teachers' offices.如果是复数名词但不是以s结尾，则只加’s，如：children's palace 组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加's如：girl friend —girl friend's someone else—someone else's a week or three—a week or three's如名词后有同位语时，则应加在同位语的词尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Mary's car.要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词后面加's，如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加's，如：This is Mary and Jone's home.即Mary与Jone是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而These are Mary's and Jone's homes.则应译为这里是Mary的家与Jone 的家。

［误］It is really beautiful.It is a work of nature.［正］It is really beautiful.It is a Nature's work.［析］无生命名词的所有格应用of结构。但是's形式的所有格可用于以下无生命的名词：表示时间的词：today's newspaper, a twenty minutes' walk, an hour's, rest 表示长度的词：three metres' distance, a boat's length，twenty miles' journey 表示重量的名词：two pounds' weight价格名词：two dollars'worth拟人化的名词：Nature's work, nature's leon(大自然的教训)及国家、机关、团体、城市等机构性名词：the university's library

［误］He is an old friend of my father.因some 即可用在可数名词前，也可用在不可数名词前作形容词，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news.［误］The teacher with five students are coming here.［正］The teacher with five students is coming here.［析］要注意由with引出的介词短语不是本句的主语，这与连词and有很大的区别，如：The teacher and five students are coming here.这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是teacher的修饰语。

［误］There are a lot of information here, but we don't need them.［正］There is a lot of information here, but we don't need it.［析］information为不可数名词，而用作代替它的词要用it而不能用them.［误］Many a student make the same mistake in the exam.［正］Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam.［析］many a 加可数名词单数，作主语时其谓语动词应用单数形式，但其意为许多学生。

［误］The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.［正］The children wear very good clothes to go to school today.［析］英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之词：cloth是物质名词，意为“布”，没有复数形式，而clothing是指衣物的总称，也没有复数形式。clothes是指衣服，但没有单数形式，如：This clothing is needed in warm countries.Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的dre则指较正规的服装，如：a school dre 校服，an evening dre晚礼服。

［误］I like to study the English.［正］I like to study English.［析］作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词，而作为某一特指学科则要加冠词，如：I like to study history.I like to study the history of America.［误］The Browns is going to visit China.［正］The Browns are going to visit China.［析］定冠词加姓加s，则意为“Brown先生一家人”。所以应用复数谓语动词。此句应译为：Brown先生一家将要访问中国。

(三)例题解析

［析］英文的习惯与中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文则是姓在最后，其第一个名字是由父母所起的，中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可称作given name,而姓在英文中是family name.Shanghai is one of the biggest＿＿＿in our country.A city

B city's

C

citys

D

cities ［答案］D.［析］复音字母以y结尾的单词的复数形式要把y变成i再加es。one of 加名词的结构中的名词应用复数。Would you please pa me＿＿＿? A two paper

B two papers C two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers ［答案］C.［析］paper是不可数名词，如讲一张、两张纸时，要用量词piece.September 10th is ＿＿＿Day.A Teacher B Teachers C Teacher's D Teachers' ［答案］D.10 I only have＿＿＿ bread for lunch today.A

a bit

B a bit of

C little D

few ［答案］B.11 “What would you like, Ann? ”“I'd like two＿＿＿.” A gla of milk

B glaes of milk C gla of milks D glaes of milks ［答案］B.12 There isn't ＿＿＿ paper in the box.Will you go and get ＿＿＿ for me? A

any, some

B any, any

C some, some

D some, any ［答案］A.［析］any用于否定句与疑问句，但如果要表达说话者真心实意希望得到肯定答复时，问句中要用some而不要按一般语法规律用any.June 1st is＿＿＿.A Children's day

B children's Day C Children's Day

D children's day ［答案］C.14 These foreign friends are＿＿＿.1

二、冠词

(一)知识概要

冠词在英语中只有3个词，分为两类：不定冠词a与an，定冠词the。a用在以辅音开始的单数名词前，an用于以元音开始的单词前。不定冠词用来表示一类事物中泛指的某一事物，而定冠词则用于特指的某一个或某些事物，可用于不可数名词、可数名词单数及可数名词复数前。(二)正误辨析

