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Chapter 2 Using Proper Words

1． Types

2． Choice

3． Synonyms

4． Dictionaries

Learning English words

Sound – spellingEn cy clope dia

1.Types of Words

(1)Common: frequency

TextbooksVocabulary overlapping between units

(2)Technical

Computersand portable ones

A desktopa laptop

(3)Nonstandard

Schoolschedule

Never use it, but know it if poible.Standard language for foreigners to learn

Oral – Listening – Basic

2.Choice of Words

1.for general or special purposes

G noun referring back to its source S noun

Verb:To runTo rush:

root + branches + leaves

runhurryrush hours

Gold Rush

To dash

2.details or summaries

yes vs.no

details about Yes … summary of Yes

details about No … summary of No

3.collocations

a cluster of wordsa cluster of reeds

hit the fish.A traffic accident happened to him.He happened to meet me in the street.3．No Synonyms

Exactly

(1)meaning

(2)implication

(3)(4)stylistic value

4．Some Good Dictionaries

English-English Dictionaries

A hard copy

The first option in pronunciation, spelling or uses

a)Examples and illustrations

Examples: collocations for better understanding

For a better use

模板：替换练习

Meanings: C – memory / E-understanding

b)Definitions

i.Dictionaries of Idioms

ii.Dictionaries of Collocations

iii.Dictionaries of Synonyms and Thesauri

区分具体与抽象的词

词从语义上可分为具体与抽象两种类别，例如：

抽象具体

goodkind, honest, generous, warm-hearted, selfle, friendly

laughsmile, chuckle, snigger

scientistphysicist, biologist, chemist

fish shark,salmon, perch, eel

tree shrub,bush, pollard, oak, plane, pine, willow

抽象词意范围大，概括力强，但给人以空洞的感觉，适合于文章的开头和结尾等总结性部分。具体词意义有针对性、个性和精确性，给人以确切的概念，适合用于段落中细节的刻画，论点的阐述以及事物的描写。如果用抽象的词来表达具体的事物，便会给人笼统的感觉：

a.抽象: The man is good.具体: The man is selfle.b.抽象: There are three men in the room.具体: There are three little boys in the room.Chapter 3 Making Correct and Effective Sentences

1． Correct

2．Co-& Sub-ordination

3．Effective

1．Correct Sentences

c)Structure

d)A big letter & a full stop

A sentence starts with a big letter and ends up with a full stop.A sentence is like a body.predicateheart

left+right

AuxiliaryVerb

助动词实意动词

(1)Do(a)learn

(2)Be(b)learning

(3)Have(c)learned

(4)will

(5)can一般态 1+a

They(do)work in a factory.He(do)in a factory.He works in a factory.I worked in a factory.= I don’t work there any more.进行态 2+b / 被动态 2+c

I am having cla.I am giving a lecture of writing.完成态 3+c

I have worked here for over 20 years.I have worked here since over 20 years ago.I have worked here since 1991.WeEnglish for 20 years.WeEnglish for 20 years.I 4 将来态 4+a

You will hand in your paper by Wednesday.You will finish it in four days.He will be staying in Canada at the moment next year.情态 5+a 情态现在时

5+have + c 情态过去时

I can do it.I could have done it yesterday.If you were here, we would not say so.If you were here, we would not have said so yesterday.If you had been here yesterday, we would not say so.Yesterday if you had been here, we would not have said so.e)an idea

What idea do you want to convey?

Imitate the use of words

Never create anything new

correct + effective = good

2．Co-& Sub-ordination

When I was young, I’d listen to the radio waiting for my favorite songs.I saw him yesterday.I saw him in the morning.I saw him when I shopped with my mother.Subordination: a sentence with a clause or more clauses involved

A clause = an incomplete sentence

Complete in structure but

Incomplete in meaning

Who am I?

