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一单元 6-2 thecornertrulegsneedstronghorizontalconnectionsat[1.4] Hydraulic engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of frequent modular intervalsto make themfunction together likeanfluids,principally water．整句的意思是：水利工程主要涉及流体的流动和传输，尤equivalent cantilever为了使角落桁架支柱的功能等效于等效悬臂，它其是水 的流动和传输。需要强有力的有频繁模块化间隔的横向连接来保证 [1.5] As construction firms tend to have higher busine risk than other types‘of6-3 the aerodynamic behaviourwas greatly aisted by the apertures which civil engmeenng．firms．manY construction engineers tend to take on a role reduced the cro-wind accelerations and forces due to vortex shedding by as that is more busine。like in nature：drafiing and reviewing contracts，much as 25%由于涡脱落多达25％从而降低了风切变加速度和力的evaluating logistical operations，and closely。monitoring pncesof neceary 孔大大增强了空气动力性能。supplies。6-4 this framing resulted from the concept of a tetrahedral framed solid form整体的意思是：由于建筑公司比其他类型的民用建筑公司往往承担更高的商业风where all the non-eential elements were eliminated to create the tube and the 险，许多建筑工程师往往会本能地扮演一种公事公办的角色：起草和修改合同、评external shaping of it这个框架源于一个四面体框架固体状的概念，这估后勤的运作、严密监控必需供应品的价格等。种框架形式的所有的非基本要素被淘汰来创造管与它的外部塑造。结构工程structural engineering岩土工程geotechnical engineering

水利工程hydraulic engineering海岸工程coastal engineering第七单元环境工程environmental engineering施工工程construction 7.1Designproceinvolvestheselectionandordetailingoftheengineering componentsthatmakeupthestructuralsystem.6段 设计过程包括组成结构系统元件的选择和细节设计。Its charter definedcivil engineering as theartofdirectingthegreat7.2Twocomponentsofreactionaredevelopedinhingedsupportsourcesofpowerin naturefortheuseandconvenienceofandthree reactioncomponent , onemomentandtwoforcesman,asthemeansofproductionandoftrafficinstates,bothparalleltohorizontalandverticalaxisaredevelopedinfixedforexternalandinternaltrade,asappliedin theconstruction

ofroads,bridges,aqueducts,canals,rivernanvigationanddocks

forinternalintercourseandexchang, andintheconstructionof

ports,harbours, moles, breakwatersandlighthousesandintheart

ofnavigationbyartificialpowerforthepurposesofcommerce,andintheconstructionandapplicationofmachinery,andin

thedrainageofcitiesandtowns.把民用工程定义为直接为人类的使用和便利的自然界的伟大力量的来源的艺术，也

定义为在各国的生产资料和交通手段，包括外部和内部的贸易，如为内部往来和交

易为目的的道路，桥梁，沟渠，运河、航运和码头的建设中的应用，在港口、码头、防浪堤、防波堤和灯塔的建设中的应用，在以商业为目的的人工航运的应用，在建筑和机械以及城镇排水系统中应用的。二单元

[1]In many countries the ratio of concrete consumption to steel consumption

exceeds ten to one.在许多国家,水泥消费与钢铁消费的比例已经超过了十比一.[2]Therefore,the selection and proportioning of materials for the concrete

mixture was governed primarily by consideration of the spread of construction

by slip-forming and durability of hardened concrete to the hostile environment.所以,混凝土材料和配比的选择主要考虑滑模施工速度的影响,以及不利环境中坚硬

混凝土耐久性的影响.[3]Depending on the components’ transportation cost, in certain geographical

locations the price of concrete may be as high as U.S.75 to $100 per cubic meter,at other it may be as low as U.S.$60 to $70 per cubic meter.根据材料的运输成本,在某些特定地区,水泥的价格会高达每立方米75至100美元,而在其他地方则会低至每立方米60至70美元.[4]Since an adequate concrete cover on reinforcement or tendons is required

for structural integrity in reinforced and prestreed concrete structures, the

protection against failure due to exceive heat is provided at the same time.由于在钢筋混凝土和预应力钢筋混凝土结构中,要求有一个足够结实的混凝土封面来

确保建筑的一体性,所以,同时还要求必须提供因温度过高而导致失败的保护措施.三单元

3.1.1 The placement location of the steel reinforcement within the concrete is

specified by the concrete cover, which is the clear distance between the surface

of the concrete and the reinforcement.混凝土中加固钢筋的布置要根据混

凝土覆盖层的具体情况决定，混凝土覆盖层和加固钢筋之间应保持有条理的间距。

3.1.2To construct concrete structures of even greater structural strength, very

high-strength steel such as Grade 270 strands, may be used instead of Grade 60

reinforcement bars.要建造更为坚固的混凝土结构，就要使用强度非常高的钢

筋，例如，要使用270号得加固钢筋，而不是60号得。

3.1.3Therefore,designs that replicate member sizes and simplify reinforcement

placement to result in easier and faster construction will usually result in being

more economical than a design that achieves minimum material quantities.因此，那些复制了构件尺寸和简化钢筋位置的设计能促使更容易更快捷的建设，这

