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TECHNICAL BULLETIN P/7.技术公报 P/7.PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF LOW GRAVITY ASPHALTIC CRUDES BAKER PETROLITE PAW4

低比重含沥青的原油的生产和运输，贝克PETROLITE PAW4。

INTRODUCTION: 引论

Crude oil comes in two basic types: paraffinic and asphaltic.While most crude oils are a combination of these two types and exhibit a wide range of characteristics, we can make some distinctions Paraffinic crudes have higher API gravity,that is usually above 20o API and contain straight chain hydrocarbons.These crudes contain paraffin(straight hydrocarbon chains containing 20 or more carbon atoms)and poe a wide range of thermal characteristics.原油来时以二种基本的类型： 石蜡和含沥青。当多数原油是一种这二个类型的组合并且陈现出大范围的特征时，我们可以做一些区分石蜡原油有更高的API比重，通常在20o API之上并且包含直链碳氢化合物，这些原油含有石蜡(包含20个或更多的碳原子)的平直的碳氢化合物链子并且拥有大范围热量特征。

The paraffin in these crudes can form crystal structures upon cooling.These crystal structures can become so extensive that they can trap all the oil in them and cause the crude to gell or set up solid.This is the “pour point”.在这些原油中的石蜡在冷却情况下可能形成晶体结构，这些晶体结构可能变得数量很大它们可以堵塞所有的油并导致原油稠化或变成为固体，这就是“浇铸点”。

Asphaltic crude oils are those crudes below 20o API.They are usually black, highly viscous and tacky to the touch.These crude oils contain large quantities of asphaltene structures which are typically condensed hetero-aromatic ring structures.These crudes contain little paraffin, and the asphaltic components are amorphous, that is they do not form crystal structures.Asphaltic crudes have no true pour point.They become more viscous at lower temperatures until they cease to flow.This high viscosity has hindered the production and transportation of these crudes since their initial discovery.Since they have no crystal structure, crystal modifiers or physical shear cannot be used to facilitate their handling.含沥青的原油是那些在20o API之下的原油，它们通常是黑色的，度黏很高并且模上去发黏，这些原油包含有很大数量的典型的浓缩的向异性的芳香族的圆环结构的沥青结构，这些原油包含有少许的石蜡，并且含沥青的成分是不定形的，这是它们不形成晶体结构的原因。含沥青的原油没有真实的浇铸点，它们在低温下变得黏稠，直到它们停止流动。从它们最初被发现起，这种高黏性妨害了这些原油的生产和运输，因为它们没有晶体结构，晶体修整或物理切边不可能用于促进它们的处理。

The handling problems of asphaltic crudes has been facilitated by heating or dilution With the high cost of heating, production costs have been high, and some asphaltic crude production has been bypaed Production has been facilitated by various heating methods most common of which is steamflood or Huff-n-Puff.These thermal methods raise the temperature of the crude and thus lower its viscosity During production, heat must be maintained and reapplied to bring the crude from formation to market.In addition to heat, diluent-usually a low grade kerosene-is also used to dilute the asphaltic crude to lower the viscosity.In some cases, this kerosene is used not only for production aistance, but also to raise the API gravity to make the crude more marketable.Diluent volumes for production can be in exce of 10% of the crude volume produced where gravity adjustment may require only 2-5%.含沥青的原油的处理的问题以高费用的加热或稀释变得容易了，生产成本变得很高，并且已经被绕过的一些含沥青的原油生产由各种各样的热化方法变得容易了，其中最通用的是蒸汽驱动或蒸汽吞吐。这些加热方法提高了原油的温度，并且因而降低了它们在生产中的黏度，热量必须保持和再利用，以从地层带出原油到市场上去。除热之外，通常稀释剂-低档煤油也用于稀释含沥青的原油以降低黏度，在某些情况下，这煤油不仅用于生产协助，而且提高API比重使得原油更加有销路。用于生产的稀释剂的体积可以是超过产出原油体积的10%，比重调整也许只要求2-5%。

As the crude oil is produced up the tubing and down the flowline, it cools and thus the viscosity along with the subsequent pumping preures climb dramatically.Additional costs are then incurred to heat the crude throughout its surface transportation.Tremendous lifting costs and equipment wear are common to the production of low gravity crude oils.当原油出来油管并且进入导流管，它被冷却，并且黏度随泵抽的压力一起而显著上升，然后在它的地面运输中导致额外的加热原油的费用，巨大提举费用和设备磨损对低比重原油的生产是共同的。