I wonder who I am.I don’t know the man whom I saw.I haven’t seen the movie(that / which)I heard of.Clause markers:(1)if / when / because(2)wh~ words

Co-ordination

She is not one of us;she is not like us.Because she is not one of us, she is not like us.She is not one of us because she is not like us.Co-markers:(3)and / but / or

You are so bad a guy and I hate you.You are so bad a guy.And I hate you.I feel ill.So I want to ask for a leave.I feel ill.Therefore, I want to ask for a leave.3．Effective Sentences

a)Unity: 谓语

b)Coherence: a cluster of sentences

Obligation: 下句解释上句 like a chain with overlapping points

c)Concisene: meaning

英文 – 最最准确、地道的中文

d)Emphasis:

Subject 主语（名词）/ golden verb主句谓语（动词）/

e)Variety：no repetition of the use of words

Correct in structure +effective in usage=a good English sentence

如何增强语句表达力：

1避免使用语意弱的“be”动词

（1）Weak: The trees are bare.The gra is brown.The landscape seems

drab./Revision:The brown gra and bare trees form a drab landscape.(转换为前置定语)

（2）Weak: The team members are good players./Revision: The team members play

well.（3）Weak: Here are the books you ordered./Revision: The books you ordered have

arrived.多用语意具体的动词，保持句意简洁明了

Poor: She is a careful shopper.Better: She compares prices and quality

3尽量运用主动语态

Weak: The biscuits were stacked on a plate.Better: Mother stacked the biscuits on a plate.4防止使用语意冗长累赘的词语

Wordy: My little sister has a preference for chocolate milk.Improved: My little sister prefers chocolate milk.杜绝滥用陈旧词语或难懂的专业术语

Weak: They will not agree to his proposals in any shape or form.Improved: They will not agree to any of his proposals.Chapter 4 Developing Paragraphs

1.by time

2.by proce

3.by space

4.by example

5.by comparison and contrast

6.by cause and effect

7.by claification

Components

A sentence---sentences = a paragraphsentences in a paragraph:

(1)a topic sentence(TS)

(2)a supporting detail sentence(SD)

(3)a minor detail sentence(MD)

TS: a central noun + an aertion

Popularity of cars in China

Popularity of cars in China has brought about many problems.）=A Paragraph

Popularity of cars in China reflects the rapid development of economy and society in China.Popularity of cars in China reflects the country’s rapid development of economy and society.）=A Paragraph

1．Development by Time

Components in a story:did

(5)an opener

(6)what happened minute by minute?

(7)An end

The way of telling a storyTime sequence = glue

2．Development by Proce

The proce of setting a paword

Step 1-10

Action sequence

User’s Instructionsdoes

3．Development by Space

Camera engineer’ eyes does

4．Development by Example

Random examples

5．Development by Claification

Three funny things / three features

6．Development by Comparison and Contrast

To make a comparison between Tom and Mary

Why do we need to do so?

Tom / Mary >pupils in the Yinchuan 21st Primary School learn English

7．Development by Cause and Effect

In a sentence,Clause markers:

Because… V…, …V…./ …V… because…V…./…V… because of..noun.Thanks to..noun, …V…./ …V… due to..noun...In a paragraph,TS introduces the causes / effects.The subject: the topic word = the head

8.Use of comparison

(1)a./ ad.N1 …~er … than…N2…(aux.)

更比

Easier

Difficultermore difficult le a./ad.….than

This dre is not more expensive than that one.This dre is le expensive than that one.This dre is cheaper than that one.N1 …as / so a./ad.… as…N2…(aux.)

一样和

The same + N.=~ similar to

Tom has similar age to Mary.Tom’s age is similar to Mary’s.Tom is right at a similar age to Mary.(2)with no a./ ad.Contrast: extremely the difference

Which one is better?

如何写好段落：

首先，一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题(stick or hold to the topic)，这就是段落的统一性(unity)。一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。

其次，一个段落必须有若干推展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性(completene or adequatene)。一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待，给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。

再者，一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅(smooth)，这就是连贯性(coherence)。连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。有损连贯性的几种情况：不必要的改变时态，不必要的改变单复数，不必要的改变人称。