文章数字认证中英文_经典文章中英文对照
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数字证书
数字证书是一种数据文件,用来确定人们的身份和Internet上的电子资产。数字证书可以实现安全而加密的联机通信,并经常用来保护联机事务处理。
定义
随着电子交易的盛行,越来越需要第三方以数字证书的形式进行认证和授权。数字证书由被称为认证机构的可信任的第三方进行签发。认证机构对证书持有者的身份进行确认,并在证书上“签字”,来证明书该证书未曾被伪造或改变。
当某证书被认证机构进行数字化签名后,该证书的持有者就将其作为电子通行证来证明他的身份。持有者可以向要求安全访问的站点、网络或个人出示证书。
证书中的识别信息包括持有者的姓名、电子邮件地址、认机构的名称、序列号,以及证书的生效日期和失效日期。当用户的身份由认证机构确认后,证书就使用持有者的公钥来保护数据。
Web服务器也可以用使用公钥的证书来向用户的浏览器确认站点的真实性。当用户向某一个Web服务器发送机密信息,例如联机事务处理所需要的信用卡号,浏览器就会从服务器的数字证书中取出公钥来确认该服务器的身份。
公钥加密
公钥是公钥加密所使用的一对密钥中的一个,是数字认证的基础。
公钥加密利用一对公钥和私钥来进行加密和解密。这两种密钥都有数值,将该数值用于某种算法中,可将信息置乱,并只有拥有相应解密密钥的用户才能看懂信息。
一个人的公钥被其他人用来对只发给那个人的信息进行加密。当他收到信息时,就使用不被别人所知的相应密钥来对数据进行解密。一个人的公钥可以被分发给其他人,而不使私钥的保密性受到破坏。
数字证书采用公钥体制,即利用一对互相匹配的密钥进行加密、解密。每个用户自己设定一把特定的仅为本人所知的私有密钥(私钥),用它进行解密和签名;同时设定一把公共密钥(公钥)并由本人公开,为一组用户所共享,用于加密和验证签名。当发送一份保密文件时,发送方使用接收方的公钥对数据加密,而接收方则使用自己的私钥解密,这样信息就可以安全无误地到达目的地了。通过数字的手段保证加密过程是一个不可逆过程,即只有用私有密钥才能解密。在公开密钥密码体制中,常用的一种是RSA体制。其数学原理是将一个大数分解成两个质数的乘积,加密和解密用的是两个不同的密钥。即使已知明文、密文和加密密钥(公开密钥),想要推导出解密密钥(私密密钥),在计算上是不可能的。按现在的计算机技术水平,要破解目前采用的1024位RSA密钥,需要上千年的计算时间。公开密钥技术解决了密钥发布的管理问题,商户可以公开其公开密钥,而保留其私有密钥。购物者可以用人人皆知的公开密钥对发送的信息进行加密,安全地传送给商户,然后由商户用自己的私有密钥进行解密。
使用数字证书的Web服务器可以利用私钥,来确保只有它能对由Internet发给它的机密信息进行解密。Web服务器的证书是由自签的CA证书来确认,这种CA证书对发证机构进行标识。包括Microsoft Internet Explorer和Netscape Navigator在内的大多数主要的Web浏览器中,都提前安装了CA证书。
当某一Web服务器向浏览器出示时,CA证书就向用户表明该服务器证书是否可以信任。如果Web服务证书的有效性得到确认,对于采用SSL技术的服务器,该证书的公钥就可用于保护信息。
SSL安全协议使用数字证书为需求私下交流的双方创造一种安全的“通道”。在大多数主要的Web浏览器和商业Web服务器上都使用了SSL技术。
Digital Certificates
Digital certificates are data files used to establish the identity of people and electroic aets on the Internet.They for secure, encrypted online communication and are often used to protect online transactions.Definition
As electronic transactions proliferate, there’s an increasing need for third-party verification and authentication in the form of digital certificates.Digital certificates are iued by a trusted third party known as a certification authority.The CA validates the identiy of a certificate holder and “signs” the certificate to attest that it hasn’t been forged or altered.When a certificate is digitally signed by a CA ,its owner can use it as an electronic paport to prove his identity.It can be presented to Web sites, networks or individuals that require secure acce.Identifying information embedded in the certificate includes the holder’s name and e-mail addre, the name of the CA,a serial number and any activation or expiration data for the certificate.When a user’s identity is verified by the CA, the certificate uses the holder’s public key to protect data.Public keys are also employed by certificates that a Web server uses to confirm the authenticity of a Website for a user’s browser.When a user wants to send confidential information to a Web server, such as a credit-card number for an online transaction ,the browser will acce the public key in the server’s digital certificate to verify its identity.Public-Key Cryptography
The public key is one half of a pair of keys used in public-key cryptography, which provides the foundation for digital certificates.Public-key cryptography uses matched public and private keys for encryption and decryption.These keyshave a numerical value that’s used by an algorithm to scramble information and make it readable only to users with the corresponding decryption key.A person’s public key is used by others to encrypt information meant only for that person.When he receives the information ,he uses his corresponding private key, which is kept secret to decrypt the data.A person’s public key can be distributed without damaging the private key.A Web server using a digital certificate can use its private key to make sure that only it can decrypt confidential information sent to it over the Internet.The Web server’s certificate is validated by a self-signed CA certificate that identifies the iuing CA.CA certificates are preinstalled on most major Web browsers, including Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.The CA certificate tells users whether they can trust the Web server certificate when it’s presented to the browser.If the validity of the Web server certificate is affirmed,the certificate’s public key is used to secure information for the server using Secure Sockets Layer(SSL)technology.Digital certificates are used by the SSL security protocol to create a secure “pipe ” between two parties that see confidential communication.SSL is used in most major Web browsers and commercial Web servers.