环境保护专业英语第十六章课文翻译_力学专业英语课文翻译
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Type and Sources of Air Pollutants
空气污染物的类型和来源
What is air pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentration to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials.什么是空气污染 ？空气污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类、其他动物、植物或材料的空气。
There are two major types of air pollution.主要有两种类型的空气污染。
A primary air pollution is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration.初级空气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入到空气中的化学物质。It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rise above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air, such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline.这种化学物质可以是一个自然的空气成分，如超过了正常浓度的二氧化碳，或通常不会在空气中发现的，如汽车燃烧含铅汽油所排放出来的主要尾气。
A secondary air pollution is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.次生空气污染是指在大气中由气体成分之间发生化学反应的有害化学物质。Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period of air stagnation.严重的空气污染通常是因为一个城市或其他地区在空气流动停滞期间排放了高浓度污染物。The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico City, makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.一些人口稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城，使他们特别容易受到频繁的空气停滞和空气污染累积的影响。
We must be careful about depending solely on concentration values in
determining the severity air pollutants.在仅从浓度来决定严重空气污染物方面，我们必须十分小心。By themselves , measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants , because threshold levels , synergy, and biological magnification are also determining factors.通过测出的浓度自身并不能告知我们有关污染物所带来的危险的信息，因为临界浓度、协同作用还有生物放大效应都是决定因素。In addition, we run into the iue of conflicting views of what constitutes harm.除此之外，我们碰到关于什么才构成危害的问题的争论。Major air pollutants following are the 11major types of air pollutants.以下11个主要类型的空气污染物是主要空气污染物： 1.Carbon oxides: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.1.碳氧化物：一氧化碳，二氧化碳。2.Sulfur oxides: sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide.2.硫氧化物：二氧化硫，三氧化硫。
3.Nitrogen oxides: nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide.3.氮氧化物：一氧化二氮，一氧化氮，二氧化氮.4.Hydrocarbons(organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen): methane, butane, benzene.4.碳氢化合物（有机含有碳氢化合物）：甲烷丁烷苯。5.Photochemical oxidants: ozone,PAN,andvarious aldehydes.5.光化学氧化剂：臭氧，一组过氧酰基硝酸酯 和各种醛。
6.Particulates(solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in air): smoke, dust, soot, asbestos, metallic particles(such as lead, beryllium cadmium), oil, salt spray, sulfate salts.6.颗粒（在空气中的固体颗粒或液滴悬浮）：烟雾，尘埃，烟尘，石棉，金属粒子（例如铅，镉铍），石
油，盐雾，盐硫酸。Type and Sources of Air Pollutants
空气污染物的类型和来源
What is air pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentration to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials.什么是空气污染 ？空气污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类、其他动物、植物或材料的空气。There are two major types of air pollution.主要有两种类型的空气污染。
A primary air pollution is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration.初级空气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入到空气中的化学物质。It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rise above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air, such as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline.这种化学物质可以是一个自然的空气成分，如超过了正常浓度的二氧化碳，或通常不会在空气中发现的，如汽车燃烧含铅汽油所排放出来的主要尾气。
A secondary air pollution is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.次生空气污染是指在大气中由气体成分之间发生化学反应的有害化学物质。Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period of air stagnation.严重的空气污染通常是因为一个城市或其他地区在空气流动停滞期间排放了高浓度污染物。The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico City, makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.一些人口稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城，使他们特别容易受到频繁的空气停滞和空气污染累积的影响。