［误］This building is an university.［正］This building is a university.［析］a用于以辅音音素开始的单词前，而an用于以元音音素开始的单词前，而不是元音字母开头的单词前。university的第一个音素是［j］，所以用a而不要用an。又如：There is a “n” in the word.是错句，应为：There is an “n”in the word.因字母n的发音的第一个音素是元音。要注意的还有hour因其第一个字母h不发音，所以应该用an hour。例如：

I need an hour to finish the work.It is a useful dictionary.It is a European country.I bought a used car.［误］I need a umbrella because it looks like raining.［正］I need an umbrella because it looks like raining.［析］因umbrella的第一个音素是元音，所以应用an.常用的情况有：an old man, an English teacher, an elephant, an idea, an hour ago, an honest boy„。［误］“Can you help me?”

“Sorry, I'm in hurry.” ［正］“Can you help me?”

“Sorry.I'm in a hurry.” ［析］不定冠词的主要用法如下：

1.用来表示一类人或事物，如：She is a teacher.2.指某一类人或事物中的一个，如：An elephant is bigger than a horse.3.泛指某一人或事物，如：A man is waiting for you at the school gate.4.相当于“one”的概念，如：I just bought a new dictionary.5.其主要的难点是用在固定词组中：

3［误］Look, there are the Alp.［正］Look, there are the Alps.［析］具体的某一座山不加定冠词，如：Mountain Tai.但在山名称前加定冠词后，其山名要加s，来表示山脉。the Alps即为阿尔卑斯山脉。如:The Alps are in the center of Europe.［误］Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.［正］The Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.［析］报刊名称前应加定冠词。 ［误］Rich are not always happy.［正］The rich are not always happy.［析］在形容词前加定冠词表示一类人，而在姓的前面加定冠词，姓后加s表示某一家，如：The turners are going to move to New York.［误］I like to eat bread for breakfast.Bread sells in this shop is very good.［正］I like to eat bread for breakfast.The bread sells in this shop is very good.［析］物质名词特指时也应加定冠词。 ［误］The sun rises in east.［正］The sun rises in the east.［析］在方向、方位前应用定冠词，如：in the east, in the west, in the north, in the south, in the direction 及in the past, in the future ［误］Do you know who invented telephone ［正］Do you know who invented the telephone ［析］在特定和专有事物或名称前要加定冠词， 如：the English Channel 英吉利海峡 the Panama Canal 巴拿马运河 the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河

［误］Would you please buy some food for the supper? ［正］Would you please buy some food for supper? ［析］泛指一日三餐前无定冠词。

［误］I like to climb the mountain in the autumn.［正］I like to climb the mountain in autumn.［析］一年四季前不用定冠词，如：Spring is the best season in a year.［误］Sometimes my parents come to school to see me.5［误］The little boy wanted to go to cinema.［正］The little boy wanted to go to the cinema.［析］英语中虽有一些名词与go to连用时不加定冠词，以表示该名词的内涵，如：go to school(上学)，go to bed(睡觉)等，但去看电影则例外，要用go to the cinema.这也是语言的一个特点。［误］I live at 105 the Lake street.［正］I live at 105 Lake Street.［析］街道名称前不用冠词。

［误］Next summer holiday I will go to country to live on a farm.［正］Next summer holiday I will go to the country to live on a farm.［析］country既作国家讲也作乡村讲。作乡村讲时，一定要加定冠词，而且只有单数形式，作国家讲时则可有复数形式。如：Japan is a country.Japan, China, India are Asian countries.［误］The picture looks better at the distance.［正］The picture looks better at a distance.［析］at a distance意为“离开一定距离”。而in the distance为“远方，远处”。这样常用的词组有： as a rule(照例)in a hurry(匆忙)in the morning/afternoon(上/下午)in the sun(在阳光下)in the rain(雨中)in the same way(同样)in the shade(在阴凉处)in the day time(白天)in the end(最终)on the other hand(换句话说)on the contrary(相反)［误］The little boy and girl walk along the street a hand in a hand.［正］The little boy and girl walk along the street hand in hand.［析］这是英语中的习惯用法，如： bit by bit(逐渐)day after(by)day(一天又一天)

