山东建筑大学——地理101——专业英语课后notes_山东建筑大学一本专业
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unit11、The day-to-day neceity of dealing with space and spatial relationships represents one of the basic facets of human society, and our accumulated knowledge about the spatial form of the world in which we live has been traditionally stored in the form of maps.日益增长的处理空间关系的需求是人类社会的一个基本要求。我们积累的关于我们居住的这个世界的空间知识一直是以传统的方式存放在地图中的。
unit21、The connectivity documented by topology in a database lets us do operations that define bridges or paths from feature to feature.Relational query capabilities combined with topologic data structures give us the ability to sort through complex logic to identify sites of interest.在数据库中由拓扑关系标记的连通性使我们真正可以定义要素之间的连接关系。与拓扑数据结构结合的关系查询给了我们将复杂逻辑和标记感兴趣位置进行整理的能力。
2、Linear features are represented by raster being turned on and take on a jagged appearance.This is both annoying and inaccurate.用栅格形式表示线性要素会出现断断续续的情况，这种情况很讨厌，精度也不高。
unit 31、The digitizing table has a fine grid of wires embedded in it that acts as a Cartesian coordinate system.嵌入在数字化桌里的精密的格网状电线起着笛卡儿坐标系的作用。
2、This method of geocoding is commonly called “heads-up” digitizing because the attention of the user is focused up on the screen, and not on a digitizing tablet.这种地理编码的方法通常叫做“上手数字化”，因为用户的注意力集中在屏幕上而不是数字化桌上。
3、Satellite remote sensing is the only source of data with which we can view the entire planet and monitor the change in the nature of the surface of the planet through time, in a consistent, integrated, synoptic and numerical manner.卫星遥感是我们能够以一种一致的、综合的、概要的和数字化的方法时时观察整个地球并监测地球表面自然变化的唯一数据来源。
unit 41、The Earth must be represented in a certain medium to keep track of the occurring changes aimed to make plans which help to take neceary precautions via monitoring them and make predictions for the future.必须以某种方式来表现地球的不断变化，目的是为通过监测地球变化协助制定必要的预警机制制定计划和预报。
2、Some meta-data that might be defined as attribute such as recording and updating date can be updated automatically by the use of GIS software facilities.某些元数据可能被定义为属性数据，例如记录和更新数据可以通过 GIS 软件工具自动更新。
3、Creating two additional attributes for each table and three additional attribute fields for each attribute which is being monitored , causes extra use of disk space.为每一个表创建两个附加的属性，每一个被实时监测的属性有三个属性域，这会占用额外的硬盘空间。
unit 51、The future of GIS lies in its operational incorporation of spatial analysis, and spatial analysis clearly needs the support that can be provided through the effective use of GIS and advanced computer technology.GIS 的未来在于与空间分析有可操作的结合。很明显，空间分析需要来自 GIS 有效使用和先进计算机技术提供的支持。
2、Establishing a viable position for those components of spatial analysis not presently found in GIS technology will not be an easy task, and is unlikely to lead to many personal academic returns, but it can and must be done if the needed integration is to occur and if we are to effectively move forward toward the full integration of spatial analysis and GIS technology.为这些以前就在 GIS 技术中存在的空间分析组件提供可行的位置并不是一件简单的事情，并且这样也未必带来可观的个人的学术上的回报，但是一旦有结合的需求或者我们想有力地推进空间分析与 GIS 技术的完全结合，这件事情就可能并且一定会发生。
这是一个长句子，长句子也是专业论文中经常出现的一种情况。
3、It is my contention that moving to meld additional spatial analysis approaches into GIS and to incorporate the full capabilities of modern GIS technology, into spatial analysis represents the single most important action that can be taken to enable really significant developments to take place in both arenas.我的论点就是：逐步将其它的空间分析方法结合到 GIS 中去，逐步将现代 GIS 技术的全部功能和空间分析一体化展示着一个非常重要的事实，那就是这将为两个领域带来意义重大的发展。
unit 61、This paper reviews the potential for improved representations of geography in spatial analysis.这篇文章讨论了在空间分析中加强地理表示的可能性。
