Richard Phillips Feynman_richardmarx介绍
Richard Phillips Feynman由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“richardmarx介绍”。
1.李察菲利普斯费曼（1918年5月11日？–1988年2月15日）是一位美国物理学家称
为他在量子力学的路径积分公式，量子电动力学的理论的过冷液态氦的超流物理，以及在粒子物理学（他提出了部分子模型）。他在量子电动力学，费曼的发展作出了贡献，与朱利安共同下，获得了诺贝尔物理学奖1965
2.从石器时代，人类从地面到箭头尖端的所有芯片的光刻技术，或削减一次性
数量，为什么我们不能从另一个角度开始整合，从单分子甚至原子开始被组装以满足我们的要求吗？他说：“至少在我看来，物理学的法则并不排除创造事物由原子原子电位
3.纳米技术是操纵物质的原子和分子尺度研究。一般来说，纳米技术研究的结构的大小
为1至100纳米在至少一个维度中，涉及发展中国家的材料或设备内的大小。量子力学效应，在这个规模是非常重要的，这是在量子领域。
纳米技术是多种多样的，范围扩展现有的设备从物理到全新的方法，基于分子自组装，从材料尺寸对开发新的纳米级的调查是否可以直接物质的原子控制。
4.显微镜是用来查看对象为肉眼太小的一个工具。调查小物件，使用这种仪器的科学称
为显微镜。肉眼看不见的微观手段，除非通过显微镜辅助。
TEM（透射电子显微镜）
是显微镜技术，电子束传播通过超薄是试样与试样时。图像是从透过试样的电子的相互作用形成；图像被放大和聚焦到成像设备，如荧光屏，上一层感光胶片，或是由一个传感器，如CCD摄像机检测。
量子力学，也被称为量子物理和量子理论，是物理提供的双粒子和波的行为与物质和能量的相互作用的数学描述的一个分支。
扫描电镜（SEM）扫描电子显微镜是一种显微镜，通过与光栅扫描型电子高能激光束扫描一个样本图像。电子组成的样品制备含有对样品的表面形貌，成分信息信号的原子相互作用，和其他性能如电导率。
样品电流和透射电子。二次电子检测器在所有中小企业都是常见的，但这是罕见的，一个单一的机会为所有可能的信号检测器。信号来自在或接近样品表面的原子的电子束的相互作用。在最常见的或标准的检测模式，二次电子成像或SEI，SEM可以产生样品表面的非常高的分辨率的图像，细节小于1到5纳米的大小。由于非常窄的电子束，SEM照片景深大收益特征的三维外观有助于了解样品的表面结构。这是由花粉显示正确的显微图像为例。一个宽的范围内的放大倍数是可能的团簇科学诞生和发明的扫描隧道显微镜（STM）。这一发展LED的1985和碳纳米管在几年后发现富勒烯。另一方面，半导体纳米晶体的合成和性能研究；该LED在快速增长的金属和金属氧化物纳米颗粒和量子点的数量。原子力显微镜扫描隧道显微镜发明六年后发明的。2000，美国国家纳米技术倡议成立，以协调联邦纳米技术研究和开发，是由总统科技顾问委员会评估。
5.data is obtained from the resulting changes in current.首先，施加电压偏置和尖端接近到样品的粗样品倾斜控制，这是关闭时，针尖和样品是足够接近。在接近的范围，在所有三个维度的尖端精细的控制时，附近的样品是典型的压电，保持针尖样品分离W通常在4-7？的范围，这是吸引力之间的平衡位置（3
6.In constant height mode, the voltage and height are both held constant while the current
changes to keep the voltage from changing;this leads to an image made of current changes over the surface, which can be related to charge density.The benefit to using a constant height mode is that it is faster, as the piezoelectric movements require more time to register the change in constant current mode than the voltage response in constant height mode.All images produced by STM are grayscale, with color optionally added in post-proceing in order to visually emphasize important features.在恒定高度模式，电压和高度都在保持电压改变电流的变化保持恒定；这导致了电流的变化在表面的图像，可对电荷密度相关。用恒高模式的好处是，它的速度更快，为压电运动需要更多的时间来登记在恒流模式的变化比恒高模式的电压响应。由STM图像的灰度，在后处理以视觉强调重要的功能可以添加颜色。
Nanoparticles are of great scientific interest as they are effectively a bridge between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures.A bulk material should have constant physical properties regardle of its size, but at the nano-scale this is often not the case.Size-dependent properties are observed such as quantum confinement in semiconductor particles, surface plasmon resonance in some metal particles and superparamagnetism in magnetic materials.纳米粒子是伟大的科学兴趣，因为他们之间的散装材料和原子或分子桥有效。散装材料应具有恒定的物理性能，无论其规模大小，但在纳米尺度，这往往不是这样的。尺寸相关的性能的影响如半导体粒子的量子限制，在一些金属颗粒和磁性材料的超顺磁性，表面等离子体共振。
7.The sol-gel proce is a wet-chemical technique widely used recently in the fields of
materials science and ceramic engineering.Such methods are used primarily for the fabrication of materials(typically a metal oxide)starting from a chemical solution(sol, short for solution)which acts as the precursor for an integrated network(or gel)of either discrete particles or network polymers
溶胶-凝胶过程是一种最近领域的材料科学和陶瓷在技术广泛的湿化学。这种方法主要用于材料制备（通常是金属氧化物）从一个化学溶液（溶胶，简称溶液）作为一个综合的网络前体（或凝胶）的离散颗粒或网络聚合物
8.For the past decade, the chemical and physical properties of fullerenes have been a hot topic