7图画，所以应选择D。

There is ＿＿＿ orange in the bottle.A a

B an

C

the

D / ［答案］D.［析］这里的orange是指桔汁而不是一个个的桔子。

Beijing is ＿＿＿

capital of our country.A the

B an

C

/

D a ［答案］A.［析］capital之后有of结构则要用定冠词。If you work hard at English, you'll get ＿＿＿ “A”A an

B /

C the D a ［答案］A.［析］因字母A的第一音素是元音。

He usually goes to school on ＿＿＿ foot.A a B an C the D

/ ［答案］D.［析］on foot意为走路上学，是习惯用法。

9［正］You and he should go to the library to return the books.［析］这主要是英语习惯上的用法。当两个以上的人称代词并列时其排列顺序一般为you, he, she, I,而复数时为we, you，they:如男女并列时，应先男后女，如：He and she „如果在表示不好意思，承担责任时，单数时用，I, he, she, you, 复数时用They, you，we, 如：Tom and I are good friends.You, he and I must go to play the game for our team this afternoon.We, you and they have been there before.I, he and you have to pay for it.［误］He or his brother is doing their homework.［正］He or his brother is doing his homework.［析］由either„or, neither„nor, or 连接两个主语时，如果两主语是单数时，用单数代词，如两主语是复数时，用复数代词，如：Either teachers or students want to do their best to help the old man.如是一单一复两名词时，一般将单数名词放在前，复数名词放在后，要用复数代词，如：The teacher or his students will clean their claroom together.［误］His brother is taller than him.［正］His brother is taller than he.［析］than是连词，其后应视为省略句，than he is.所以要注意区分其主格与宾格的用法。I like you as much as she.［正］I like you as much as her.［析］as„as 其后也应看作是省略句。应为as I like her.所以应用宾格。而第一句应译为我像她那样喜欢你。两句语法都是对的但含义不同。

［误］Myself did it yesterday.［正］I myself did it yesterday.［正］I did it myself yesterday.［析］反身代词不可作主语，但可以用作主语的同位语。 ［误］Take care of ourselves.［正］Take care of yourselves.(yourself)［析］祈始句的主语应看作第二人称you.［误］Please bring your daughter with yourself.1［正］— I hope she might pa the exam.— I hope not.［析］在作肯定回答时，I think so.I hope so.I believe so.但作否定回答时为：I don't think so.I hope/believe not.［误］— He studied very hard this term.— So she did.［正］— He studied very hard this term.— So did she.［误］— English is difficult to learn.— So is it.［正］— English is difficult to learn.— So it is.［析］在对话中如果某一动作同时适用于两个主语，这时在答语中要用缩写且要用倒装句。如第一组句，即studied hard既适用于he,也适用于she.但答语仅仅是对前句的重复，即仅仅是第一句的缩写时则不要用倒装句。如第二组句子为：英语难学。答语为：是的，难学。这时缩写的答语不要用倒装句。［误］Everyone should do one's best.［正］Everyone should do his best.［析］one作代词时，它的复数形式是ones,所有格形式是one's，反身代词为oneself.如果讲One should do one's best.则是对句。如果one与别的词组成其他词，如： someone, anyone, everyone或only one 则要用his/her，来作其所有格形式。［误］— Who won the game?— None.［正］— Who won the game?— No one.［析］由who提问的句子的否定回答中的简略说法是no one,而由How many提问的句子的否定回答中的简略语是None.如：How many books are there? None.［误］There are many trees on either sides of the street.［正］There are many trees on either side of the street.［正］There are many trees on both sides of the street.［析］either作代词时由两个含意，其一是两者中随便哪一个，如：You can take either.其二是两者中的每一个。但要注意的是either后要加单数名词，如果作主语则谓语动词也要用单数形式。［误］Either you or I are right.［正］Either you or I am right.［析］在either„or,或neither„nor连接两个主语时，其谓语动词要与和其相近的那个主语相配。

