18世纪英国小说及背景 PPT_18世纪英国文学

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18th Century:Political BackgroundSince the Glorious Revolution光荣革命in 1688, Britain has become a constitutional monarchy君主立宪制国家.The powerhas been paed from themonarch(the King or Queen)to the Prime Minister首相through electionbetween major politicalparties —the Whigs辉格党and the Tories托利党.The Prime Minister首相His / her Cabinet内阁Parliament国会The House of Lords上院The House of Commons下院Swift & Defoe :the beginning of the English novel笛福和斯威夫特:英国小说的开始It was in the early years of the 18th centurythat the novelbegan to be written.Cervantes‟s Don Quixote塞万提斯的《唐·吉诃德》became a model for the early Englishnovel, and later on, in the works of the great innovators(Swift & Defoe), the novel emerged when authors combinedadventure and romance with realistic qualitiesand heroes that were not supermen but unimportant common men.It is no surprise, then, that Swiftand Defoe‟s influential works of fiction, now seen as the progenitors先驱of the novel form, were pseudo-histories 伪历史.Defoe‟sRobinson Crusoe(1719)was based on the actual desert island 荒岛adventures of Alexander Selkirk.Swift‟sGulliver’s Travels(1726),though a satire and parody 戏仿of the travel liter-atureof the Middle Ages, was written as a narration by a traveler.Crusoe was said to be “the universal represent-ative, the person, for whom every reader could substitute with himself”.Therein lies the key to the universal appeal 世界性/ 普遍的吸引力of the novel: the real world.Of course, neither a happy desert island rest nor capture in a land full of giants can be termed „realistic‟, but the narratorsof these first novels spoke as if they were real, and they themselves were ordinary representatives of humanity.