in the field of research and development, and are likely to continue to be for a long time.In April 2003, fullerenes were under study for potential medicinal use: binding specific antibiotics to the structure of resistant bacteria and even target certain types of cancer cells.The October 2005 iue of Chemistry and Biology contains an article describing the use of fullerenes as antimicrobial agents.In the field of nanotechnology, heat resistance and superconductivity are among the properties attracting intense research.A common method used to produce fullerenes is to send a large current between two nearby graphite electrodes in an inert atmosphere.The resulting carbon plasma arc between the electrodes cools into sooty residue from which many fullerenes can be isolated.在过去十年的化学和物理性质，富勒烯具有话题的研究领域，在已发展的热点，并有可能继续是一个长。2003四月，富勒烯在研究药用潜力：结合具体的抗生素耐药细菌的结构和目标的某些类型的癌症细胞。十月发行2005化学和生物学中一篇描述富勒烯作为抗菌剂的用途。在纳米技术领域，耐热性和超导电性研究中引起了强烈的性质。方法用于产生一个
常见的富勒烯是寄一大间附近的两个石墨电极惰性。由此产生的碳等离子体电极之间的冷却成黑色残渣，许多富勒烯可以分离。
9.A fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere,ellipsoid, or tube.Spherical fullerenes are also called buckyballs, and they resemble the balls used in Aociation Football.Cylindrical ones are called carbon nanotubes or buckytubes.Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, which is composed of stacked graphene sheets of linked hexagonal rings;but they may also contain pentagonal(or sometimes heptagonal)rings.富勒烯是任何分子完全由碳，在一个中空的球体，椭球形，或管。球形富勒烯也叫巴克球，它们类似于用足球球。圆柱形的被称为碳纳米管或巴基管。富勒烯的结构与石墨相似，它是由堆叠的石墨烯片连接的六边形环；但是他们也可能含有五边形（或有时七边形）环。
10.The discovery of fullerenes greatly expanded the number of known carbon allotropes, which
until recently were limited to graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon such as soot and charcoal.Buckyballs and buckytubes have been the subject of intense research, both for their unique chemistry and for their technological applications, especially in materials science, electronics, and nanotechnology.富勒烯大大扩展了已知的碳的同素异形体数量的发现，直到最近被限制为石墨，金刚石，和无定形碳如煤烟和木炭。巴克球和巴基管一直深入研究的主题，无论是其独特的化学和技术的应用，特别是在材料科学，电子，和纳米技术。
15.Carbon nanotubes(CNTs)are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio significantly larger than any other material.These cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties, making them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics, and other fields of materials science, as well as potential uses in architectural fields.They may also have applications in the construction of body armor.They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient thermal conductors.Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family, which also includes the spherical buckyballs.The ends of a nanotube may be capped with a hemisphere of the buckyball structure.Their name is derived from their size, since the diameter of a nanotube is on the order of a few nanometers), while they can be up to 18 centimeters in length Nanotubes are categorized as single-walled nanotubes(SWNTs)and multi-walled nanotubes(MWNTs).碳纳米管（CNTs）是碳的同素异形体的圆柱形纳米结构。碳纳米管已长径比明显大于其他任何材料建造的。这些圆柱状碳分子具有新的性能，使它们具有潜在的有用的纳米技术的许多应用中，电子，光学，和材料科学等领域，以及在建筑领域的潜在用途。他们也可能在防弹衣的施工应用。他们表现出非凡的力量和独特的电学性能，并有效的热导体。
