3D打印技术在工业产品设计_3d打印工业设计创新
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3D printing technology and its application 3D printing technology in the industrial product design, especially the application of digital product model manufacturing is becoming a trend and hot topic.At present, the 3D printing technology support for a variety of materials, can be widely used in jewelry, footwear,industrial design,construction,automotive,dental, Medical,and even food,etc.Different areas,according to the requirements of application targets used by material with resign ,nylon,gypsum,ABS,PC or food ingredients,etc.3D printer of rapid prototyping technology has a distinct advantage in the market,the huge potential in the production application,hot applications out Lined below.1.1 Industrial applications “Air cycling” is located in Bristol ,UK the European aeronautic defense and Space Company using 3D printers ,application of 3D printing technology create the words first print bike.The bike to used as strong as steel and aluminum alloy material of nylon,the weight is 65% lighter than metal materials.More interestingly, “air kike”,chain wheels and bearings are printed at a time,without the original manufacture parts first,and then the parts together of aembly proce,after printing, bicycles will be able to move freely.Bicycle manufacturing proce like printing discontinuous in graphic print as simple lines,3D printer can print out the object space is not connected to each other.1.2 Medical application In medicine, the used of 3D printing will two-photon polymer and biological functional material combination modified into the1.2 capillaries, not only has good flexibility and compatibility of human body, also can be used to replace the necrosis of blood veels, combined with artificial organs, partly replacing experimental animals in drug developing.1.3 application of daily life “3D food printer”is developed by Cornell University in New York,the United States food manufacturing equipment.The”3D food printer” used similar routine computer printers.The working principle of ingredients and ingredients in the container in advanced only need to enter the required recipe, by supporting the CAD Software can keep the food “print out”.For many chefs,the new kitchen cooking means that they can create new dishes make food more individuality,higher food values.Using the “3D food printer” making food,from raw materials to finished Products can significantly reduce the link.so as to avoid the pollution in the links of The cooking materials and ingredients must be placed in the printer,so food raw materials must be liquid or other can “prints”state.1.4 IT application Recently, a group researchers in Disney use of 3D printing in the same effect with the organic gla high previous to light plastic,at low cost to print out the LCD screen with a variety of sensors,realize the new breakthrough in the IT Applications.Using 3D printing light pipe can current located high-tech international che;the che pieces can detect and display the current location.Although the monochrome screen compared with in the daily life,rich and colorful display Some insignificant, but it has a 3D printing the advantages of low cost,simple manufacturing