3［正］I should read English every day.［析］要注意的是every day是“每天”，而everyday则是形容词为“日常的”。如：everyday English日常英语，everyday life日常生活。［误］There are trees on every sides of the street.［正］There are trees on each side of the street.［析］every用于三者或三者以上的每一个，而each用于二者或二者以上的每一个。因为街道只有两侧，所以只能用each而不能用every.［误］All my parents are engineers.［正］Both my parents are engineers.［析］all用于三者或三者以上的全部，而both 则用于两者的全部。［误］All of students might make some mistakes.［正］All of the students might make some mistakes.［正］All students might make some mistakes.［析］非特指的名词前可用all但不可用all of结构，也就是讲all of结构后面的名词前一定要有定冠词。其他与all有关的习惯用法还有：

all the year round, all week, all day, all winter ［误］The all village was flooded.［正］All the village was flooded.［析］all作修饰语时要用在所有修饰词之前。［误］The post office is on other side of the street.［正］The post office is on the other side of the street.［析］单数可数名词如在泛指某一个时用another,而特指时则要用the other,因街道只有两边，而不在这边必定是在另一边，所以要用特指。请参考下表的用法以便于记忆。单数 复数

泛指 another形容词 作定语 作名词

another代词 other others 特指 the other形容词

the other代词

the other the others

［误］There are ten students here Where are the others students? ［正］There are ten students here.Where are the others?

5饰名词，这时enough可以放在名词之前，也可放在名词之后，如：money enough 与enough money都是对的。但当enough作副词修饰形容词时，则只能置于形容词之后了。

［误］I want any books to read.Do you have any? ［正］I want some books to read.Do you have any? ［析］按照语法any用于疑问句和否定句，而some用于肯定句。［误］Would you like any thing to drink? ［正］Would you like something to drink? ［析］在由would you like发出的问句中，表达了说话者真心实意要为对方提供些饮料，或在说话者想得到对方的肯定答复时，在疑问句中要用some而不用any。［误］Someone want to meet you.［正］Someone wants to meet you.［析］不定代词应被看作单数，即使用and连接两个不定代词，也要看作单数，如：Anyone and everyone has the right.任何人，每一个人都有这样的权力。

［误］New York is much colder in winter than before.［正］It is much colder in New York in winter than before.［析］it常常用在英文的句子中来代表时间、距离、天气、自然现象，或用在句中作形式主语或宾语，如： It is ten o'clock now.(代时间)It is far from here to the airport.(代距离)It is very hot.(代天气)It is very difficult to learn English well.(作形式主语)We found it very difficult to answer the question.(作形式宾语)［误］Be careful.Don't drink too many.［正］Be careful.Don't drink too much.［析］这里much所代的应是饮料或水，所以应为不可数名词。

7［析］因句中有than,所以应选用比较级，而than后要选用名词性物主代词。— Can you speak English? — Yes, but only＿＿＿.A few

B a few

C

little

D

a little ［答案］D.［析］因会讲某种语言的多少要用a little,把它看作不可数名词对待，此答语为：是的，但仅仅会讲一点。8

Mr.Smith is an old friend of＿＿＿.A I

B me

C my

D mine ［答案］D.［析］这里应选名词性物主代词，这也是英语的一种习惯用法，而不要选择my。“ ＿＿＿do you hear from your parents?” “About once a month.”

A How long

B

How many C How often D

How much ［答案］C.［析］How often问的是某一动作发生的频率，即在单位时间内发生多少次。Mr Green wouldn't say ＿＿＿at the meeting.A everything

B nothing

C anything

D something ［答案］C.［析］在否定句中应用anything 11 “Mum, Ann's coming tonight.Let's give her ＿＿＿to eat.” “Good idea!”