纳米管富勒烯结构是家族的成员，其中还包括球形。碳纳米管的端部可以被一个半球的巴克球结构。他们的名字来源于它们的大小，因为纳米管的直径为几纳米的顺序上），而他们可以达到18厘米长的碳纳米管分为单壁碳纳米管（SWNTs）和多壁碳纳米管（碳纳米管）。17 Nanotubes are cylindrical fullerenes.These tubes of carbon are usually only a few nanometres wide, but they can range from le than a micrometer to several millimeters in length.They often have closed ends, but can be open-ended as well.There are also cases in which the tube reduces in diameter before closing off.Their unique molecular structure results in extraordinary macroscopic properties, including high tensile strength, high electrical conductivity, high ductility, high heat conductivity, and relative chemical inactivity(as it is cylindrical and “planar” — that is, it has no “exposed” atoms that can be easily displaced).One proposed use of carbon nanotubes is in paper batteries, developed in 2007 by researchers at Renelaer Polytechnic
Institute.Another highly speculative proposed use in the field of space technologies is to produce high-tensile carbon cables required by a space elevator.纳米管圆柱。这些碳管通常只有几纳米宽，但他们的范围可以从几毫米的长度小于一微米。他们往往有封闭端，但可以是开放式的和。也有在这种情况下，减少了直径管之前关闭。非凡的宏观性质，其独特的分子结构的结果，包括高强度，高导电性，高韧性，高导热性，和相对化学无为（因为它是圆柱形的“平面”——也就是说，它没有“暴露”原子，可以很容易地转移了）。建议使用的碳纳米管在纸电池，在伦斯勒理工学院的研究人员开发的2007。提出了另一个高度投机的使用在航天技术领域是生产高强度碳电缆通过太空电梯需要。
18.Nanotechnology as a whole is fairly simple to understand, but developing this universal technology into a nanorobot has been slightly more complicated.To date, scientists have made significant progre but have not officially released a finished product in terms of a nanorobot that functions on an entirely mechanical basis.Many of the nanobot prototypes function quite well in certain respects but are mostly or partly biological in nature, whereas the ultimate goal and quinteential definition of a nanorobot is to have the microscopic entity made entirely out of electromechanical components.纳米技术作为一个整体，非常容易理解，但这种普遍的技术发展到纳米机器人已经稍微复杂了。
迄今为止，科学家们已经取得了重大进展，但还没有正式发布了成品的纳米机器人功能完全机械，基础。
许多奈米机器人原型的功能很好某些方面，但大多或部分生物学性质的，而最终的目标定义和一个机器人是有微观实体完全用。
19.In fact, researchers anticipate that due to the complicated nature of their construction, nanobots will only fully emerge after several generations of partly-biological nanobot forerunners have been constructed in order to make them.Nanorobots are eentially an adapted machine version of bacteria.They are designed to function on the same scale as both bacteria and common viruses in order to interact with and repel them from the human system.事实上，研究人员预计，由于结构复杂，机器人只会完全出现后，部分生物机器人先行者，好几代人都是构建以使他们。
纳米机器人实际上是一个版本的适应机器。他们设计的功能规模的细菌和为常见的病毒都相同的互动和击退他们从人体系统。
20.The 70-nanometer attack bots—made with two polymers and a protein that attaches to the cancerous cell's surface—carry a piece of RNA called small-interfering RNA(siRNA), which deactivates the production of a protein, starving the bad cell to death.Once it has delivered its lethal blow, the nanoparticle breaks down into tiny pieces that get eliminated by the body in the urine.The most amazing thing is that you can send as many of these soldiers as you want, and they will keep attaching to the bad guys, killing them left, right, and center, and stopping tumors.the more they put in, the more ends up where they are supposed to be, in tumour cells." While they will have to finish the trials to make sure that there are no side-effects whatsoever, the team is very happy with the succeful results and it's excited about what's coming:
两种聚合物和蛋白质附着在癌细胞的表面进行一段称为小干扰RNA的RNA为70纳米的攻击机器人（siRNA），可以阻止蛋白质的生产，饿坏的细胞死亡。一旦它已交付其致命的打击，纳米粒子的分解成细小的碎片，得到由尿中排出。
最惊人的事情是，你可以把许多这些士兵是你想要的，他们会保持连接到坏人，杀害他们左，右，中心，和停止。他们更投入，更结束了，他们应该是，在肿瘤细胞中。”而他们将要完成的试验，以确保没有任何副作用，团队是非常快乐与成功的结果，很期待接下来的：
