哥特式建筑英文翻译_哥特式建筑名词解释

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专业英语翻译第十篇——

Further Reading(1): Gothic Architecture 深入阅读（1）：哥特式建筑

建筑091班

Gothic architecture is a style of architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period.It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaiance architecture.哥特式建筑是一种兴盛于中世纪高峰和晚期的建筑风格。哥特式建筑是从罗马建筑演变发展而来，并且成功地发展为后来的文艺复兴建筑。

Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as “the French Style”, with the term Gothic first appearing during the latter part of the Renaiance as a stylistic insult.Its characteristic features include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttre.哥特式建筑发展于12世纪的法国并且持续到第十六世纪，哥特式建筑在此期间被称为“法国式”，哥特这个词第一次出现在文艺复兴后期并且带有一定的贬义色彩。哥特式建筑的特点包括有尖券、骨架券和飞扶壁。

Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and parish churches of Europe.It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, universities, and to a le prominent extent, private dwellings.哥德式建筑最常见于欧洲著名的大教堂、修道院和教区教堂。同时，这种建筑风格也应用到了许多城堡、宫殿、城镇的会堂、大学以及尺度较小的私人住宅。

It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expreed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeal to the emotions.A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period, of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered pricele works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites.For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is largely a study of cathedrals and churches.哥特式建筑在著名的教堂、大教堂和一些市政建筑中，哥特式风格得到了充分的体现和表达，它的建筑特点符合了人们的情感需要。这个时期保留了大量的基督教建筑，这些建筑对于研究教堂的结构具有较大的意义，被联合国教课文化组织认为是无价的艺术品并列为世界遗产地。因此学习哥特式建筑主要就是学习大教堂和教堂。

Characteristics of Gothic churches and cathedrals 哥特式教堂和大教堂的特点

In Gothic architecture, a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a new building style.Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the flying buttre.The Gothic style, when applied to an ecclesiastical building, emphasizes verticality and light.This appearance was achieved by the development of certain architectural features, which together provided an engineering solution.The structural jparts of the building ceased to be its solid walls, and became a stone skeleton comprising clustered columns, pointed ribbed vaults and flying buttrees.在哥德式建筑中，独特的、成熟的技术结构决定了一种新的建筑风格的出现。这些技术是有尖顶拱的尖券、骨架券和飞扶壁。当哥特式风格应用到宗教建筑中时，很强调垂直感和纤细。这种外观是由某一建筑特色发展而来的，还需要有技术和工程施工方案的支撑。建筑的部分结构去掉了实体墙，而是变成了一系列的石柱、骨架券和飞扶壁。

A Gothic cathedral or abbey was, prior to the 20th century, generally the landmark building in its town, rising high above all the domestic structures and often surmounted by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires.在二十世纪之前，哥特式大教堂或者修道院往往是城镇的地标性建筑，建筑的一个或者多个小尖塔或者高塔尖要高于国内其它建筑物。

Plan 平面图

Most Gothic churches, unle they are entitled chapels, are of the Latin cro(or “cruciform”)plan, with a long nave making the body of the church, a transverse arm called the transept and, beyond it, an extension which may be called the choir, chancel or presbytery.There are several regional variations on this plan.大多数哥特式教堂，它们除了被称为小教堂，都是拉丁十字或十字平面之外，它们都有一个中厅，横向伸臂两端的空间叫做十字耳堂，延长突出的那一端，有可能是唱诗班区、高坛、或者是内殿。这几个部分在这个拉丁十子平面上不断变化。

The nave is generally flanked on either side by aisles, usually singly, but sometimes double.The nave is generally considerably taller than the aisles, having clerestory windows which light the central space.Gothic churches of the Germanic tradition, like St.Stephen of Vienna, often have nave and aisles of similar height.In the South of France there is often a single wide nave and no aisles, as at Sainte-Marie in Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges.中殿通常是作为两边空间作为平面上交通的通道，一般设置一个，有时候设置两个。中殿的层高一般要高于侧廊，在中殿顶部中间的位置设置有采光的天窗。德国的哥特式教堂，如圣史蒂芬维也纳，也有类似高度的中殿和侧廊。在法国，哥特式教堂通常仅仅有一个宽敞的中殿而没有侧廊，例如圣·贝特朗·德科曼的圣玛丽教堂。