A

anything nice

B nice anything C

something nice D nice something ［答案］C.［析］肯定句中用something而不用anything,不定代词的修饰词应放其后而不要放在其前面。— When shall we meet, this evening or tomorrow evening? — I don't mind.＿＿＿time is OK.A

Some

B Neither

C Either

D Both

9A So we do.B We do so.C So do we.D We so do. ［答案］C.［析］在答语中用简略方式表达上文的一个动作同样适用于另一个主语时，则要采用倒装句，但如果仅仅是对上句的重复则不要倒装。19 — Shall we go into that shop and have a look? — Sorry.I won't.I have ＿＿＿to do there.A everything

B anything

C something

D nothing ［答案］D.［析］这个答案的选择应由上下两句对话内容作出决定。 20— Oh, dear!Who broke the gla? —＿＿＿ Sam ＿＿＿Bruce.It was the cat.A Both, and

B Not, but

C Neither, nor

D Either, or ［答案］C.［析］neither„nor意为既不„„也不„„The students are having a good time in the park.Some are drawing by the lake.＿＿＿are climbing the hill.A Others B Other C Another D The other

［答案］A.［析］这里因为是代替复数名词，所以应用名词性的复数代名词。She is not a nurse.I'm not＿＿＿.A also B either C neither

D too ［答案］B.［析］在否定句中该用either,而不用too和also.23 I have two pencils.One is red,＿＿＿ is blue.A the other

B another

C others D the others ［答案］A.［析］两者中的另一个应为特指。而且应为单数形式的代名词。而another是泛指单数代名词。others是泛指复数代名词，而the others是特指复数代名词。Sorry, I can't answer your question.I know ＿＿＿about the subject.A little

B a little

C few

D a few

1＿＿＿is from America.A other

B others

C the other

D the others ［答案］C.［析］因为是两者中的一个，所以另一个应用单数特指代词。 32 Are there ＿＿＿on the table? A some cups

B any cup

C some cup

D

any cups ［答案］D.［析］此句是疑问句，应用any cups, 因提问时的be动词用的是are。33 I've just bought five stamps.One is a German stamp, ＿＿＿are American stamps.A the other

B the others

C other

D others ［答案］B.［析］此空应填入主语。又因其范围已定，所以应选特指的代名词。the other只能用作单数，而others是泛指复数代名词，故只能选B。34 It was＿＿＿ fine day that they went to the park.A a so

B so a

C such a

D a such ［答案］C.［析］在单数可数名词前可以有两种表达法，即such+不定冠词+形容词+可数名词单数形式，如：such a good day，或者用so加形容词+不定冠词+可数名词单数，如：so good a day.35 At that time the train was slow and noisy.So＿＿＿people liked taking trains.A little

B a little

C few

D a few ［答案］C.［析］这是英文的表达法与中文不同之处。中文讲只有少数人喜欢坐火车，英文要选用“few”。

We must help and understand each＿＿＿.A other B another

C others

D the other ［答案］A.［析］each other意为“互相”，是习惯用语。37 ＿＿＿is difficult to walk on the moon.A Man

B One

C That

D It ［答案］D.3

四、形容词、副词

(一)知识概要

形容词的用法很活跃，在英语中用处也很多，但英语中修饰可数名词和不可数名词的修饰语和词组有时不同，要特别加以注意。下面将初中学习阶段中遇到的修饰可数名词的词和词组归纳如下：many, no, several, some, a few, a lot, lots, plenty, plenty of, a lot of, a large number of, enough。而修饰不可数名词的词或词组如下：much, no, some, a lot, a great deal, lots, plenty, a lot of, plenty of。其中some, no, a lot of, plenty of既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。

英语中形容词与副词有原级、比较级、最高级之分，其规则如下： 构词法 原 级 比较级 最高级

加er，或est tall

taller

tallest young

younger

youngest 只加r或st nice large nicer larger nicest largest 重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音 字母时双写该字母加er、est big

fat hot bigger fatter hotter biggest fattest hottest

5terrible full poible shy whole truly terribly fully poibly shyly wholly 在学习过程中要注意其变化。

此外并不是所有副词都可以修饰比较级和最高级形容词。能修饰比较级的有：much, yet, far, still, a great deal, even 和a little.能修饰最高级的有：the very, much the, far等。(二)正误辨析

［误］ The young likes playing football very much. ［正］ The young like playing football very much.