样的建设通常会比那些只能获得最小量材料的设计显得更经济

3.1.4The final design will generally be conservative even though the analysis

does not reflect the actual nonlinear structural behavior because member

design is based on ultimate strength design and the ductility of reinforced

concrete enable force redistributions.最终的设计通常是保守的，即使这种分析没有表现出实际上的非线性结构行为，但

因为构件设计是建立在极限强度基础之上，而且钢筋混凝土的延展性又使强度进行

了重新分配。

力矩：moment轴力：axial force剪力：shear force扭矩：torsion构件：

member内力：internal force混凝土隔板：concrete diaphragm

3.3what design criteria is for reinforced concrete？Safety、Aesthetics、functional requirement、economy。

第六单元

6-1 The vertical legs and the horizontal links are themselves frames with large dimensions in the plane of the frame.垂直支架和水平连接的自身就是在一个平面结构上拥有巨大尺寸的框架结构

support.铰支座产生2中构件反作用力，固定支座能产生3中反作用力，即1个弯矩，以及

两种分别与水平轴和纵轴平行的力。

7.3Structuralanalysiscomprisesthesetofphysicallawsand mathematicsrequiredtostudyandpredictthebehaviorof structures.Thesubjectsofstructuralanalysisareengineering artifactswhoseintegrityisjudgedlargelybasedupontheir abilitytowithstandloads;theycommonlyincludebuildings , bridges ,aircraft , shipsandcars.Structuralanalysisincorporatesthefields ofmechanicsanddynamicsaswellasthemanyfailure theories.Fromatheoreticalperspectivetheprimarygoalof structuralanalysisisthecomputationofdeformations , internal forces , andstrees.Inpractice ,structuralanalysiscanbeviewed moreabstractlyasamethodtodrivetheengineeringdesign proceorprovethesoundneofadesignwithouta dependenceondirectlytestingit.结构分析包括物理规律和数学设置所需的研究和预测的结构行为，结构分析的对象为工程构件，工程构件的完整性很大程度上取决于其承受荷载的能力，工程构件通常包括建筑，桥梁，飞机，船只和汽车。结构分析包含了力学和动力学领域以及许多失败的理论。从理论的角度出发，结构分析的主要内容是结构变形，内力计算，和应力。在实践中，结构分析，可以更抽象地看作一种以推动工程设计过程中或证明一个设计合理性而没有依赖于直接测试它的方法。第八单元 8.1steel box girder bridges have great torsional rigidity,which makes them ideal for bridges that are highly curved in plan or where construction by launching isrequired钢箱梁桥有很大的扭转刚度，这使得它们对于那些在计划中需要高度弯曲或需要开展建设的桥梁是理想的。8.2They are considered expensive to fabricate today ,being labour intensive, and maintenance iues have to be carefully addreed, e.g.ease of acce现在，将它们用于制作被认为是昂贵的，是因为需要密集的劳动力和维护事项需要谨慎地解决，例如，有利于通行。8.3The suspension concept dates back to antiquity, and it is because of their fundamental simplicity and economy of structural action that suspension bridges are used for the longest of modern bridge spans 悬挂的概念可以追溯到古代，而且因为他们的基本简单性和结构行为的经济性，所以悬索桥被用于最长跨度现代桥梁中。课后练习 continuous beam bridge连续梁桥box girders bridge箱梁桥 tied arch系杆拱cable-stayed bridges斜拉桥suspension bridge 悬索桥moveable bridge移动式桥梁第十二单元 12-1．The definition is le important than understanding the theoretical aumption behind the various design procedures.定义与理解蕴含在各种设计过程之中的理论假设相比是不重要的。12-2.Stated another way，it is important to recognize the theoretical limitations of a design procedure that may vary as a function of depth，such as a bearing capacity equation.换句话说，认识设计过程随作用深度变化而变化的理论缺陷是很重要的，比如承载力平衡方程。12-3.uniformly distributed load 均匀分布载荷，等分布荷重。12-4．Mat foundations have limited applicability for bridge support，except where large bridge piers，such as bascules or other movable bride supports，have the opportunity to bear at relatively shallow depth without deep foundation support.筏基础对桥支座仅有有限的应用，除了大型桥墩，例如活动结构桥支座或其他可移动的桥支座，其他桥支座还是可以在没有深基础支持的前提下在相对较浅深度用筏基础承受荷载。柱下单独基础：Isolated Spread Footings墙下条形肌醇：Continuous Strip Spread Footings筏基础：Mat Foundations扩展基础：Spread Footings联合基础：Combination Footings