大学作文文章开头和结尾的写法_文章开头和结尾的写法
大学作文文章开头和结尾的写法由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“文章开头和结尾的写法”。
作文的主要类型
一般来说，各类考试中涉及到的作文，按照命题形式可划分为提纲式作文、图表式作文、规定情景式作文等类型
1.提纲式作文
1)对比选择型 2)给定观点型 3)自由发挥型
2．图表式作文
3．规定情景式作文
1．作文开头部分的写作
1)开门见山，点明主题
文章一开头，就交待清楚文章的主题和论点是什么。这种写法适用于“自由发挥型”和“给定观点型”两种提纲式作文。
2002 年的专四作文考题“The Best Way to Stay Healthy”
The best way to stay healthy is to develop a good quality of psychology．(保健的最好方法就是保持良好的心态。)Widening Gap Between the Rich and the Poor
These days we often hear about the widening gap between the rich and the poor．(最近我们经常听到贫富差距拉大。)
2)正反表态法
在开头一段中把正反观点都表达出来，最后一句写自己的观点。用一、两句介绍主题，再用
一、两句介绍正反两种观点或看法，接下来再表达自己的看法。这种写法比较适合“对比选择型”题目。
1999 年“A Major Advantage/Disadvantage of Advertising on Television”
Nowadays more and more advertisements are seen on TV every day．Some people think that advertising on TV can bring us a lot of benefits, but others hold the different opinions．In my opinion．I am in favor of the former．
Where Would You Go after Graduation After graduation, some students choose to go to super cities for career development．Meanwhile，some students prefer to return to their hometowns．As for me，I would like to go back to my home city．
3)让步法
也称为先抑后扬法，先把反方观点引出来，做一个肯定的评价，然后笔锋一转，回到自己的观点上来。比较适用于“对比选择型”题目。
2004 年 “Will Phones Kill Letter Writing'?”
Nowadays，young people choose to phone each other rather than write letters．Some are worried that letter writing will be usele in the future．Even so, I still maintain that letter writing will never be killed by phones，despite that we have already stepped into the information age．
“Degree and University Study”(学位与大学学习)的范文的开头一段采用了先抑后扬的手法，首先肯定学位的重要性，然后提出了“学位并不是大学学习的一切”这样的观点
In our society，the most commonly recognized standard of a student’s academic achievement is the degree．Consequently some people regard the degree as the only thing valuable while studying in college．Admittedly，the degree is important for students who want a prosperous future，but it is by no means the only purpose at university．
4)背景法
对一个现象进行分析时，先把这个现象事件的原因、结果、发展等背景信息介绍一下，然后再给出自己的看法。这种写法适合“给定观点型”和“自由发挥型”。
1998 年的专四作文考题“One Way to Solve the Problem”(解决问题的一个方法)的首段可以先介绍机动车是城市污染的主要来源，接下来亮出自己的观点 发展公共交通：
Vehicles are a major source of air pollution in cities．In my opinion，the solution to this pollution problem is developing the modern public transportation． 2003 年 “The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood”
The modern society is characterized by rapid pace，and people in such a society have to cope with a lot of preures from either outer world or inner will．The most difficult，but neceary thing for them is to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances．
“How to Deal with the Problem of Unemployment”
In recent years，China has experienced an alarming increase in unemployment rate．Unemployment is more than an economic problem．If it were not handled properly，it would result in serious social problems．Effective measures must be taken to solve the unemployment problem．
5)提问式
要讨论什么就先把话题以问句形式提出，然后通过回答问题表达自己的观点。或者，对自己的观点做个理由概述／先写出反方观点，对其进行反驳，顺势提出自己的观点。比较适用于“对比选择型”题目。
Factors Influencing Young Adults Of the various factors that can have influence on young adults，the family and friends stand out most．Which of the two is more important? My view is that it is friends who have more important influence on young adults．
Choosing a Job Profitable or a Job I Love