［析］ 定冠词加形容词表示一类人，应作复数看待。而定冠词加形容词表示抽象事物时则要看作单数，如：The beautiful is not always kindne.美丽并不总代表善良。

［误］ The danger has gone, so the worst are over. ［正］ The danger has gone, so the worst is over.

［析］ 意为：“危险已经过去，最困难的状况已结束。”用定冠词加最高级形容词作主语时应看作单数形式。 ［误］ It is the gold age of the young. ［正］ It is the golden age of the young. ［析］ golden在英语中多用于比喻，如：golden hair金发，gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表达金质的，如：a gold bar金条，a gold coin金币，但gold fish 金鱼例外。

［误］ She is a warm heart woman.

［正］ She is a warmhearted woman.

［析］ 英语形容词的构词法很多，其中之一是由形容词，或数词，加名词加ed构成，如：warmhoarted 热心肠的，whitehaired 白毛的

7如： What a pretty little white horse!

Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand. ［误］ The best way to learn English good is to speak with Englishman every day.［正］ The best way to learn English well is to speak with Englishman every day.［析］ good是形容词，这里是修饰动词speak的，所以应用副词well，但well作形容词讲时只作身体好。如：He is well.(他身体很好)。He is good.(他是个好人)。

［误］ The children play on the gra nappyly. ［正］ The children play on the gra happily

［析］ 多音节y结尾的形容词变为副词时应将y变为i再加ly. ［误］ The teacher looked angry at the students. ［正］ The teacher looked angrily at the students. ［析］ 英语中感观动词后面要接形容词，这时它是修饰主语的，如：The food smells good.食物闻起来很香。The teacher looked angry 老师看起来很生气。 而此句的意思为：“老师生气地看着学生”，所以应用副词形式。

［误］ He worked with me friendly. ［正］ He was friendly to me.

［析］ 不是所有结尾是ly的词都是副词，但friendly是形容词，这样的词还有lovely, lonely, costly, lively„monthly weekly„。但其中有些词既是副词，又是形容词，如：early, hourly, monthly„ ［误］ You can speak free in front of your friends. ［正］ You can speak freely in front of your friends.

［析］ free作为形容词意为“自由的，有空闲的，免费的”。作为副词讲则是“免费”之意。而freely作为副词则是“自由的，随便的”。这些要注意的词还有：hard 努力，艰苦 hardly 几乎不 late 迟，晚lately 最近的，最新的 near 近 nearly 几乎like 像 likely 几乎 ［误］ They must have arrived till now. ［正］ They must have arrived by now.

［析］ by now是用于表达到目前为止某一动作已经发生，所以应用瞬间动词。而till now是强调某一动作一直持续到现在，所以一定要用持续性动词。must have+过去分词是对过去某一事情所作的9［误］ He studied very hard.and at the end he paed the exam. ［正］ He studied very hard, and in the end he paed the exam. ［析］ in the end＝at last 意为“最终，终于”，表达经过若干努力而达到的结果。而at the end是在某事的结束时如何如何，如：At the end of cla, the teacher gave us some story books。

［误］ I will come here to help you each three days. ［正］ I will come here to help you every three days. ［析］ every three days 为“每三天”，即每隔二天，而every other day为每隔一天。

［误］ He didn't go to the cinema yesterday.and I didn't go, too. ［正］ He didn't go to the cinema yesterday and I didn't go either. ［析］ 英语中表示“也”，有4个词，also, as ,well, too, either，但either用于否定句中，而前3个用于肯定句中。在肯定句中too与as well一般要用在句尾，而also则可用于句中。如：She went to the party and her boy friend went there too.又如： I've also read her other novels. ［误］ We should help the poor girl in anyway. ［正］ We should help the poor girl in any way.

［析］ anyway为“不管怎么”讲，“无论如何”，如：What a terrible accident, anyway no one was hurt.

any way 为“任何方式”。这种常见的错误还发生在以下几组词中，如：

everyday 日常的 every day 每天 faraway 遥远的 far away 远离

altogether 总计 all together 一块，大家一起 already 已经 all ready 全准备好了

［误］ You can come to the doctor's at anytime. ［正］ You can come to the doctor's at any time.

