英语知识点汇总_高考英语知识点汇总
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英语知识点汇总
一.名词:名词单复数,名词的格
(一)名词单复数
1.一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books,bag-bags,cat-cats,bed-beds
2.以s.x.sh.ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses,box-boxes,brush-brushes,watch-watches
3.以―辅音字母+y‖结尾,变y为i,再加-es,如:family-families,strawberry-strawberries
4.以―f或fe‖结尾,变f或fe为v,再加-es,如:knife-knives
5.不规则名词复数:man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen,policewoman-policewomen,mouse-mice,child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,fish-fish,people-people,Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese
不可数名词的复数就是原型: paper,juice,water,milk,rice,tea
(二)名词的格
(1)有生命的东西的名词所有格:
a)单数后加 ‘s 如: Lucy‘s ruler my father‘s shirt
b)以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ‘如: his friends‘ bags
c)不以s 结尾的复数后加 ‘s children‘s shoes
在并列名词中,如果把 ‘s加在最后一个名词后,表示共有,如:
Tom and Mike‘s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车
要表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加‘s
‘s and Mike‘s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车
(2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用― of +名词‖来表示所有关系:如:
a picture of the claroom a map of China
二.冠词:不定冠词,定冠词种类:
(1)不定冠词:a / an
(2)元音读音开头的可数名词前用an : an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actre / an e-mail / an addre / an event / an example / an opera / an hour an old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art leon /
(3)定冠词:the
定冠词的用法:
(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物: The ruler is on the desk.(2)复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater.The sweater is new.(3)谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boys aren‘t at school.(4)在序数词前: John‘s birthday is February the second.(5)用于固定词组中: in the morning / afternoon / evening
不用冠词的情况:
(1)专有名词前:China is a big country.(2)名词前有定语:this,that,my,your,some,any,no 等:
This is my baseball.(3)复数名词表示一类人和事:Monkeys can‘t swim.They are teachers.4)在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Today is Christmas Day.It‘s Sunday.(5)一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.(6)球类 棋类运动前:They often play football after cla.He plays che at home.* 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well.(7)学科名称前:My favorite subject is music.(8)在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li.(9)固定词组中:at noon at night by bus
四、形容词,副词:比较级,最高级
(一)、形容词的比较级
1.形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面 一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more,a little来修饰表示程度。than 后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。
2.形容词加er的规则:
⑴ 一般在词尾加er ;
⑵ 以字母e 结尾,加r ;
⑶ 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ;
⑷ 以―辅音字母+y‖结尾,先把y变i,再加er。
3.不规则形容词比较级:good-better,beautiful-more beautiful
(二)副词的比较级
1.形容词与副词的区别(有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)⑴在句 子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后 ⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后
副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同(不规则变化:well-better,far-farther)
五、数词:基数词,序数词
1、基数词
(1)1-20 one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty
(2)21-99
先说几十,再说几,中间加连字符。
23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one
(3)101—999
先说几百,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;
586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three
(4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个―,‖,第一个―,‖前为 thousand.第二个―,‖前为million,第三个―,‖前为billion 1,001→one thousand and one
18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three
6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine 750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billion
2、序数词
(1)一般在基数词后加th
eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth
(2)不规则变化
one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth
(3)以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加th
twenty→twentieth,forty→fortieth,ninety→ninetieth
(4)从二十一后的―几十几‖直至―几百几十几‖或―几千几百几十几‖只将个位的基 数词变为序数词。
twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth 基数词转为序数词的口诀: 基 变序,有规律,词尾加上-th.一,二,三,特殊记,词尾字母t,d,d.八去t,九去e,ve要用f替。ty将y变成 i,th前面有个e.若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。
六、介词:
常用介词:in,on,at,behind等
1.at表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。
at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午)
2.on
1)表示具体日期。
注:(1)关于“在周末”的几种表示法: at(on)the weekend在周末---特指 at(on)weekends在周末---泛指 over the weekend在整个周末 during the weekend在周末期间(2)在圣诞节,应说at Christmas而不说on Christmas
3.in)表示“时段”、“时期”,在多数情况下可以和during互换,前者强调对比,后者强调持续。in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在 一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪)
七、动词:
动词的四种时态:
(1)一般现在时:
一般现在时的构成
be动词:主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如: I am a boy.我是一个男孩。行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如: We study English.我们学习英语。当主语为第三人称单数(he,she,it)时,要在动词后加“-s”或“-es”。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。
动词+s的变化规则:
①.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks,milk-milks
②.以s.x.sh.ch.o结尾,加-es,如:gue-guees,wash-washes,watch-watches,go-goes 3.以―辅音字母+y‖结尾,变y为i,再加-es,如:study-studies
(2)一般过去时:
动词过去式详解 动词的过去式的构成规则有:
A、规则动词
① 一般直接在动词的后面加ed:如 worked,learned,cleaned,visited
② 以e结尾的动词直接加d:如 lived,danced,used
③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry– carried worry – worried(注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类)
④ 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped B、不规则动词(此类词并 无规则,须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式:sing – sang,eat – ate,see – saw,have – had,do – did,go – went,take – took,buy – bought,get – got,read – read,fly – flew,am/is – was,are – were,say – said,leave – left,swim – swam,tell – told,draw – drew,come – came,lose – lost,find – found,drink – drank,hurt – hurt,feel – felt
(3)一般将来时:
基本结构: ① be going to + do; ② will+ do.be going to = will I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天).= I will go swimming tomorrow.(4)现在进行时: am,is,are+动词现在分词 动词现在分词详解 动词的ing形式的构成规则: ① 一般的直接在后面加上ing,如doing,going,working,singing,eating
② 以e 结尾的动词,要先去e再加ing,如having,writing
③ 双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有:running,swimming,sitting,getting