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Social Movements of the 1960s

I.Background

---Greensboro Sit-in(格林斯博罗静坐)

On February 1, 1960, 4 freshmen from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina(北卡罗莱纳州), sat down at a department lunch counter and ordered coffee.When refused, they continued to sit at the counter, openly defying the segregation law prevailing in the state.The next day, more students joined them.Thus began the civil rights movement(黑人民权运动), which spread from the south to the north.Later, this quiet “sit-in” became the major nonviolent direct action tactics to be used by black civil rights activists.*The civil rights movement, and the youth anti-war, and the women’s liberation movements had long roots in United States history.（黑人民权运动、青年反战运动以及后来的妇女解放运动都深深地植根于美国历史之中）

II.Definition

---One profeor argues that “a social movement is a type of behavior in which a large number of participants consciously attempt to change existing institutions and establish a new order of life.”---Two basic characteristics of all social movements: “structure”(有组织)and “spontaneity”（自发性）

---Other neceary parts of a social movement are:

1.a social base of people 人这一社会基础

2.a “meage” or ideology 思想体系

3.the ability to spread the meage and get more supporter 传播思想和得到更多支持者的能力

III.The Civil Rights Movement

---One of the most important of all social movement in the 1960s U.S.history.Rosa Park’s(罗莎•帕克斯)spontaneous action(自发行为)in 1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement.The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off(触发，激起)the nationwide civil rights movement.During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like SNCC(the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee学生非暴力统一行动委员会), CORE(the Congre of Racial Equality争取种族平等大会), and SCLC(the Southern Christian Leadership Conference南部基督教领导联合会)struggled for racial integration by providing leadership, tactics, network and the people.In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self image of the blacks.The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in the U.S.---Montgomery Bus Boycott蒙哥马利抵制公交车隔离政策运动

In December 1995, Rosa Parks, a NAACP（National Aociation for the Advancement of Colored People(美国)全国有色人种协进会）member in Montgomery Alabama, refused to give up her

seat to a white man on a public bus.Alabama law required that blacks sit at the back of the bus, and when asked, surrender their seats to whites.Mrs.Parks was arrested.Local black leaders decided to boycott the city’s bus system.Black people in the city spontaneously began to boycott the bus system refusing to ride on public buses.In the year long Montgomery bus boycott, blacks young and old, walked to work.With the bus company near bankruptcy, and the aid of a 1956 Supreme Court decision, Montgomery blacks triumphed.In fact, the boycott was believed to be the true.---Direct Action Tactics直接行动策略

When the civil rights movement began, non-violent direct action tactics like “sit-ins” and “freedom rides”(自由乘车运动), voter registration(投票者登记).Later, anti-war activists added “teach-ins” on college campuses,（(大学师生举行的）时事宣讲会，讨论会，辩论会)to educate people about the war in Vietnam as well as protest marches and rallies and etc.---Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr., an Atlanta-born Baptist minister(浸礼会牧师), was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”, including the March on Washington of August, 1963, when King delivered his famous “I have a Dream” speech.As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination（种族歧视）0and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks.Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was aainated in the city of Memphis(孟斐斯)in April 1968.---Contrary to King’s nonviolent tactics, Malcom X(马尔科姆•艾克斯)spoke in favour of black separatism(分离主义)and against nonviolence in fighting racial discrimination.---Some of SNCC(学生非暴力统一行动委员会)members thought they needed a strong leader rather than collective leadership.In 1965, they elected a new chairman, Stokeley Carmichael(斯托克利•卡迈克尔)who spoke about Black Power.*The most notorious terrorist group against black civil rights workers in the South was known as Ku Klux Klan三K党

*Those who worked in the civil rights movement included Negro leaders, black and white young people, and some profeionals and some housewives.IV.The Youth Movement

*Many young people were involved in the social movements of the 1960 because they resented traditional white male values in U.S.society.---Free Speech Movement

Mario Savio(马里奥•萨维奥), a student who had just returned from working with SNCC in the Miiippi Freedom Summer, took off his shoes and stood on top of the police car.He demanded

that the CORE worker be freed and the rules against free speech be changed.The students sat around the car for 32 hours in spontaneous, nonviolent, direct action.Other students “sat-in” at the administration buildings and organized “Free University” claes.The California governor called hundreds of police to the campus.800 students were arrested.Graduate students organized a strike and closed the university.The teachers and profeors voted to change the rule that violate the 1st and 14th Amendments.The young people’s “Free Speech Movement” began with succe.---“counter culture”(反主流文化)