［析］ anytime 是副词 而any time中的time是名词。 ［误］ She said nearly nothing. ［正］ She said almost nothing.

［析］ nearly 与 almost的含意相近，在很多场合可以互换，但在否定词前用almost。

［误］ There are too much mistakes in your homework.

1How long does he write to his parents?How often does he write to his parents?He heard clearly what the teacher said.

［误］ The children came late yesterday to the cinema. ［正］ The children came late to the cinema yesterday.

［析］ 表示一定长度的时间的副词不应放于句中，可放于句尾。如果表示强调则可放于句首。

［误］ You have few new books, haven't you? ［正］ you have few new books, have you?

［析］ 英语中的数量形容词有两组。修饰可数名词的有few(很少，几乎没有)，a few(有一些，几个)；修饰不可数名词的有little(很少，几乎没有)，a little(有一点，有一些)。要注意的是当few和little用于句中时应看作否定句，而 a few 和a little 用于句中时则应看作是肯定句。

［误］ He spent quite little money on his food. ［正］ He spent quite a little money on his food.

［析］ quite a 为一固定用法，其意为“十分，相当，所以”。quite a few＝many, quite a little＝much 而only a little＝little, only a few=few.［误］ Do you want to have many bread? ［正］ Do you want to have some bread?

［析］ some与any都可以用作形容词、副词或代词，在一般情况下，some用于肯定句，any用于疑问句和否定句，但在希望得到肯定答复时，应用some。其次是some 可以用来修饰可数名词和不可数名词。

［误］ Please tell me where the shoes shop is? ［正］ Please tell me where the shoe shop is.

［析］ 在用名词作修饰词来修饰另一名词时，这个作修饰词的名词应用单数形式，如： a shoe shop 鞋店

a fruit shop 水果店

a book shop 书店 a post office 邮局

a police station 警察局

a bus stop 汽车站

3［析］ elder 和eldest是用来指家庭中兄弟姐妹的长幼关系，而older, oldest 则是指岁数大多少，如：She is three years older than I. ［误］ I'm tired.I can't go further. ［正］ I'm tired.I can't go farther.

［析］ far有两个比较级 farther 较远的，further 进一步的，如：Do you need any further explanation? 你需要进一步的解释吗?当然它也有两个最高级。farthest和furthest.

［误］ I went to Beijing University five years before. ［正］ I went to Beijing University five years ago.

［析］ ago常与过去时连用，而before则多与完成时连用。 ［误］No, not already.

［正］No, not yet. ［析］ 仍然有三个英文字可以表达它们是already，yet 与 still。要注意的是 already经常用于肯定句中，如The bus has already gone。而yet 多用于疑问句和否定句中，如：Have you finished your homework yet? 而still则常用于主语与谓语动词之间，如：We still can't decide what to do.但也有时用于be 动词之后，如：He is still here.

［误］ He is very higher than I am. ［正］ He is much higher than I am. ［析］ much可以用来修饰比较级，而very则用来修饰形容词原级，如：I'm very tired.［误］Can I walk to the station?［误］No, I am not afraid so.

［正］No, I'm afraid not.

［析］ 在肯定的答语中我们可以用so来代替上句所讲的事件，如：Do you think she is a good student? Yes I think so, /I hope so, /I believe so/ I'm afraid so.但在否定的答语中，英语口语的习惯用法则有所不同，如，I don't think so 而在hope, belive 与 afraid后则常用not，如：I hope not.

［误］ She didn't work enough hard, so she couldn't pa the exam. ［正］ She didn't work hard enough, so she couldn't pa the exam. ［析］ enough 可以作名词用，如：Enough has been said for how to learn English well.(对于如何学好英语已经讲的足够多了。)另外它可以作为形容词，如：I have enough money(or money enough)to buy this dictionary.注意 enough作为形容词时即可放于名词前又可放于名词后，在初中范围的考题中多用于名词之前。如果enough 作为副词用，那么它一定要放在被修饰的形容词或副词之后。 ［误］ You can't be very careful. ［正］ You can't be too careful.

