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Which of the following forms a minimal pair? A.fear, pear B.tip, pit C.food, foot D.beat, bit 答案:D
The word “realization” consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.A.five/five B.five/four C.four/three D.four/four 答案:C
Which of the following best describes the relations between ―Alice is a vegetarian‖ and ―Alice prefers eating steak‖? A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:B
Which of the following underlined parts is a free morpheme? A.understandable B.eastward C.otherwise D.without 答案:D
Which of the following is a directive? A.Your money or your life!B.You are fired!C.The earth is round.D.Thank you very much.答案:A
How many arguments are there in ―I‘m not feeling very well‖?A.no B.one C.three D.five 答案:B
The word ―boatel‖ is a(n)____.A.acronym B.blend C.clipped word D.coined word 答案:B
‘Parent‘ and ‗child‘ are ___.A.gradable antonyms B.ungradable opposites C.relational opposites D.complementary synonyms 答案:C
Which of the following is the head of the phrase ‗often read science fictions‘? A.often B.read C.science D.fictions 答案:B
‘That is a box‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:B
The word ―DINK‖ is a(n)____.A.acronym B.blend
C.clipped word D.coined word 答案:A
Around the time of their second birthday, children begin to produce ____ utterances.A.one-word B.two-word C.three-word D.four-word 答案:B
Which of the following underlined parts is NOT an inflectional morpheme? A.teeth B.speaking C.taken D.chaos 答案:D
The design features of human language include the following features EXCEPT____.A.duality of structure B.genetic feature C.arbitrarine D.displacement 答案:B
‘Like‘ and ‗dislike‘ are ___.A.gradable antonyms B.ungradable opposites C.relational opposites
D.complementary synonyms 答案:A
Which of the following is an expreive? A.The earth is a globe.B.Your money or your life!
C.I‘m very grateful for your help.D.I fire you.答案:C
‘Slim‘ and ‗skinny‘ are ___.A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonyms
D.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:D
Which of the following best explains the relationship between ―I like Beijing opera‖ and ―I dislike Beijing opera‖? A.inconsistency B.anomaly C.contradiction D.entailment 答案:A / 16
The chief exponent of the behaviorist view of language acquisition is ____.A.Bloomfield B.Chomsky C.Sauure D.Skinner 答案:D
Which of the following is the correct componential analysis of the word ―milk‖?
A.[+DRINKS-LIQUID-COUNTABLE] B.[+FOOD-SOLID+COUNTABLE] C.[+FOOD+SOLID+COUNTABLE] D.[+DRINKS+LIQUID-COUNTABLE] 答案:D
‘I like both Chinese and western food‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:C
Which of the following words is NOT a coined word? A.dacron B.kodak C.xerox D.gym 答案:D
Which of the following is a front, close and unrounded vowel? A.[u:] B.[i:] C.[u] D.[a:] 答案:B
Which of the following underlined parts is a derivational morpheme? A.larger B.data C.trainee D.Kate‘s 答案:C
Which of the following underlined parts is the complement of the phrase? A.a book on biology B.play basketball C.a rainy day D.dance happily 答案:B
Which of the following is a commiive? A.I‘m really sorry to hear that.B.I will bring you the book tomorrow without fail.C.You‘d better go and see her.D.I now declare the meeting open.答案:B
The word unreliable consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.A.four/three B.five/two C.five/three D.three/five
答案:A
Which of the following is a declaration? A.Open the door, please.B.I appoint you chairman of the committee.C.Would you like to go to the movie with us? D.I‘ve never seen her before.答案:B
The relation between ‗furniture‘ and ‗wardrobe‘ is ___.A.homophony B.homography C.hyponymy D.polysemy 答案:C
The word “realization” consists of _____ syllables as against _____ morphemes.A.five/five B.five/four C.four/three D.four/four 答案:C
‘Handsome‘ and ‗pretty‘ are ___.A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonyms
D.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:B
The following underlined parts are termed specifier EXCEPT___? A.run quickly
B.always make mistakes C.very interesting D.the old man 答案:A
Which of the following best describes the relations between ―The police stopped the minors from drinking‖ and ―The minors were drinking‖?