In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counter culture”.The Counter Culture rejected capitalism and other American principles.They had morals different from taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.Among the most famous were the hippies(嬉皮士).They sought new experience through dropping out, drugs.But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural aault on traditional American society.The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social mores, marriage, career, and succe.---The Anti-War Movement(against the war in Vietnam)

V.Women’s Liberation Movement

The women’s movement in the 1960s was started by three groups of women and an accident.---1.a group of profeional women who were appointed to a Commiion on the Status of Women(妇女地位委员会)by President Kennedy in 1961.---2.white housewives and mothers who read Betty Friedan’s(贝蒂•弗里丹)book, The Feminine Mystique《女性之迷》, published in 1963.---3.young activists(激进主义分子, 行动主义分子)in the civil rights and anti-war movements.NOW((美国)全国妇女组织)

---With the publication of The Feminine Mystique in 1963, Betty Friedan became the chief spokesperson of the Women’s Liberation Movement.In her book, she compared the American family, or the American society as a whole, to a “comfortable concentration camp”, where women were discriminated against and oppreed.In 1966, she helped to found the National Organization for Women(NOW).A reform organization, NOW battled for “equal rights in partnership with men.”

Canada: The Country and its People

I.A brief introduction of Canada(the geography, population, culture, economy, languages etc.)

1)the 2nd largest country in size with a small population,2)has spectacular scenery of mountains, oceans, forests and prairies

3)has a lively and rich culture

4)one of the Big Seven(US, UK.Germany, France, Japan, Italy and Canada)in economy;has the best standards of living

5)most Canadians live in the south of the country, along the 49th parallels(纬度)

6)two official languages: English and French

7)first become a political entity(政治实体)in 1867 and did not aume its present shape until 1949(直到1949年才具有目前的规模)(National Day: July 1st)

II.The Canadian identity

---It refers to something which is distinctively Canadian, which is different from other countries, and which is the very reason for making Canada so special.For example, two official languages of English and French can be considered as part of the Canadian identity.III.The regions of Canada

---Motto: Canada stretches “from sea to sea” with the Pacific Ocean along the west coast and the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast

---share with the U.S.the longest undefended national border in the world(加拿大和美国共享着世界上最长的不设防国界), a symbol of their good relations

---consists of 10 provinces and 3 territories

1.The north region of Canada

---Canada extends up north into the Arctic Circle(北极圈)to the North pole.The north is a scarcely populated area of ice and oceans，which is sometimes called “the Land of the Midnight Sun”（午夜太阳之地）.This region is currently divided into three administrative territories—the Yukon(育空地区), the Northwest Territories and Nunavat（努勒维特地区 a territory carved from eastern part of the original Northwest Territories in 1999）.And most of the inhabitants are Aboriginal people.The traditional economy in this region was based on hunting and trapping animals for food and pelts, but now oil and gas deposits are also being developed.2.the west（西部1省）

---the western-most province is British Columbia(布列颠哥伦比亚省)with 3 major mountain ranges running through it, among which the largest in Rockies.Lake Louise(路易斯湖), located in the Rockies, is the most famous image of the Canadian landscape（加拿大风景最突出的代表）.BC is Canada’s 2nd largest producer of hydroelectric power.However, its main economic mainstay(支柱)is its forests.It has the most valuable forestry industry.3.The Prairies(草原3省)

---The prairie provinces of Alberta(阿尔伯塔省), Saskatchewan(萨斯喀彻温省)and Manitoba(马尼托巴省）lie east of the Rockies(落基山脉).The prairies are flat and featurele and have a harsh continental climate.They are called the breadbasket(胃, 腹）of Canada because the land is well-suited to farming, and wheat is one of the biggest agricultural crops in this area.The prairies are also rich in energy resources.4.Central Canada(2省)

