建筑学毕业设计的外文文献及译文[定稿]_建筑学外文翻译毕业

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建筑学毕业设计的外文文献及译文

《Advanced Encryption Standard》2004.10.25

（部）：建筑工程系 生：陆总 LYY

外文文献：

Modern Architecture Modern architecture, not to be confused with 'contemporary architecture', is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament.While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century.For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building.1.Origins

Some historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions.Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and gla drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution.In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors.Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines.Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed.It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, “Dark satanic mills” of places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire.The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and gla construction;poibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan.Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expreion(rather than for purely utilitarian structure)include Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from

Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings.The most commonly used materials are gla for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports;floor plans were functional and logical.The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers.Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters(Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building(Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House(Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New York.A prominent residential example is the Lovell House(Richard Neutra)in Los Angeles.Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising.Le Corbusier once described buildings as “machines for living”, but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in machines.Even Philip Johnson admitted he was “bored with the box.” Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic styles.During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and acceible.Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful nature.Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary modernism.Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked meaning.Its approach had become oified in a “style” that threatened to degenerate into a set of mannerisms.Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture(first written in 1941), could begin “At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting;a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion.” At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discued the question “Modern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?” In New York, the coup d'état appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of “air rights”,[1] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to “sever” the Park Avenue streetscape and “tarnish” the reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and the

中文译文：

现 代 建 筑

现代建筑,不被混淆与'当代建筑' , 是一个词给了一些建筑风格有类似的特点, 主要的简化形式,消除装饰等.虽然风格的设想早在20世纪,并大量造就了一些建筑师、建筑教育家和展品,很少有现代的建筑物,建于20世纪上半叶.第二次大战后的三十年, 但最终却成为主导建筑风格的机构和公司建设.1起源

一些历史学家认为进化的现代建筑作为一个社会问题, 息息相关的工程中的现代性,从而影响了启蒙运动,导致社会和政治革命.另一些人认为现代建筑主要是靠技术和工程学的发展, 那就是获得新的建筑材料,如钢铁, 混凝土和玻璃驱车发明新的建筑技术,它作为工业革命的一部分.1796年, shrewsbury查尔斯bage首先用他的'火'的设计, 后者则依靠铸铁及砖与石材地板.这些建设大大加强了结构,使它们能够容纳更大的机器.由于作为建筑材料特性知识缺乏,一些早期建筑失败.直到1830年初,伊顿Hodgkinson预计推出了型钢梁, 导致广泛使用钢架建设，工业结构完全改变了这种窘迫的面貌,英国北部领导的描述, “黑暗魔鬼作坊”的地方如曼彻斯特和西约克郡.水晶宫由约瑟夫paxton的重大展览, 1851年,是一个早期的例子,钢铁及玻璃 施工;可能是一个最好的例子,就是1890年由William乐男爵 延长和路易沙利文在芝加哥附近发展的高层钢结构摩天楼.早期结构采用混凝土作为行政手段的建筑表达(而非纯粹功利结构),包括建于1906年在芝加哥附近,劳埃德赖特的统一宫, 建于1926年瑞士巴塞尔附近的鲁道夫斯坦纳的第二哥特堂,.但无论原因为何, 约有1900多位建筑师,在世界各地开始制定新的建筑方法,将传统的先例(比如哥特式)与新的技术相结合的可能性.路易沙利文和赖特在芝加哥工作,维克多奥尔塔在布鲁塞尔,安东尼高迪在巴塞罗那, 奥托瓦格纳和查尔斯景mackintosh格拉斯哥在维也纳,其中之一 可以看作是一个新与旧的共同斗争.2现代主义风格

由1920年代的最重要人物,在现代建筑里确立了自己的名声.三个是公认的柯布西耶

huxtable和道格拉斯了Haskell利用现代房地产概念的“空权”，其财团建筑师: 沃尔特格罗皮乌斯,诚贝卢斯基和建设者金刚砂陆士父子被视为“断绝”公园大道街景和“抹黑”的名誉.是因为执政者与现代建筑崛起后, 到了八十年代,后现代建筑的出现战胜现代,包括圣殿的光的世界, 一种复古的设计,其时间瓜达拉哈拉哈利斯科镧luz del Mundo主任的Sede国际;然而, 后现代美学缺乏牵引,由90年代中期以来,一种新的现代(或hypermodern)架构再次确立国际地位.作为这股风潮,批评中的不少现代已重新批驳,并重新评估;但现在必须竞争,而恢复传统的建筑设计,商业体制构架;住宅设计中仍然是占主导地位的传统审美，现代派成语再次主宰体制和现代商业惯例,

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