A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:D
The first consonants the child can make are made with the lips and they are ____.A.[p,b,n] B.[p,b,m] C.[t,d,n] D.[t,d,m] 答案:B
How many morphemes are there in the word ―disorderly‖? A.Two B.Three C.Four D.Five 答案:B
The nativist view of language acquisition is held by ____.A.Bloomfield B.Chomsky C.Sauure D.Skinner/ 16
答案:B
Which of the following is an aspirated consonant? A.[f] B.[s] C.[k] D.[r] 答案:C
Which of the following word does NOT belong to the open claes? A.hate B.able C.the D.rapidly 答案:C
“Why don‘t you ask Mary for help?‖ is an instance of ____.A.representatives B.expreives C.directives D.commiives 答案:C
Which of the following pairs of words are homographs? A.sew---sow B.tear(a drop of liquid that flows from the eye)---tear(to pull apart)C.tec---tech D.mouth(a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)答案:B
Language acquisition refers to the child‘s acquisition of his ____.A.first language B.second language C.foreign language D.target language 答案:A
Which of the following word belongs to the open claes? A.since B.for C.she D.language 答案:D
‘Candy‘ and ‗sweets‘ are ___.A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonyms D.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:A
How many morphemes can we find in the word ‗internationalize‘? A.Three B.Four C.Five D.Six 答案:B
Which of the following is a representative? A.You‘d better go to see a doctor.B.I promise to buy you something when I come back.C.I now declare the meeting close.D.I have never seen the man before.答案:D
Which of the following pairs of words are homophones? A.flour---flower
B.lead(to guide)---lead(a kind of metal)
C.mouth(a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)D.animal---cow 答案:A
‘She sings very well‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:B
Which is the feature of the sound [l]? A.palatal B.glottal C.glide D.liquid 答案:D
‘True‘ and ‗false‘ are ___.A.gradable antonyms B.ungradable opposites C.relational opposites
D.complementary synonyms 答案:B
The words ―longer‖ and ―shorter‖ are ______ opposites.A.gradable B.ungradable C.relational
D.complementary 答案:C
Which of the following best describes the relations between ―He is an orphan‖ and ―His parents have died‖? A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:A
‘Mr.Brown teaches us linguistics.‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:D
The Great Wall belongs to ____ culture.A.material B.spiritual C.folk
D.none of the above 答案:A
Instances of mother tongue interference can be found at the level of ____.A.pronunciation B.syntax C.vocabulary
D.all of the above 答案:D/ 16
A linguist is interested in what is said, not what he thinks ought to be said, therefore a linguist would NOT prefer to be a(n)____.A.observer B.judge C.analyser of facts D.recorder of facts 答案:B
Which of the following underlined parts is an inflectional morpheme? A.books B.rename C.active D.sleepy 答案:A
Which side(s)of muscles of ours does our left brain control? A.both left and right B.left C.right D.sometimes left, sometimes right 答案:C
Which of the following is an example of overgeneralization? A.eyes B.ears C.sheep D.foots 答案:D
Which of the following is the hyponym of the word ―furniture‖? A.house B.kitchen C.article D.wardrobe 答案:D
‘Commence‘ and ‗begin‘ are ___.A.dialectal synonyms B.collocational synonyms C.stylistic synonyms D.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning 答案:C
‘It is 8 o‘clock‘ is a ___-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:A
“It‘s cold.‖ is a _____-place predication.A.no B.one C.two D.three 答案:A
Which of the following best describes the relations between ―He paid a visit to Japan.‖ and ―He paid a visit to East Asia.‖? A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter./ 16
答案:C
The words ―subway‖ and ―underground‖ are ______ synonyms.A.near B.dialectal
C.collocationally-restricted D.stylistic 答案:B
Which of the following underlined parts is a bound morpheme? A.relationship B.bedroom C.milkman D.childlike 答案:A
The following sounds belong to the same natural cla EXCEPT ___.A.[d] B.[s] C.[u] D.[i:] 答案:B
“Up you go, chaps!‖ belongs to ____ language.A.intimate B.frozen
C.consultative D.casual 答案:A
Which of the following best describes the relations between ―Alice‘s brother is in UK.‖ and ―Alice has a brother.‖? A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.答案:D
The linguist that distinguishes three social variables(Field, Mode, Tenor)that determine the register is ____.A.Chomsky B.Halliday C.Bloomfield D.Firth 答案:B
How many syllables are there in the word ―rhythmical‖? A.Three B.Four C.Five D.Ten 答案:A
Which of the following pairs of words are complete homonyms? A.flour---flower
B.lead(to guide)---lead(a kind of metal)C.heroin---horoine D.criket---criket 答案:D
The word ‗predigestion‘ is composed of two morphemes.答案:错误
The words ‗flat‘ and ‗apartment‘ are stylistic synonyms.答案:错误 If Smith said to you in a supermarket, ' I am thirsty now, but I have no money with me' , then his perlocutionary act is your buying him a coca-cola.答案:正确
B probably means that A should not laugh at him since they know each other, in the dialogue below: A: Are you a good student? B: Are you? 答案:正确
Semantics is the study of word meaning.答案:错误
Performance is the focus of Chomsky‘s linguistic study.答案:错误
F.de Sauure was a Swi linguist.答案:正确
The narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of the tongue results in the sound [j].答案:正确
A phone does not necearily distinguish meaning.答案:正确
In ‗a book about ghosts‘, the complement is ‗ghosts‘.答案:错误
According to Austin, ' He is a boy.' is a constative.答案:正确
Sound changes tend to be systematic.答案:正确
Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context of language use.答案:正确
Displacement of language means language use in a far-away place.答案:错误
Linguistics is scientific because it is helpful to language use.答案:错误
If I said to you, ' It' s very stuffy here.' , then my illocutionary act may be asking you to switch on the air-conditioner.答案:正确
B' s reply violates the maxim of quality in the dialogue below: A: Where do you live? B: In South China Normal University.答案:错误
Morphology is the study of sentences.答案:错误
ISBN means International Standard Book Number.答案:正确
One of the most important features of bilingualism is the specialization of function of the two varieties.答案:错误 / 16
Context refers to the relation between lines or paragraphs of a text.答案:错误
B probably means that he doesn' t want to make any comment on the lecture, in the dialogue below: A: What do you think of the lecture?(The speech maker is coming)B: Do we have claes this evening? 答案:正确
Linguistics is generally divided into general and specific linguistics.答案:错误
The word ' quake' is the result of back-formation.答案:错误
The word ' education' comes from Latin.答案:正确
Computer language is one of the sources that have influenced the English language.答案:正确