proce.In addition to the display screen,the use of 3D printing will also be able to print out a variety of sensors.These sensors can be through the stimulation such as infrared light to detect touch, vibration, and the result output.3D printing will create more for life and wisdom city of IT application.2.Selective Laser Melting(SLM)technology SLM is a novel method of rapid prototyping,which is to melt metal powders layer by laser beam to form a metallurgical compact entity.It takes advantage of selective laser and laser cladding technology.High quality alloy or single metal Objects can be made with high precision and low coarsene.The principle of laser acting on metal powder material is the foundation of SLM.Fundamental research of laser energy transfer in the metal powder is carried out to get the mechanics of SLM which is melting-freeing.Spheroid is the key Element for SLM.The proceing parameter is the key element of SLM.Fiber laser has high quantity laser beam and focusing ability,so it is the first choice for SLM.A reasonable pattern of pave powder and gas protect device is needed.The thickne must surpa the laser beams energy so that the basement can fuse with the new layer.Metal powders with high laser energy will boil off.Using this phenomenon can make high depth-to-width ratio metal thin wall.Double side scanning can improve the quality of metal thin wall.Scanning rate is very important is this Proce,high speed will cause the metal powder splash.From lager quantity Experiment we get a critical speed which is unlimited by laser powder.Beyond This speed metal powder do not splash.Energy of functional gradient material With laser technology is a topic of laser rapid prototyping.3.The development of 3D printing technology 3D printing technology continues to develop.greatly reduce the cost of already From research and development of niche space into the mainstream market,the momentum of development is unstoppable.Has become a widespread concern and civil market rapidly emerging new areas.3D printing production model, the application of gifts,souvenirs and arts and crafts,greatly attracted social attention and investment,development is speed,the market began to quantity and qualitative leap.It is predicted that in2020,3D printing products will account for 50% of the total production.In the next 10 years on the computer to complete the product design Blueprint,gently pre the ”print”key,3D printers can bit by with the designed model.Now some foundry enterprises began to develop selective laser singer, 3D printer and its application to complex casting time reduced from 3 months to 10 days.Engine manufactures through 3D printing,large six-cylinder diesel engine cylinder Head of sand core development cycles,reduced to 1 week from the pa 5 months.The biggest advantage of 3D printing is to expand the designers imagination space.As long as you can on the computer design into 3D graphics,whether is different styles of dre,elegant handicraft ,or personalized car,as long as can solve the problem of material,can achieves 3D printing.With 3D printing technology breakthroughs, constantly improved increasingly, the new material of 3D printing in improving speed,size,its technology optimized ,expanding