How can one find a desirable job? This question puzzles nearly everyone．In practice，most people look for well-paid jobs while a few search for jobs they love． 作文结尾部分的写作
结尾是对全篇的总结、概括，也叫结束语。文章或段落的结尾和开头对整个文章来说是非常重要的。这是作者最后一次和读者交流的机会，这里可以进一步地进行解释、加强或者总结你在文中所阐述的观点和看法。一个好的结尾可以给评阅老师留下好的印象
1)总结式
对全文做简短的归纳、概括，得出结论。A Major Advantage of Advertising on Television
最后一段总结了中间段落的两个分论点，就电视广告所传达的信息、而言，制造商和消费者都能受益：
From the above，we can easily see that TV advertising is beneficial both to manufacturers and consumers on account of the abundant information it provided．
在“The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood”的最后一段，同样也总结了中间两段的分论点，保持良好心情既有助于建立友谊，也有助于保持健康：
Taking into account of all these factors，we may draw the conclusion that keeping a good mood brings you not only friendship，but health as well．
2)重申式
重申主题，即再次强调和肯定文章引言段中阐述的中心思想。
例如，在“School and Major?”的范文中的最后一段再次强调作者观点(I prefer a prestigious university．)：
As for me，choosing a good university is wiser，as far as the future job-hunting is concerned． 在“Factors Influencing Young Adults”的范文中的第一段就已表述了作者观点： My view is that it is friends who have more important influence on young adults． 最后一段再次强调作者观点： But，generally speaking，in most cases，friends are the more important influence on young adults．
3)引申式
提出建议，提供解决办法。这种方法特别适用于讨论问题的文章，例如对某事的原因或结果的分析，提出建议和解决办法，也可展望未来。住文章结尾处表示对未来的展望或号召读者采取行动。
例如，在“Widening Gap Between the Rich and the Poor的最后一段中提出 建议，为了解决贫富差距问题，必须加大教育投资，创造就业机会：
...The government should make more investment to ensure equal chances of education.We should create more job opportunities...在“Having a Company before Graduation”中，在说明了大学生在开公司前要慎重考虑后，在最后一句话提出，大学生应该记得自己的身份，大学学习才是他们毕业后走向社会的必要准备，主题有所深化：
From the above discuion, I hold the view that college students should be careful when they decide whether they should have a company or not．They should remember they are students，and their study in university is the eential preparation for their succe in society after graduation．
第二段落论证手法
(1)举 例 或 例 证 法(Example and Illustration)
举例和例证使抽象的概念具体化，而所举的事例也应该具有充分的说服力，同时逻辑严密。2001 年的专四作文考题“Travel Broadens the Mind”(旅游开阔视野)的主体段可以通过“自己到西安旅游”的例子进行论证
Consider my own experience as an example．Two years ago，I visited Xi’an，an ancient city．Xi’an is a city of rich cultural inheritance．There are so many places of interests there，such as the old city walls，the tomb of the Emperor Qin and so on．It seems that everything there tell the stories and history of the ancient China．In this way, I have gained knowledge of history and culture，which is more vivid and impreive than what is learned in cla．
在“Opportunity and Succe”(机遇与成功)的范文的论证过程中，以牛顿发现万有引力定律为例，说明了获得机遇只是获得了成功的可能性，只有加上不懈的努力，可能性才会变成现实
When an opportunity comes，it brings promise for succe，but that promise never comes true by its own．The popular story of how Newton was hit by a falling apple and thus finding the Universal Law of Gravitation also proves this．I suppose many people before Newton saw apples fall，but none found anything about gravity．However，Newton took the opportunity to think about the phenomenon further，propose and demonstrate a theory to explain it．This indicates you must make efforts before，during and after you get an opportunity．Thus，when it is coming，you can recognize it；when it is there，you can grasp it；when it is in your hand，you can turn it into succe．
(2)因果法(Cause and Effect)因果关系可分为前因后果，前果后因，一因一果和多果多因等多种形式
2004 年的专四作文考题“Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?”(电话是否会使书信消失?)的一个参考写法，作者持否定态度，他给出了三个理由