A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the deletion of the consonant at the end of a word, as in ' desk' [des].答案:正确
If a child calls every man ' Daddy' , then he is over-extending the meaning of the word ' Daddy'.答案:正确
The human brain is divided into two sections, the brain stem and the cerebrum.答案:正确
' Do not say what you believe to be false' is a maxim of relation.答案:错误
Linguistics deals with a particular language.答案:错误
Sociolinguistics deals with the relation between language and society.答案:正确
Writing is more basic than speech.答案:错误
The word ' silly' used to mean ' happy' in Old English.答案:正确
A typical example of a bilingual community is an ethnic ghetto where most of the inhabitants are either immigrants or children of immigrants.答案:正确
Language plays a major role in socializing the people and perpetuating culture, especially in print form.答案:正确
The sentence ' Himself saw John.' is acceptable in English.答案:错误
According to Chomsky, the internalization of a set of rules about his language enables a speaker to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous.答案:正确
‘Teach-in‘ is a compound word.答案:正确
The –s in ‗works‘ of ‗He works hard.‘ is a bound morpheme.答案:正确
‘Mary is single.‘ is inconsistent with ‗Mary is married.‘
答案:正确
According to Austin, ' I bet you sixpence it will be fine this evening.' is a performative.答案:正确
Details of language system are genetically transmitted.答案:错误
Syntax is the study of the rules of words.答案:错误
By ' He wanted me to come' , a learner produced such an incorrect sentence as ' He hoped me to come'.This constitutes the situation of cro-aociation.答案:错误
The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.答案:正确
The word ' dinner' comes from French.答案:正确
People in the West End in London speak differently from the East Enders.答案:正确
In English, the word ' blue' is aociated with unhappy feelings.答案:正确
Victor, a wild child, who was deprived of language contact for 12 years, was trained by Itard, but could only speak only two words in the end.答案:正确
According to Littlewood, the first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and understanding new facts about second language learning.答案:正确
In TG, determiner is often written as Det.答案:正确
A phoneme is a phonetic unit.答案:错误
The words ‗buy‘ and ‗purchase‘ are dialectal synonyms./ 16
答案:错误
Linguistics is the systematic study of language.答案:正确
Parole is a French word;it means the concrete language events.答案:正确
Duality of language means language is a two-level system.答案:正确
English is a tone language.答案:错误
In the sense set , ‗junior‘ and ‗senior‘ are co-hyponyms.答案:正确
' Make your contribution as informative as required(for the current purpose of the exchange).' belongs to the maxim of quality.答案:错误
About two thirds of languages in the world have not had written form.答案:正确
Diachronic linguistics is also called historical linguistics.答案:正确
The task of a linguist is to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system 答案:正确
The word ' videophone' is an acronym.答案:错误
The word ' holiday' has gone through the widening of meaning.答案:正确
Accent is an important marker of sociolect.答案:正确
[ei] is a monophthong.答案:错误
‘His dumb boy spoke good English.‘ is a contradiction.答案:正确
' The room is air-conditioned.' is an expreive.答案:错误
Left-handers are generally le lateralized for language than right-handers.答案:正确
If you scratch your nose with your left hand, it is the right hemisphere that has controlled the actions.答案:正确
[h] is the glottal sound.答案:正确
‘I have been to Beijing.‘ entails ‗I have been to North China.‘ 答案:正确
' I fire you!' is a commiive.答案:错误
Phonology studies how a sound is produced.答案:错误
Synchronic linguistics deals with a series of language phenomena at the same time.答案:错误
The word ' videophone' is an acronym.答案:错误
The term ' digloia' was first used by Ferguson in 1959.答案:正确
The pronunciation of ' this' as ' dis' is very likely to be caused by interlingual interference.答案:正确
The words ‗doctor‘ and ‗patient‘ are relational synonyms.答案:正确
Linguists are interested in all sounds.答案:错误
Phonetics studies human sound patterning and the meaning of sounds in communication.答案:错误
Langue means competence.答案:错误
Arbitrarine of language means language can be used freely.答案:错误
N.Chomsky is an American linguist.答案:正确
Different styles of the same language can be revealed through differences at syntactic, lexical and phonological levels.答案:正确
It is standard practice for an English native student to greet his teacher before a lecture by saying ' Good morning, teacher!'.答案:错误
Language acquisition is concerned with the acquisition of a foreign language.答案:错误
Some subtle grammatical distinctions may not be mastered much before the age of ten.答案:正确
There have been some 2,500 languages in the world.答案:错误
[k], [g] and [n] are velar sounds./ 16
答案:错误
Tsled‘ is a poible word in English.答案:错误
Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence.答案:错误
The expreion ' It' s me' is Not acceptable in English.答案:错误
For the British people, the Chinese greeting ' Have you had dinner?' would turn into ' It' s fine today, isn' t it?'.答案:正确
Such sentences as ' there are more and more people want to be a postgraduate student' indicate the Chinese transfer errors.答案:正确
Phonology is of a general nature.答案:错误
The word ' mice' , which is pronounced as [mais], was pronounced as [mi:s] in Middle English.答案:正确
Psycholinguistics deals with the relation of language to psychology.答案:正确
The word ' meat' we use now has gone through the narrowing of meaning.答案:正确
Pidgins came from a blending of a few languages.答案:正确
Intercultural communication is also called cro-cultural communication.答案:正确
The expreion ' mummy play ball' is typical of telegraphic speech.答案:正确
General linguistics does not study theories of language.答案:错误
The word ' beer' comes from German.答案:正确
Subjects take le time to make judgment on frequently used words than on le common words.This is called the frequency effect.答案:正确
' We have never met before.' is a representative.答案:正确
The use of the expreions ' to update' , ' to host' and ' to check up' indicates the influence of American English.答案:正确 The Chinese ' uncle' means the same as the British ' uncle'.答案:错误
It is acceptable to translate ' Every dog has his day.' into ' 每条狗都有自己的日子。'.答案:错误
A target language is always a foreign language.答案:错误
Most right-handers are left lateralized for language.答案:正确
Phonetics deals with speech sounds in all human languages.答案:正确
The word ‗unsad‘ is acceptable in English.答案:错误
The word ' meat' we use now has gone through the narrowing of meaning.答案:正确
The test where subjects are played two different words or sounds twice, one into each ear, is called dichotic listening.答案:正确
In XP, X refers to any such head as N, V, A or P.答案:正确
The words ‗shock‘ and ‗surprise‘ are semantically different synonyms.答案:正确
Course in General Linguistics was published in 1889.答案:错误