［析］ 此句话的含意是你如何小心也不过分。too„to的用法是“太„„以至于不能作某事”。但在实际应用时也常常将后面的to省去，如：It is too expensive for me.那对我来讲是太贵了。 ［误］ He is good past fifty. ［正］ He is well past fifty.

［析］ well 作为副词用时除用于“好”之外还有“大大地、远远地”，等意。往往有人对下面两句的对或错有争议； He is well. He is good.

其实这两句都是正确的表达法，只不过其含意不同。He is well是“他身体不错”，而He is good 则为“他是个好人”。 ［误］ She is not as half clever as her brother. ［正］ She is not half as clever as her brother.

［析］ 在as„as结构中要将修饰形容词的数量词倍数及nearly,6more，这样的用法是：more and more 加形容词，如：The girl is growing more and more beautiful.

［误］ Studying physics is not so interesting as to learn English. ［正］ Studying physics is not so interesting as learning English. ［析］ 在作比较时，英语一般要求对比的两部分结构应一致。如用动名词，应都用动名词，用不定式时则都用不定式。但有时在后一个不定式前的符号to可以省略。如：To repair the old one is as much expensive as(to)buy a new one.

［误］ The girl is more cleverer than the boy.

［正］ The girl is much more clever(much cleverer)than the boy. ［析］ clever有两个比较级：cleverer和more clever,要注意的是不能用比较级来修饰比较级。clever的两个比较级也各有不同之处，如用在两种不同性质的比较时多用more clever,如：He is more clever than honest.(他的聪明要远远超过其诚实。) ［析］ The boy is the tallest to the three. ［正］ The boy is the tallest of the three.

［析］ 最高级的范围要用of加复数形式或加集合名词。 ［误］ This book is one of the most useful dictionary. ［正］ This book is one of the most useful dictionaries.

［析］ 在one of 后面最高级形容词后要加可数名词复数。

［误］ This dictionary is the much best one of the EnglishChinese dictionaries.［正］ This dictionary is much the best one of the EnglishChinese dictionaries.［析］ 在修饰最高级时应用 far/by far/much 加the加最高级。但very例外，如：He is the very best player in the team. ［误］ Shanghai is bigger than any other cities in China. ［正］ Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China.

［析］ 在比较级中表示比较对象时如用any other其后一般要加单数名词。

［误］ Most of stories in this book are written in English. ［正］ Most of the stories in this book are written in English. ［正］ Most stories in this book are written in English.

［析］ “大多数”一词的表达法有most of the +名词，或most+名词。

8［答案］ B.

［析］ 在有than作比较的句子中应用形容词的比较级。 2Singing.of course.She's known to ＿＿＿ it.

A.be good at B.be good for C.be bad at D.be bad for  ［答案］ A.

［析］ be good at为固定搭配，意为“擅长作某事”。初中英语中有些这样的固定用法应记牢，而不能似是而非。如：be good at, be bad at, be poor in, be week in, be fit for

3 The Huang He River is one of ＿＿＿ in China. A.The long river B.the longest river C.the longest rivers D.the longer river  ［答案］ C.

［析］ 在one of + 定冠词+最高级之后的名词应用复数形式。 4 The girl was ＿＿＿ afraid ＿＿＿ she threw her bag away. A.so, that B.too, to C.too, that D.enough, to  ［答案］ A.

［析］ so„that为“如此怎样以至于如何”，此句意思是：小女孩如此害怕以至于扔下包跑掉了。而too„to的意思为“如何如何，以至于不能作某事”。但to的后面是动词原形，而不是从句。 5 It was ＿＿＿ yesterday than today. A.hot B.hoter C.hotter D.the hottest  ［答案］ C.

［析］ 用than表达比较的句中应用比较级。

6 Which subject do you like ＿＿＿ , English Chinese or maths? A.best B.well C.better D.good  ［答案］ A. ［析］ 在两者之间应用比较级，而在三者之间或三者以上用最高级。7 None of the students watched it ＿＿＿. A.careful enough B.enough carefully C.carefully enough D.enough careful  ［答案］ C. ［析］ 首先应判定是选用用来修饰名词的形容词还是用来修饰动词

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