First，people can not only greet each other but also exchange their thoughts in letters．Because when a person writes，he must organize his mind and expre his ideas and feelings more logically，while telephone often makes people lazy．Second，letters can be kept as a record of memory，while phone cannot．You can imagine，when you read some old letters，a lot of beautiful and indelible memories will be brought back to you．Last，sending a letter is much cheaper than having a telephone call，especially when whom you want to communicate with is in another city．
在“How to Get Along with Your Roommates?”(如何与你的室友相处?)的范文，采用了因果法的方式论证了室友关系的重要性：
Roommates constitute the most intimate partners in our college life．They enable us to have acce to different regional subcultures of China，different personalities and uniquene，and some of them will become our life friends ． They also comprise our warm dormitory for four years．These advantages...(3)比 较 与 对 比 法(Comparison and Contrast)①对两个或多个事物的异同之处逐点进行比较对照，排列顺序为：A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3；……。
②对两个或多个事物的异同之处分别进行比较对照，排列顺序为：A1，A2，A3；B1，B2，B3；……。
比较和对比法常用的过渡词有：like，likewise，unlike，similarly，in the same way，on the other hand，compare with，by comparison，in contrast to，on the contrary，but，yet，instead while，whereas，however，neverthele
1996 年的专四作文考题“The Main Difference Between My College Life and My Middle School Life”(我的大学生活和中学生活的主要不同)的范文，对比了大学牛活和中学生活在课外活动方面的不同，如下：
...the social life in college is colorful ． Various clubs and communities welcome any students，whereas in middle school，chances for extracurricular activities were little．
“Internet or Library?”(上网还是去图书馆?)
For one thing，I am of opinion that library is more of a reliable source of information．As is known，publications will have to go through strict censorship before they come out．In school libraries，librarians will order books according to the requirement of teaching and learning．In this way，readers can have acce to reliable information．Furthermore，library is a better place to study in．When you are in the library, with almost all the students absorbed in their studies，you will be able to concentrate on your books in such an atmosphere．For another，although using the Internet is more convenient，I find studying before computer screen an unhealthy experience．There are warnings that radiation from computer may do damage to our body．Taking myself for instance，my sight has become weaker and weaker after semesters of unrestrictedly using the Internet ． In consequence，I have set a rule that limits my using the Internet to one hour each time．
(4)引用论证(Quotations of Proverbs or Facts)引用，可以是某人的一句话、一句名言或一个谚语，以加深读者对文章的感受。通过合适地引入事实数据，既为文章添彩，又增强了说服力
在“Widening Gap Between the Rich and the Poor”(日益拉大的贫富差距)的范文的论证过程中，引用了孔子的一句名言“国不患寡而患不均”：
The Confucius once said，“A nation is not troubled by poverty，but by disparity ．”Unfairne in distribution of wealth puts the society at stake．
(5)综合法(Combination of Methods)
开头（1）交代事件基本要素的叙述法（2）开门见山、揭示主题的点题法（3）把事情的开头作为文章开头的自然起笔法（4）环境描写、渲染气氛的描写法（5）深化主题的议论抒情法（6）名言、警句、诗歌的......
作文的开头和结尾的写法作文的开头和结尾的写法古人说“凤头豹尾”，就是说开头要写得有姿有彩，像凤凰的头那样，有人说：“好的开头等于成功的一半”，这些都说明了开头的重要。同样......
作文的开头和结尾的写法古人说“凤头豹尾”，就是说开头要写得有姿有彩，像凤凰的头那样，有人说：“好的开头等于成功的一半”，这些都说明了开头的重要。由于时间与篇幅的限制，考场作......
作文的开头和结尾的写法古人说“凤头豹尾”，就是说开头要写得有姿有彩，像凤凰的头那样，有人说：“好的开头等于成功的一半”，这些都说明了开头的重要。由于时间与篇幅的限制，考场作......
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