The limited range of sounds that are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language.答案:正确
' I will return the book to you soon.' is an expreive.答案:错误
Received Pronunciation in British English is a dialect of London that is representative of standard English.答案:错误
Compounding is a very common and frequent proce for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language.答案:正确
‘His friend is coming.‘ presupposes ‗He has a friend.‘ 答案:正确
The word ' fridge' is a loan word.答案:错误
The word ' tea' is a loan word from Chinese.答案:正确
Of ' reply' and ' answer' , the latter is more formal./ 16
答案:错误
If you were a Cantonese and talked to a person from Shanghai, then you were having intercultural communication.答案:错误
UNESCO is a blend.答案:错误
The word ' baby-sit' is a word from back-formation.答案:正确
You can never ask an English native the question of his name or age.答案:错误
Broca' s aphasics show that a patient who cannot pronounce the word spoon will also not be able to write it correctly.答案:正确
B probably means that it is impolite to ask about her age, in the dialogue below: A: How old are you? B: I am 80.答案:正确
The words ‗politician‘ and ‗statesman‘ are collocational synonyms.答案:错误
The English pronoun ' our' has experienced a proce of simplification from Old English.答案:正确
General linguistics deals with the general aspects of language application.答案:错误
It is proper in English to say ' no, no' in response to such a praise as ' You' ve made good progre.' to show one' s modesty.答案:错误
N.Chomsky claims that men are biologically programmed for language.答案:正确
The word ‗unacceptability‘ has four morphemes.答案:正确
' Open the door!' is a directive.答案:正确
The use of such sentences as ' I ain' t afraid of no ghosts' to mean ' I' m not afraid of ghosts' is one of the syntactic features of Black English.答案:正确
[i] is a semi-close vowel.答案:错误
The sounds [z] and [∫] are among the consonants that are supposed to be acquired with most difficulty by a child.答案:正确 The innatists hold that children could not discover the rules of reflexive pronouns by trial and error.答案:正确
The deletion of the link verb ' be' as in ' You crazy' is typical of the syntax of Black English.答案:正确
The behaviourist view of LA was not prevalent until the 1960s.答案:错误
Phrases can consist of just one word, but more often they contain other elements as well.答案:正确
The word ' mike' is a clipped word.答案:正确
The word ' home' was written as ' hām' in Old English.答案:正确
The Eskimos have far more words for snow than the English natives in that ' snow' is more crucial to the life of the former.答案:正确
' The shooting of the man' is ambiguous.答案:正确
The words ‘lead’(领导)and ‘lead’(铅球)are homographs.答案:正确
Applied linguistics means the language application to specific areas.答案:错误
The word ' dog' often conjures up different images in the US and Hong Kong.答案:正确
The word ‗boy‘ is a free morpheme.答案:正确
The word ' question' is a word borrowed from French.答案:正确
One poible account of the increasing use of ' cheap' instead of ' cheaply' in ' He got it cheap.' is that of the ' theory of least effort'.答案:正确
Phonetic similarity, not phonetic identity, is the criterion with which we operate in the phonological analysis of languages.答案:正确
An RP accent often serves as a high status marker.答案:正确
The innatists hold that children could not discover the rules of reflexive pronouns by trial and error.答案:正确
' 鸭不吃了。' is NOT an ambiguous sentence.答案:错误/ 16
Borrowing 答案:
Borrowing refers to the use of words in a language from another language of a different culture, e.g.in English, bonus—Latin;dinner—French.Productive morphological rules 答案:
Productive morphological rules refer to the morphological rules(such as the ‗un-+ Adj.=not +Adj.‘ rule)that can be used quite freely to form new words.Speech variety 答案:
Speech variety refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.It is also termed ‗language variety‘.Neurolinguistics 答案:
Neurolinguistics is the study of the relationship between brain and language.It includes research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.Functional words 答案:
Functional words are grammatical words such as the article ‗the‘ in English, which do not expre the content of objects in the world.Closed cla words 答案:
Closed cla words include grammatical or functional words, to whose claes new words are not usually added, as
conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns in English.Intrinsic motivation 答案:
Intrinsic motivation refers to the drive that learners learn a second language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.Performatives 答案:
Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable(‗I name this ship Elizabeth‘).Predication 答案:
Predication refers to the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence;it consists of ‗argument(s)‘ and ‗predicate‘.An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence.A
predicate is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.Sentence meaning 答案:
Sentence meaning is the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.Aphasia 答案:
Aphasia refers to the partial or total lo of language due to brain damage.Atypical development 答案: Atypical development refers to the abnormal language development in linguistics, which includes hearing impairment, mental retardation, autism, stuttering, aphasia, dyslexia, and dysgraphia.Error analysis 答案: Error analysis refers to the analysis of learners‘ errors, which involves first independently or objectively, describing the learners‘ interlanguage, then a comparison of their version of the target language and the target language itself is followed to locate mismatches.Contrastive analysis 答案: Contrastive analysis is a kind of analysis which compares features of the native language and target language(the forms and meanings)to spot the mismatches or differences so that people could predict learners‘ difficulty.Psycholinguistics 答案: Psycholinguistics is the study of language proceing;it is concerned with the procees of language comprehension and production.synchronic linguistics 答案: Synchronic linguistics deals with the description of a language at some point of time in history.Modern linguistics is primarily synchronic linguistics.Head 答案: Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Infl 答案: Infl is an abstract category inflection as the head of a sentence, which indicates the tense and agreement of the sentence.Cognitive strategies 答案: Cognitive strategies are strategies involved in analyzing, synthesis, and internalizing what has been learned.Metacognitive strategies 答案: Metacognitive strategies are the techniques in planning, monitoring and evaluating one‘s learning.Expreives 答案: Expreives are the speaker‘s attempts to expre his feelings or attitude towards an existing state, e.g.‗I‘m sorry for being late.‘, ‗It‘s very kind of you to give me advice.‘