2、For example, spatial autocorrelation or spatial interaction models could replace the pregeographic concept of a distance function with the geographic concept of a minimum cost path to capture the mitigating effects of physical or human geographic features.例如：空间自相关模型和空间相互作用模型能够替换具有获取自然地理要素和人文地理要素的缓和效用的最佳路径地理概念距离功能的先地理概念。
3、Required is continued research on exact or heuristic algorithms for average and expected distances and their appropriate use in spatial analysis as well as analogous procedures for minimum cost paths.关于平均距离和期望距离的精密或启发式算法和类似于最佳路径这样的过程在空间分析中的适当应用的研究一直在继续。
unit 71、These were then analyzed and weighted priority matrix was developed to obtain the priority requirements of the GN area.These requirements were then claified into five groups.然后分析这些观点，建立优先权矩阵以获取 GN 地区的优先需求。这些需求被分为五个类别。
2、The established Pilot GIS provides the means of defining area of interest and the particular view of data layers from which the users would like to acce information.建立好的 Pilot GIS 提供了确定用户感兴趣区域的方法和数据层的特殊显示方式，用户可以通过这种方式获取信息。
unit 81、In this paper we pursue means by users can be empowered to select as well as decode relevant domain data or, compile and interpret domain information.在本文中我们研究了使用户可以选择并解码相关区域的数据，或者编辑、解译区域信息的方法，2、A better stance than barely giving users control from pre-determined paths of animation frames, is by involving them in the selection of thematic and animation attributes before animations play.一个比仅仅给予用户控制动画帧预定义路径更好的方法是在动画播放前使他们能够选择专题和动画属性。
3、By delineating the various features of the weather maps and putting them into layers i.e., preure cells, troughs, ridges etc, users can overcome visual information overloads by selecting appropriate layers of interest and animating them over time.将描述天气地图的不同特征如气压单元，低压槽和高压脊并将其放入不同的层中，用户可以选择感兴趣的图层以避免可视信息过量，并使之以动画形式表示。
4、To counter the risks which come more user involvement in the compilation and analysis of weather maps, important domain knowledge embedded within the weather objects ensure that sound weather map construction techniques are adhered to.为了避免大多数用户在编辑和分析天气地图时遇到的问题，在天气对象中嵌入了重要的该学科的知识以确保可靠的天气地图构建技术。unit 91、Namely, as distance increased, the cost of traveling to the place increased and the rate of recreation participation by people traveling from the distance origin will decrease.也就是说，随着距离的增加，旅行的花费也增加，人们从较远距离到娱乐设施的可能性降低。
2、A set of maps displayed population density, service radii of selected recreation centers, and a potential mobility index based on ownership of automobiles in each census tract.这些地图显示人口密度，以所选择娱乐设施为中心的服务半径和每个人口普查区域有车一族潜在的旅行指数。
3、Hecock(1970)created GIS maps to describe the spatial correlation between recreational sites and visitors' occupations, which revealed that site preferences of visitors in different occupations were aociated with the character of the nearby lodge facilities.Hecock创建了用来描述娱乐设施和顾客职业之间空间关系的 GIS 地图，它揭示了不同职业顾客选择的娱乐设施与娱乐设施附近的旅馆有关。
4、For instance, in spatial statistics, the “kriging” method is often used to perform surface analyses.例如，在空间统计中，克里金方法通常被用于表面分析。
unit 101、Then, the technologies and environments neceary for building CSDSSs are discued, giving special consideration to the types of spatial problems that are deemed by users and researchers.接着，文章讨论了建立CSDSSs的必要的技术和环境，并对用户和研究者关心的空间问题的类型给予了特殊的关注。
2、With this approach, all the procees will be modeled as objects and the main job of the system, in a distributed heterogeneous environment, will be to manage all these objects in an integrated manner-the concept of integrated distributed object management.利用这种方法，所有的过程都可以作为对象建立模型，在分布式的异质环节中系统的主要任务将是以一种综合的方法管理所有的对象，这就是集成分布式对象管理的概念。