SOLUTION: 解决方案

It is now poible to alter the rheological properties aociated with low gravity crudes throughout their production and transportation cycle.This is poible by forming a water external emulsion using Baker Petrolite PAW4 specially designed for this application.现在在它们的生产和运输周期中改变与低比重原油相关的流变性质是可能的，这可以通过使用贝克Petrolite为这种应用特别设计形成的水外在乳化液PAW4。Most low gravity production contains water produced with the crude from both steaming operations and formation sources.The use of Baker Petrolite PAW4 causes this water to form a water external emulsion with the crude with the water coating on the oil particles;the ability of the crude to stick to itself or pipe walls is reduced.Thus the apparent viscosity of the crude is lowered dramatically.This provides a more easily pumped fluid at lower temperatures.多数低比重产品包含有由蒸汽驱动作业和源自地层的出水与原油。使用贝克Petrolite的PAW4导致这种水形成水外在乳化液，在油的微粒上形成原油与水的涂层;原油的这种能力能减少本身或管壁的粘附作用，因而原油的粘度显著地下降了。这提供了在低温下更加容易的流体泵抽。

The emulsion that is formed is maintained by the agitation during normal production operations.By selection of the proper ratios, the stability of the emulsion can be tailored to each need.When the agitation of the crude is stopped, the emulsion breaks rapidly.This prevents oil treating problems.In fact, in most cases the use of Baker Petrolite Asphaltic Crude Emulsifier will reduce the amount of demulsifier needed to treat the oil.被形成的乳化液由搅动维持在正常生产作业期间，通过选择适当的比率，乳化液的稳定性可以对每一个需要专门定制。当原油的搅动被停止时，乳化液迅速破解，这防止了油的处理问题。实际上在许多情况下，使用贝克Petrolite含沥青的原油乳化剂将减少相当数量的处理原油的破乳剂的需求。

APPLICATION: 应用

Baker Petrolite PAW4 is best employed by continuous addition downhole or into the transportation pipeline before the pumps.There should be 15% or more water present in the oil stream, and the crude should be warm for best mixing effects.If there is insufficient water present, make-up water, either fresh or brine can be used.The makeup water can contain the chemical and be used as an injection system to apply the chemical.If a diluent system is already in place, the product can be added to the diluent for simultaneous addition of diluent for gravity adjustment and chemical to facilitate production.在泵抽之前通过连续地将贝克Petrolite PAW4加到井下或加入运输管道是最好的使用，应该有15%或更多水出现在油流中，并且原油应该是温的以便最佳的混合效果，如果出水不足，补水，淡水或盐水都可以，补的水可能包含有化学制品和用于作为注水系统使用化学制品，如果稀释剂系统已经到位，产品可以加到稀释剂，稀释剂的同时加入是为了比重调整和化学制品能促进产量。PAW4 has applications in many locations in an asphaltic crude handling system.Offshore downhole production can be facilitated by use of this product.Additionally, instead of dehydrating the oil on the platform with its aociated problems, the oil/water mixture can be easily pipelined onshore for easy proceing.For pipeline transportation, use the chemical/water emulsion system to facilitate easy pumping without expensive crude heating facilities and extra pump stations.Downhole batch treatment or squeeze jobs have proven effective in facilitating the production of heavy, low gravity crudes.This is especially true for systems which are not under thermal stimulation methods where production options are severely restricted.The product of choice is Baker Petrolite PAW4.PAW4已经在许多地方的含沥青的原油处理系统中应用。利用这个产品海上井下生产可以被促进，另外，取代了在平台脱水油伴生的问题，油/水混合物可以为容易处理并容易地在陆上用管道运输。作为管道运输，使用化学制/水乳化液系统容易促进泵抽，没有昂贵的原油热化设施和额外的泵站。井下投放处理或挤压工作证明了有效地促进了重（稠）油、低比重原油的生产。这对于不是在热刺激方法之下特别可靠，生产选择受严格限制的系统时，选择的产品是贝克Petrolite PAW4。