Commiives 答案: Commiives are the speaker‘s attempts to commit the speaker himself to some future course of action, e.g.‗I promise to come.‘, ‗I will call you tomorrow morning without fail.‘
Connotative meaning
答案:
Connotative meaning refers to the meaning triggered by a word through aociations.Intralingual errors 答案:
Intralingual errors refer to errors mainly resulting from faulty or partial learning of the target language, independent of the native language, which include learning strategies-based errors, communication strategies-based errors, induced errors, and some compound and ambiguous errors.Regional dialect 答案:
Regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.Pidgin 答案:
A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.Linguistic relativity 答案:
Linguistic relativity refers to the fact that different languages offer people different ways of expreing the world around, and they think and speak differently.Blending 答案:
Blending refers to the formation of a word by combining parts of other words, e.g.smog—smoke + fog;motel—motor + hotel.Double articulation 答案:
Double articulation refers to the duality of structure, the fact that language is a system, which consists of two sets of
structures, or two levels.At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningle by themselves.But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.Language aptitude 答案:
Language aptitude in second language acquisition refers to a natural ability for learning a second language.Idiolect 答案:
Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that
combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.Phoneme 答案:
A phoneme is a phonological unit of distinctive value.It is an abstract unit;it is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain
phonetic context.For example, /p/ is a phoneme in the English sound system, which is realized as aspirated(as in ‗peak‘)or unaspirated(as in ‗speak‘)in different contexts.Aimilation rule 答案:/ 16
The aimilation rule is a rule that aimilates one sound to another by ‗copying‘ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar(as in ‗impoible‘).Cultural transmiion 答案: Cultural transmiion refers to the fact that language is culturally transmitted.In other words, language is paed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.Matrix clause 答案: Matrix clause is a construction in which the complement phrase is embedded, as shown below: She reads books that are interesting.Utterance meaning 答案: Utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or in a context.Resultative motivation 答案: Resultative motivation refers to the drive that learners learn a second language for external purposes.Transformation 答案: Transformation is a special type of rule that can move an element of a sentence from one position to another.Interference 答案: Interference is the negative or distorting effect that new learning can have on previous learning or that previous learning can have on new learning.Interlingual errors 答案: Interlingual errors refer to errors mainly resulting from cro-linguistic interference at different levels such as phonological, lexical, grammatical or discoursal, etc.Top-down proceing 答案: Top-down proceing refers to the spontaneous and automatic interpretation of a sentence on the basis of whatever information is available before the analysis of all the phonemes in the sentence.Language acquisition 答案: Language acquisition refers to the child‘s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e.how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.Mental retardation 答案: Mental retardation refers to the language impairment of mental ability that may cause a delayed language acquisition.Directives 答案: Directives are the speaker‘s attempts to get the hearer to do something, e.g.‗Turn on the light!‘, ‗You‘d better read the book.‘, ‗Your money or your life!‘
Bilingualism 答案:
Bilingualism refers to the case in which two languages are
used side by side with each having a different role to play, and language switching occurs when the situation changes.Material culture 答案:
Material culture is the concrete, substantial and observable aspect of the life of a people.Iconic meaning 答案:
Iconic meaning refers to the meaning when a word invokes images to people.Behaviorism 答案:
Behaviorism holds the view that the meaning of a language form is the ‗situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.‘
Functional shift 答案:
Functional shift refers to the phenomenon of words shifting from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes, e.g.shoulder(n.)—shoulder(v.).Back-formation 答案:
Back-formation refers to the formation of a word by
‗subtracting‘ an affix thought to be part of the old word, e.g.edit—editor;beg—beggar.Foilization 答案:
Foilization refers to a proce occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.Selectional restrictions 答案:
Selectional restrictions refer to the constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.Universal Grammar 答案:
Universal Grammar refers to the innate endowment to discover language‘s structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular language.Syntax 答案:
Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.Locutionary act 答案:
Locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses, the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.Productivity 答案:/ 16
Productivity refers to the fact that language makes poible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users, which is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.This feature is unique to human language.Spiritual culture 答案: Spiritual culture is mostly the abstract, ambiguous, and hidden aspect of the life of a people, or the products of mind(such as ideologies, beliefs, values and concepts of time and space).Open cla words 答案: Open cla words are the content words of a language, to whose claes new words can regularly be added, as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs in English
Linguistic repertoire 答案: Linguistic repertoire refers to the totality of linguistic varieties poeed by an individual.Dyslexia 答案: Dyslexia refers to the disorders in reading which may be acquired or developmental.Sociolect 答案: Sociolect refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social cla.Denotative meaning 答案: Denotative meaning is the meaning that can be found in a dictionary.Representatives 答案: Representatives are the speaker‘s attempts to state or describe, say what the speaker believes to be true, e.g.‗I have never been to England before.‘, ‗The man is a rich man.‘