---Central Canada, Ontario(安大略省)and Quebec（魁北克省）, are the parts of the country that were first settled.They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provinces.They have the largest cities like Toronto in Ontario, and the country’s 2nd largest city Montreal(蒙特利尔)in Quebec.The capital of the country Ottawa is also in Ontario.5.The Maritimes（滨海诸省：4个省）(the Atlantic regions)

---The Atlantic provinces of New Brunswick(新不伦瑞克省), Nova Scotia（新斯科省the first part of Canada to be settled in 1604）, Prince Edward Island（爱德华太子岛省）and Newfoundland

（纽芬兰省the last province to join Canada in 1949）are also known as the Maritimes.They are small in population and largely rely on the fishing industry for their economic wealth.They are rich in farming and forestry products and are quite popular tourist attractions.IV.The history

1.the First Nations(the Aboriginal people)

---the native Indians with rich cultures and highly developed societies.2.European settlement in Canada

---Settlement by European began in the 17th century.French colonists first settled Canada.The earliest major settlements were established in Nova Scotia in 1604 and Quebec in 1608.During earlier settlements, the French set the Company of New France and Britain founded the Hudson’s Bay Company to facilitate trade.3.In 1867 Canada was born when Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia all join together into a confederation.The Government and Politics of Canada

I.Canada’s political system

1.Canada’s political system was greatly influenced by the two major foreign forces: Britain and America.2.American ideas influenced the Canadian system to some degree.For example, freedom of speech and freedom of information are much valued in contemporary Canada.So, Canadian society appears to be similar to American society, but they are different.While the US was founded on the idea of individualism---Americans aspire to “life, liberty and the pursuit of happine”---Canadians chose to found a nation based on “peace, order and good government”.In other words, for Canadians, the well-being and liberty of individuals must sometimes be sacrificed for the greater good of the community.3.Canadian society allows a high degree of tolerance of different values and customs.4.To find a workable balance between community and individual rights has been the central concern of Canadian policy-makers.5.It attempts to reconcile the two communities of English-speaking Canada and French-speaking Canada.II.Canada’s system of government

1.based on the British system of parliamentary democracy, referred to as “Westminster-style” democracy英格兰东南部大伦敦的一个市区，位于泰晤士河岸。它包括英国政府的主要官邸，尤其是沿着怀特霍尔街与唐宁街的官邸，以及如威斯敏斯特教堂和白金汉宫等有名的建筑物

2.Like Britain, Canada is a monarchy.The official head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand and other former British colonies.She is represented by an official called a Governor General.3.The biggest difference between Canada and the UK is that Canada is a federation(联邦制)---ten provinces and two territories, each with their own government, which have joined to form one country.The government of the whole country is referred to as the “federal government”(联邦政府).4.the Canadian parliament is divided into a lower house: the House of Commons(下议院), and an upper house the Senate(参议院)

Summary: Structures of government

Canada’s system of government is based on the British system of parliamentary democracy.Like Britain, Canada is a monarchy.The official head of state is the Queen, but she is represented by an official called a Governor General as she doesn’t live in Canada.Canada is a federation with ten provinces and two territories.The government of the country is referred to as “the federal government”, to distinguish it from the lower level government of each province.The Canadian Parliament is divided into the House of Commons and the Senate.The members of the House of Commons are elected, whereas the senators are appointed by the Governor General, who acts upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister.The party that wins the most seats in the House of Commons forms the Government and the party leader becomes Prime Minister.The Cabinet, chosen by the Prime Minister, is made up of senior Mps from the governing party.*The House of Commons is elected based on population rather than geographical size, so there are more MPs from urban areas than from the wilder regions of Canada and most of the Canadian population is concentrated in Ontario and Quebec which have the most seats and therefore have the most power in the House of

III.the political parties

National parties

---1.the Liberal Party(自由党)

---2.the Progreive Conservative(进步保守党)

Regional party

---1.The Bloc Quebecois(魁北克集团)

The Bloc Quebecois is the powerful regional party in the mainly French-speaking province of Quebec.It’s dedicated to the task of winning important conceions(让步)from the rest of Canada.Its main concern is only to do what is best for Quebec, not for other areas and wants to separate entirely from the federal government and form their own country.---2.the Reform party(改良党)

The Reform Party has its great support in the Western provinces, but has very little influence in central Canada.In the 1997 election, it became the country’s official opposition party by winning enough seats in the parliament.