application fields,especially in the field of graphic art potential,producer of the concept of 3D modal can better communicate ideas or solutions, a picture can be more than a few hundreds of words of description.Profeionals believe that personalized or customized 3D printing can be envisioned A real-time 3D model in the eyes, can quickly improve product,growth will be more than imagine,will shape the future of social application cycle,greatly reduce production waste.raw material consumption will be reduced to a fraction of the Original.3D printing is not only cost savings,improve production precision,also will make up for the inadequacy of traditional manufacturing,and will rise rapidly in the civilian market,thus opening a new era of manufacturing, bring new opportunities and hope for the printing industry.3D打印技术及其应用
3D打印技术在工业产品设计，特别是数字产品模型制造领域的应用正在成为一种潮流和热门话题。目前，3打印技术支持多种材料，可以广泛应用于在珠宝首饰、鞋类、工业设计、建筑、航天、牙科、医疗甚至美食等不同的领域。根据应用目标的需求，所使用的材料有树脂、尼龙、石膏、ABS、PC或食材配料等。3D打印技术的快速成型技术使之在市场是哪个具有独具优势，在生产应用上潜力巨大，热点应用概述如下： 1.1 工业应用
“空气单车”是位于英国布里斯托尔的欧洲航空防务和航天公司采用3D打印机，应用3D打印技术制造出的世界是第一辆打印自行车。这辆自行车使用像钢铁和铝合金一样结实的尼龙材料，重量比金属材料尧65%。更有趣的是，“空气单车”无论车轮、链条还是轴承都是一次性打印出来的，无需要原来先制造零件在将零件组装在一起的总装的流程，打印结束后，自行车就能够活动自如。自行车的制造过程就像在平面打印中打印不连续的线条一样简单，3D打印机能够打印出空间彼此不相互连接的物体。1.2 医学应用
在医学上，采用3D打印将双光子聚合物和生物功能材料组合修饰成毛细血管，不仅具有良好的弹性和人体相容性，还能够用于替换坏死的血管，与人造器官结合，部分取代药物研发中的实验动物。1.3 日常生活应用
“3D食物打印机”是美国纽约康奈尔大学研制的食物制造设备。这部“3D食物打印机”采用了类似日常计算机打印机的工作原理，将食材和配料预先放入容器内，只需要输入所需的食谱，通过所配套的CAD软件就能把美食“印”出来。对于不少的厨师而言，这种烹饪的新厨具意味着它们可以创造出新菜品，制造出更多的个性美食，获得更高的食物附加值。使用“3D食物打印机”制造食物，可以大幅度地缩减从原材料到成品的环节，从而避免食物加工、运输、包装等环节中污染与保存等不利影响。由于烹饪的原料和配料必须放置在打印机的容器内，因此食物原材料必须是液体或其他可以“打印”的状态。1.4 IT应用
最近，迪士尼的一组研究人员利用3D打印技术在与有机玻璃同样效果的高透性光塑料上，以低廉造价打印出了LCD屏幕与传感器，实现了IT应用中的新突破。利用3D打印光导管可以制造出高科技的国际象棋，这些国际象棋的棋子可以侦测并显示当前位置。尽管这种单色屏与日常生活中见到丰富多彩的显示屏相比有些微不足道，但其拥有3D打印技术成本低廉，制造工艺简单的优势。除了显示屏，利用3D打印技术还能打印出多种传感器，这些传感器可以通过红外线来侦测触摸、振动等刺激，并将结果输出。3D打印技术必将为智慧生活和智慧城市创造出更多的IT应用。2.选区激光熔化技术
目前，选区激光熔化技术是3D打印技术的比较成熟的一种加工看零件的技术，它是近几年出现的能直接制造终端、近终端金属产品的快速成型技术。该技术综合了激光技术、材料科学技术、机械工程及数控技术，可以直接成型金属三维实体。它将激光烧结技术与激光熔覆技术结合起来，利用纯金属或合金粉末直接制造具有冶金结合致密度接近100%，具有较高尺寸精度和较好的表面粗糙度的金属零件。
激光与金属粉末相互作用的机理是熔化城西的理论基础。通过研究就昂能量在金属粉末中的传导，探讨单一组金属粉末熔化成型的机制，并对影响金属扥莫熔化成型中最为重要的因素球化现象进行了理论的分析。工艺参数优化是实现熔化成型的而重要的因素。激光器是选区激光熔化成型的核心设备，本论文主要采用的是具有良好的光束质量和聚焦能力好的光纤激光器，探讨工艺参数对成型体的影响。粉末密度及保护气体直接影响成形体的致密度及精度，采取合适的铺粉方式和有效保护气体装置可以提高成型质量。铺粉厚度要严格控制在激光能量穿透限度内才能使基层和熔化层达到很好的结合。
高能激光束可以气化金属粉末，形成熔池。激光功率和扫描速度直接印象粉末吸收激光能量的大小，继而影响熔池的高度和厚度，熔池重凝后可以形成金属薄壁。利用激光技术制备功能梯度材料是激光快速成型技术的一个发展方向。3.3D打印技术的发展趋势
3D打印技术持续发展，成本的大幅度降低使其已经从研发的小众空间爱你向主流市场进军，发展势头不可阻挡，已经成为社会广泛的关注，民用市场迅速崛起的新领域。3D打印制造的模型、礼品、纪念品乃至工艺品的应用，极大的吸引了社会的关注和投入，发展加速，市场开始呈现量与质的双飞跃。据预测，2020年3D打印成品将占据产品生产总量的50%。未来10年在电脑上完成产品设计蓝图，轻轻一按“打印”键，3D打印就能一点一点打印出设计的模型。现在一些铸造企业开始研发选择性的激光烧结3D打印机及其应用，力图将复杂铸件的交货期由3个月缩短到10天，发动机制造商通过3D打印技术，将大型的六缸柴油发动机缸盖砂芯的研发周期，由过去的5个月缩短至一周。3D打印技术的最大优势在于拓展设计人员的想象空间，只要在计算机上设计承的三维图形的东西，无论是形状各异的服装、精美的工艺品、还是个性化的车子，只要解决了材料问题，都可以通过3D打印实现。
随着3D打印技术的不断突破，新材料的日益改善，3D打印的速度、尺寸的大小在不断的提高，其技术在不断的优化，应用领域在不断的扩展，特别是在图形艺术领域的潜力，三维的概念模型能更好的传达制造者的想法或解决方案，一张图可以胜过几百甚至上千个文字的描述。专业人士坚信个性化或定制化的3D打印可以将想象的三维模型即可展现在眼前，能够快速的改进产品，增长幅度将超过想象，将会改变社会各种应用的未来。3D打印技术将淘汰传统的生产线，缩短制造的周期，大大减少生产废料，所需原材料用量将减少到原来的几分之一。3D打印不仅节约成本，提高制造精度，也将弥补传统制造的不足，并将在民用市场迅速崛起，从而开启制造业的新纪元，为印刷工业带来新的机遇和希望。
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