Interlanguage 答案: According to Selinker, interlanguage refers to an abstract system of learner‘s target language system.It has now been widely used to refer to the linguistic expreions learners produce especially the wrong or not idiomatic ones.Ethnic dialect 答案: Ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language that cuts acro regional differences;it is mainly spoken by a le privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation such as racial discrimination or segregation.Micro-sociolinguistics 答案: Micro-sociolinguistics refers to the study of society from the point of view of an individual member within it, or a worm‘s-eye view of language in use.Minimal pair 答案: A minimal pair is such a pair of different forms as identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings(as ‗pill‘ and ‗till‘).Morphology 答案:
Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and the rules for word formation.Intonation 答案:
Intonation is the collective expreion of meaning when pitch, stre and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation.Contextualism 答案:
Contextualism holds the view that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context– elements closely linked with language behaviour.Digloia 答案:
Digloia refers to a sociolinguistic situation where two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play.Dysgraphia 答案:
Dysgraphia refers to the disorders in writing which may be acquired or developmental.Grammaticality 答案:
Grammaticality refers to the grammatical meaning of a
linguistic unit(such as ‗a sentence‘), which is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.Perlocutionary act 答案:
Perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something, the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance;it is the act performed by saying something.Diachronic linguistics 答案:
Diachronic linguistics deals with the description of a language as it changes through time, or the study of its historical development over a period of time.Traditional grammar tended to favor diachronic linguistics.Deletion rule 答案:
The deletion rule is a phonological rule that tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically
represented.For example, [g] deletion occurs before a final nasal consonant, as in ‗signature‘.Learning strategies 答案:
Learning strategies are learners‘ conscious goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency.Bottom-up proceing 答案:/ 16
Bottom-up proceing is such an inductive analysis as to perform phonetic analysis, when one hears a sentence, to isolate phonemes and word boundaries, and to relate these to representations in the mental lexicon.Constatives 答案: Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and thus verifiable(‗The dre is red‘).Acronym 答案: An acronym is a word derived from the initials of several words, e.g.IT—information technology;WTO—World Trade Organization.Instrumental motivation 答案: Instrumental motivation occurs when people learn a foreign language for external goals such as paing exams, financial rewards or furthering a career, etc.Naming theory 答案: The naming theory, proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato, is one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, according to which, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for, and words are just names or labels for things.Category 答案: Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.Conceptualism 答案: Conceptualism holds the view that relates words and things through the mediation of concepts of the mind.Macro-sociolinguistics 答案: Macro-sociolinguistics refers to the study of society as a whole, and of how language functions in it and how it reflects the social differentiations, i.e., a bird‘s-eye view of the languages used in society.Illocutionary act 答案: Illocutionary act is the act of expreing the speaker‘s intention, the act performed in saying something.Affect strategies 答案: Affect strategies are strategies that deal with the ways learners interact or communicate with other speakers, native or non-native.Declarations 答案: Declarations are the speaker‘s attempts to bring about immediate changes by saying(declaring)something, e.g.‗I now declare the meeting open.‘, ‗I fire you!‘
Displacement
答案:
Displacement is the property that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or
imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.This feature provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.Speech community 答案:
Speech community refers to the social group that is singled out for any special study.For general linguistics, it is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of a language.What is standard dialect? 答案:
Standard dialect is a superimposed, socially prestigious dialect of a language.It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the ma media, and taught in educational institutions.It is a particular variety of a language in that it is not related to any particular group of language users, but it is the variety which any member of a speech community can poibly use regardle of his social and geographical backgrounds, his gender and age.What is minimal attachment strategy? 答案:
Minimal attachment strategy is that we prefer attaching new items into the phrase marker being constructed using the fewest syntactic nodes consistent with the rules of the language, e.g.Ernie kied Marcie and her sister … It could be either
Ernie kied [Marcie and her sister]…(minimal attachment)or
[Ernie kied Marcie] and [her sister …]
What is the distinction between competence and performance? 答案:
According to Chomsky, competence is the ideal user‘s
knowledge of the rules of his language, while performance is the actual realization of the ideal user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.What is widening of lexical meaning? 答案:
The meaning of a word may change through time.The widening of lexical meaning is one kind of change in the
meaning of a word.This refers to the case when the meaning of a word becomes broader, that word means everything it
used to mean, and then more.Take the word ‗tail‘ for instance.It once referred to ‗the tail of a horse‘.But now it is used to mean ‗the tail of any animal‘.What is a phrase structure rule? 答案:
A phrase structure rule is a special type of grammatical
mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase.For instance, NP →(Det)N(PP)… VP →(Qual)V(NP)… AP →(Deg)A(PP)… PP →(Deg)P(NP)…
What is D-structure?/ 16
答案: D-structure is deep structure, a syntactic structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head‘s subcategorization properties.How does a sentence differ from an utterance? 答案: A sentence and an utterance differ in that a sentence is a grammatical and self-contained unit in isolation from context, whereas utterance is something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose.What are the similarities and differences between phonetics and phonology? 答案: Phonology and phonetics both study human speech sounds, but they differ in their approach and focus.Phonology deals with how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.Phonetics, however, is interested in all human speech sounds and deals with how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they poe, how they can be claified, and so on.Hence, phonetics is general, whereas phonology tends to be more specific and related to the meaningful use of the sounds.What is a garden path sentence? 答案: A garden path sentence is an awkward sentence that misleads the syntactic parser and takes it down the garden path to the wrong analysis, e.g.―The horse raced past the barn fell.‖