In some churches with double aisles, like Notre Dame, Paris, the transept does not project beyond the aisles.In English cathedrals transepts tend to project boldly and there may be two of them, as at Salisbury Cathedral, though this is not the case with leer churches.在一些教堂中有两条侧廊，例如巴黎圣母院，它的十字耳堂在设计上没有超过侧廊。在英国，大教堂的十字耳堂设计趋于大胆彰显并且成双存在，例如索尔兹伯里大教堂，这种情况并非存在于少数的教堂。

The eastern arm shows considerable diversity.In England it is generally long and may have two distinct sections, both choir and presbytery.It is often square ended or has a projecting Lady Chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary.In France the eastern end is often polygonal and surrounded by a walkway called an ambulatory and sometimes a ring of chapels called a “chevet”.While German churches are often similar to those of France, in Italy, the eastern projection beyond the transept is usually just a shallow apsidal chapel containing the sanctuary, as at Florence Cathedral.教堂的东臂体现出相当大的差异。在英国，东臂一般很长并且明显的区分为两部分，即唱诗班区和长老会区。它通常是在广场的尽端，或者设计一个圣母堂，用来奉献圣母玛利亚。在法国，教堂东臂的尽端通常是成多边形的被称为回廊的走道，有时候是被称为“休息室”的小教堂。然而德国的教堂类似于法国的教堂，在意大利，教堂的东臂设计超过横厅部分通常是半圆形的含有圣殿的小教堂，例如佛罗伦萨大教堂。

The pointed arch 双圆心尖券

One of the defining characteristics of Gothic architecture is the pointed or ogival arch.The Gothic vault, unlike the semi-circular vault of Roman and Romanesque buildings, can be used to roof rectangular and irregularly shaped plans such as trapezoids.The other structural advantage is that the pointed arch channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle.This enabled architects to raise vaults much higher than was poible in Romanesque architecture.哥特式建筑最典型的一个特征是尖券和尖拱。哥特式拱顶不同于罗马式建筑的半圆形拱顶，哥特式拱顶可以用于矩形和不规则形状平面的屋顶，例如梯形。其它结构的优点是尖拱的自重可以由扶壁或者柱子独立承受。这使得建筑师可以把拱顶设计得比罗马式建筑的拱顶更高些。

While, structurally, use of the pointed arch gave a greater flexibility to architectural form, it also gave Gothic architecture a very different visual character to Romanesque, the verticality suggesting an aspiration to Heaven.同时，在结构上，相对于建筑形式尖拱具有更大的灵活性，尖拱赋予了哥特式建筑与罗马式建筑不同的视觉效果，它的垂直感象征着人们对天堂的向往和渴望。

In Gothic Architecture the pointed arch is used in every location where a vaulted shape is called for, both structural and decorative.Gothic openings such as doorways, windows, arcades and galleries have pointed arches.Gothic vaulting above spaces both large and small is usually supported by richly moulded ribs.哥特式建筑中，尖券用于每一个拱形的位置，同时起到结构和装饰的作用。哥特式建筑中开洞的地方，例如门洞、窗洞、拱形走道和画廊都使用了尖券。哥特式拱顶上方的空间大小由浇筑骨架来决定。

Rows of pointed arches upon delicate shafts form a typical wall decoration known as blind arcading.Niches with pointed arches and containing statuary are a major external feature.The pointed arch lent itself to elaborate intersecting shapes which developed within window spaces into complex Gothic tracery forming the structural support of the large windows that are characteristic of the style.一排雅致的柱子和尖券作为墙的装饰形成一系列靠墙设置的拱门。壁龛的尖券和雕塑是主要的外表特征。尖券之间相互交叉的部分逐渐演变称为复杂的窗花格，这种窗花格并发展为一种窗固定的风格。