We must be careful about depending solely on concentration values in determining the severity air pollutants.在仅从浓度来决定严重空气污染
物方面，我们必须十分小心。By themselves , measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants , because threshold levels , synergy, and biological magnification are also determining factors.通过测出的浓度自身并不能告知我们有关污染物所带来的危险的信息，因为临界浓度、协同作用还有生物放大效应都是决定因素。In addition, we run into the iue of conflicting views of what constitutes harm.除此之外，我们碰到关于什么才构成危害的问题的争论。Major air pollutants following are the 11major types of air pollutants.以下11个主要类型的空气污染物是主要空气污染物： 1.Carbon oxides: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.1.碳氧化物：一氧化碳，二氧化碳。2.Sulfur oxides: sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide.2.硫氧化物：二氧化硫，三氧化硫。
3.Nitrogen oxides: nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide.3.氮氧化物：一氧化二氮，一氧化氮，二氧化氮.4.Hydrocarbons(organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen): methane, butane, benzene.4.碳氢化合物（有机含有碳氢化合物）：甲烷丁烷苯。5.Photochemical oxidants: ozone,PAN,andvarious aldehydes.5.光化学氧化剂：臭氧，一组过氧酰基硝酸酯 和各种醛。
6.Particulates(solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in air): smoke, dust, soot, asbestos, metallic particles(such as lead, beryllium cadmium), oil, salt spray, sulfate salts.6.颗粒（在空气中的固体颗粒或液滴悬浮）：烟雾，尘埃，烟尘，石棉，金属粒子（例如铅，镉铍），石
油，盐雾，盐硫酸。
7.Other inorganic compounds: asbestos, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen s
ulfide, ammonia, sulfur acid, nitric acid.7.其他无机化合物：石棉，氟化氢，硫化氢，氨气，硫酸，硝酸。
8.Other organic compounds: pesticides, herbicides, various alcohols, acids, and other chemicals.8.其他有机化合物：杀虫剂，除草剂，各种醇，酸和其他化学品。
9.Radioactive substances: tritium, radon, emiions from foil fuel and nuclear power plants9.放射性物质：氚，氡，矿物燃料排放物和核能发电厂。10.Heat.10.热。Forest fires and decaying organic matter;incomplete combustion of foil fuels(about two-thirds of total emiions)and other organic matter in cars and furnaces;cigarette smoke森林火灾和腐烂的有机物质;不完全燃烧矿物燃料（约占三分之二的总量）和其他来自汽车和炉的有机质;香烟烟雾
Carbon dioxide(CO2):Natural aerobic respiration of living organisms;burning of foil fuels自然有氧呼吸的生物体;燃烧化石燃料
Sulfur oxides(SO2 and SO3)：Combustion of sulfur-containing coal and oil in homes, industries and Power plants;
smelting of sulfur-containing ores;volcanic eruptions 家庭、工厂和发电厂燃烧含硫的煤和石油；冶炼含硫矿石；火山爆发
Particulates dust soot and oil : 煤烟粉尘颗粒物和石油
forests fires , wind erosion, and volcanic eruptions;coal burning;farming, mining construction, road building ,and other land-clearing activities;chemical reactions in the atmosphere;dust stirred up by automobiles;automobile exhaust;coal-burning electric power and industrial plants森林火灾，风蚀，和火山爆发;燃煤;农业，采矿工程，道路建设，以及其他土地清理活动;大气中的化学反应；汽车引发的粉尘 ；汽车尾
气；燃煤电力厂房和工业厂房Nitrogen oxides(NO and NO2):
High-temperature fuel combustion in motor vehicles and industrial and foil fuel power plants;lighting 高温燃料燃烧机动车辆，工业和矿物燃料发电厂;照明 Photochemical oxidants光化学氧化剂
Sunlight acting on hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides 碳氢化合物和氮氧化物在阳光下反应 Hydrocarbons碳氢化合物
Incomplete combustion foil fuels in automobiles and furnaces;evaporation of industrial solvents and oil spills;tobacco smoke;forest fires;plant decay(about 85 percent of emiions)不完全燃烧化石燃料的汽车和火炉；蒸发的工业溶剂和石油泄漏；烟草烟雾；森林火灾；植物的腐烂（大约百分之85的排放）Pesticides and herbicides:
Agriculture;forestry;mosquito control农业;林业;蚊虫控制
Asbestos：石棉Asbestos mining;spraying of fireproofing insulation in buildings;deterioration ofbrakelinings石棉
开采;防火隔热建筑的喷漆;制动片的变质
Metals andMetalCompounds: 金 属 和 金 属 化合 物
Mining； industrial procees;coal burning;automobile exhaust挖掘；工业生产过程;燃煤;汽车尾气 Hydrogen Sulfide(H2S): Chemical industry;petroleum refining化学工业;石油炼制 Ammonia(NH3): Chemical industry;petroleum refining化学工业;石油炼制 Sulfuric Acid(H2SO4):
Reaction of sulfur trioxide and water vapor in atmosphere;Chemical industry三氧化硫和水汽在大气中反应;化学工业