What is reference? 答案: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world;it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.For instance, if we say ‗The dog is barking‘, we must be talking about a certain dog in the situation;here, ‗dog‘ refers to a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer.This is the reference of the word ‗dog‘ in this particular situation.What is the difference between traditional grammar and modern linguistics? 答案: The difference between traditional grammar and modern linguistics is that traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive, that traditional grammar tended to emphasize the importance of writing while modern linguistics gives priority to speech, and that traditional grammar forced languages into a Latin-based framework while modern linguistics does not.What is narrowing of lexical meaning? 答案: This refers to the case that in the course of several generations, semantic change has narrowed the meaning of a word to what it is in Modern English.Take the word ‗girl‘ for instance.It once meant ‗young person of either sex‘ but now means ‗young people of female sex‘.What is culture? 答案: In a broad sense, culture means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.In a narrow sense, it may refer
to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture, etc.What are the poible different readings of the sentence ‗That‘s not the book he wants.‘? 答案:
The sentence ‗That‘s not the book he wants.‘ may have the following readings:
A.'That‘s 'not the 'book he ‗ wants.(falling tone: fact)
B.'That‘s 'not the 'book he ‚ wants.(rising tone: question)
C.‗ That‘s 'not the 'book he ‚ wants.(fall-rise tone: implying ‗some other book‘)
What is overgeneralization? 答案:
Overgeneralization is the use of previously available strategies in new situations, which results in mistakes, e.g.The girl is in a blue ski jacket.The girl is dreed in a blue ski jacket.* The girl is worn in a blue ski jacket.What are inflectional morphemes? 答案:
Inflectional morphemes are morphemes(such as ‗-s‘, ‗-es‘, ‗-ed‘ and ‗-ing‘)that are bound to other morphemes or words without changing their syntactic category.What are causes of language change? 答案:
Language change can be attributed to a variety of factors.Some language changes may be easy to explain, but others may be difficult to account for.For instance, it is clear to us that the rapid development of science and technology has led to the creation of many new words(such as ‗telecom‘, ‗fax‘).In addition, social and political changes and political needs have supplied the English
vocabulary with a great quantity of new words and expreions(such as ‗hot line‘, ‗shuttle diplomacy‘).What is more, as more and more women have taken up activities formerly reserved for men, more neutral job titles(such as ‗chairperson‘, ‗police officer‘)have been created.Furthermore, the way acquire the language also provides a basic cause of change.Still another source of change which can be regarded as ‗economy of memory‘ results in grammar simplification(such as
‗agendum—agenda/agendums‘).It is true that there is no single cause of language change.When we account for language change, we may find it quite a complicated phenomenon.What are derivational morphemes? 答案:
Derivational morphemes refer to morphemes(such as ‗-ic‘ and ‗-ism‘)that can be conjoined to other morphemes or words to derive a new word.What is predication analysis? 答案:
It is a way proposed by the British linguist G.Leech to analyze sentence meaning, by which the basic unit of a sentence called predication consists of argument(s)and predicate, e.g.The predication of ―Tom is smoking.‖ is: TOM(SMOKE).What is Spoonerism? 答案:
Spoonerism is a kind of humorous slips of tongue, named after the Victorian cleric and teacher, W.A.Spooner, who was infamous for blundering through many lectures or sermons with humorous speech errors such as below:/ 16
What he intended: You have wasted the whole term.What he said: You have tasted the whole worm.What are langue and parole, and how are they different? 答案: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.Whereas parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.It is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules, or the naturally occurring language events.Langue is the abstract linguistic system whereas parole is concrete and is the realization of langue in actual use.Langue is relatively stable, while parole varies from person to person and from situation to situation.What is the difference between prescriptive and descriptive linguistics? 答案: The difference between prescriptive and descriptive linguistics is that prescriptive linguistics is to lay down rules for language users, whereas descriptive linguistics is to describe the language phenomena as they are.Therefore, the former is subjective, while the latter is objective and more scientific
What is over-extension? 答案: Over-extension refers to the phenomenon of a child taking a property of an object and generalizing it inappropriately, e.g.‗apple‘ for ‗all fruit‘ or ‗anything round‘.What is componential analysis? 答案: It is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning into semantic features, using such labels as ‗+HUMAN‘, ‗+ADULT‘, ‗+ANIMATE‘, ‗+MALE‘, and so on.Componential analysis makes it poible to show how the words analyzed are related in meaning.What is the difference between general linguistics and applied linguistics? 答案: General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to those branches of study which relate linguistics to the research of other areas.But applied linguistics refers to the study of the application of findings in linguistic studies to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability;in a narrow sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.What is the behaviourist view of language acquisition? 答案: The behaviourist view of language acquisition is that language is behavior and that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.What is telegraphic speech? 答案: Telegraphic speech refers to content words which give us the information and which lack the function elements.What are the three social variables of register? 答案:
The three social variables of register are field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.Field of discourse refers to what is going on: the area of operation of the
language activity.It answers the questions of ‗why‘ and ‗about what‘ communication takes place.Tenor of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other.It answers the question of ‗to whom‘ the speaker is communicating.Mode of discourse mainly refers to the means of communication.It is concerned with ‗how‘ communication is carried out.What is the interactionist view of language acquisition? 答案:
The interactionist view of language acquisition is that language develops as a result of the complex interplay between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which the child develops.What is motherese? 答案:
Motherese is a ―special‖ speech adults use in talking to little children with slow rate of speech, high pitch, rich intonation, shorter and simpler sentence structures, frequent repetition, paraphrasing and limited vocabulary.It is also termed ‗caretaker talk‘ or child directed speech.Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three perspectives.What are they? 答案:
Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related perspectives: the speaker, the hearer, and the way sound travel.This gives rise to three branches of phonetics: articulatory phonetics;auditory phonetics;acoustic phonetics.Articulatory phonetics is a study of sounds from the speaker‘s point of view, i.e., how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.Auditory phonetics is a study of sounds from the hearer‘s point of view, i.e., how the sounds are
perceived by the hearer.Acoustic phonetics is a study of how sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.What is under-extension? 答案:
Under-extension refers to the phenomenon of a child denying some fact due to his lack of adequate knowledge, e.g.a child may say that birds are not animals.How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning different from each other? 答案:
Sentence meaning is the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.Whereas utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a
sentence in a real situation of communication, or in a context.So the difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning is that the former is abstract and decontextualized, while the latter is concrete and context-dependent.What is sense? 答案:
Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form;it is abstract and de-contextualized.It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in, like the definition of ‗dog‘ as ‗a domesticated canine mammal,occurring in many breeds that show a great variety in size and form‘/ 16
What is the Input Hypothesis? 答案: According to Krashen, the only way learners can acquire language is by receiving comprehensible input, which is defined as ‗i+1‘, where ‗i‘ represents learners‘ current state of knowledge, and the next stage is an ‗i+1‘.That is, learners have to receive input that is just beyond their competence but not beyond their understanding.This is termed the Input Hypothesis.However, this hypothesis was later modified so that comprehensible input was a neceary but not sufficient condition for acquisition.Learners have to also have the right environment and circumstances to allow comprehensible input to work.A learner's affective filter has to be low;they have to be free of stre and motivated.What is the difference between sense and reference?
答案: The difference between sense and reference is that sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form, whereas reference deals with what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.what is the relationship between pragmatics and semantics? 答案: The relation between pragmatics and semantics is that both are linguistic studies of meaning.But they differ in that semantics traditionally studies meanings of words, meanings of sentences in isolation from language use, whereas pragmatics studies meanings in the context of language use.What is the innatist view of language acquisition? 答案: The innatist view of language acquisition is that human beings are biologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking.This innate ability is first referred to as Language Acquisition Device(LAD), and later as Universal Grammar(UG).Chomsky holds that if children are pre-equipped with UG, then what they have to learn is the ways in which their own language makes use of these principles and the variations on those principles which may exist in the particular language they are learning.What is context? 答案: Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer(e.g.knowledge of the language they use, knowledge of what has been said before, knowledge about the world in general, knowledge about the specific situation in which linguistic communication is taking place, and knowledge about each other).What are free morphemes? 答案: Free morphemes are morphemes(such as ‗boy‘ and ‗play‘)that can occur independently and freely.What is conversational implicature? 答案: Conversational implicature is a nonconventional implicature based on an addreee‘s aumption that the speaker is following the conversational maxims or at least the cooperative principle.It occurs when any of the four maxims is violated.What are the recent trends of the English language?
答案:
The recent trends of the English language include moving
towards greater informality, the influence of American English, and the influence of science and technology.How do broad and narrow transcription differ from each other? 答案:
Broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only.While narrow transcription is the transcription with diacritics.For instance, the sound [l] is transcribed as dark or clear
sound in different contexts.Narrow transcription is widely used in today‘s textbooks and dictionaries.What are usually the differences between English and Chinese in response to compliments? 答案:
The native English speakers tend to accept compliments more directly and frankly than the native Chinese speakers.The westerners usually expre their ‗thanks‘ positively to those who offer compliments, whereas the Chinese often feel embarraed when they hear compliments like ‗You speak excellent English‘, and show their modesty by saying something like ‗no, no‘.what are the differences between traditional grammar ａnd modern linguistics?
答案
The first difference: modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive.That is linguists try to make statements which are testable, and take language as it is rather than say how it should be.The second difference: modern linguistics regards spoken rather than written language as primary.Traditional grammar tends to emphasize the importance of written language and the writings.The third difference:
modern linguistics does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.In the past, Latin was considered the language that provided a universal grammar for all languages.Here is a form I found from the internet and it can show the differences between traditional grammar and modern linguistics simply./ 16