Vertical emphasis 垂直向上的趋势

The pointed arch lends itself to a suggestion of height.This appearance is characteristically further enhanced by both the architectural features and the decoration of the building.尖券本身有一定的高度，尖券的这种外观特征更进一步装饰了建筑和建筑特征。On the exterior, the verticality is emphasized in a major way by the towers and spires and in a leer way by strongly projecting vertical buttrees, by narrow half-columns called attached shafts which often pa through several storeys of the building, by long narrow windows, vertical mouldings around doors and figurative sculpture which emphasizes the vertical and is often attenuated.The roofline, gable ends, buttrees and other parts of the building are often terminated by small pinnacles, Milan Cathedral being an extreme example in the use of this form of decoration.在外部，垂直感的表现和强调是通过垂直的扶壁支撑的塔和尖塔，通过纤细的贯通建筑几层楼的半圆形壁柱，通过细长的窗子、垂直浇筑的圆形门和形象的雕塑，通过强调垂直感而使建筑变得更加纤细。建筑轮廓、山墙端、扶壁和建筑其它部分一般汇集于塔尖，米兰大教堂就是使用这种装饰非常到位的一个例子。

On the interior of the building attached shafts often sweep unbroken from floor to ceiling and meet the ribs of the vault, like a tall tree spreading into branches.The verticals are generally repeated in the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces.In many Gothic churches, particularly in France, and in the perpendicular period of English Gothic architecture, the treatment of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery creates a strongly unifying feature that counteracts the horizontal divisions of the interior structure.正如一棵大树由树干蔓延到树梢，建筑内部的柱子也总是从地面连续的延伸至屋顶，并汇集于屋顶的肋梁。垂直面通常在窗子和墙面上反复出现。对于走廊和玫瑰窗窗花中垂直元素的处理创造了一种统一的形式，这种形式抵消了建筑内部的水平分隔形式，这种现象体现很多哥特式教堂，尤其是法国和英国垂直式哥特式建筑。

Flying Buttre 飞扶壁 A flying buttre, or arc-boutant, is a specific type of buttre.They are used to transmit the horizontal thrust of a vault acro an intervening space(which might be an aisle, chapel or cloister), to a buttre outside the building.The employment of the flying buttre means that the load bearing walls can contain cut-outs, such as for large windows, that would otherwise weaken them.Flying buttrees are often found in Gothic architecture.飞扶壁，或飞拱是一种特殊的扶壁形式。它们是用来传输十字拱顶的水平推力（这可能是一个过道，教堂或修道院）的建筑外部的扶壁。飞扶壁的使用意味着承重墙可以开洞口，例如窗子，否则洞口会削弱承重墙。飞扶壁通常出现在哥特式建筑中。

The purpose of a buttre is to provide horizontal strength to a wall.The majority of the load is carried by the upper part of the buttre, so making the buttre as a semi-arch provides almost the same load bearing capability, yet in a much lighter and cheaper structure.As a result, the buttre seemingly flies through the air, rather than resting on the ground and hence is known as a flying buttre.扶壁的目的是增强墙面的横向强度。扶壁上部的荷载大多数由扶壁来承载，所以扶壁作为拱形的提供几乎相同的承载能力的并且是比较轻巧和便宜的结构。因此，扶壁看似飞跃在空中，而不是坐落于地上，故而人们称其为飞扶壁。

Rose Window 玫瑰窗

A Rose window(or Catherine window)is often used as a generic term applied to a circular window, but is especially used for those found in churches of the Gothic architectural style and being divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery.玫瑰窗（或者称凯瑟琳窗口）通常用于圆形窗口的一个术语，尤其是用在哥特式风格教堂中，玫瑰窗用来分隔石头直棂和作为窗饰。

Rose windows are particularly characteristic of Gothic architecture and may be seen in all the major Gothic Cathedrals of Northern France.Their origins are much earlier and rose windows may be seen in various forms throughout the Medieval period.Their popularity was revived, with other medieval features, during the Gothic revival of the 19th century so that they are seen in Christian churches all over the world.玫瑰窗是哥特式建筑中突出的特征，在法国南部的大多数哥特式教堂建筑中都能够看到玫瑰窗。玫瑰窗起源较早并且在整个中世纪时期可以看到有各种各样的玫瑰窗。玫瑰窗流行与19世纪哥特式文艺复兴时期，保留了中世纪的特征，因此在世界各地的基督教教堂中都能够看到玫瑰窗。

Notre Dame de Paris 巴黎圣母院

Notre Dame de Paris is widely considered one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture in the world.The name Notre Dame means “Our Lady” in French.Notre Dame de Paris was one of the first Gothic cathedrals, and its construction spanned the Gothic period.巴黎圣母院被广泛认为是世界上法国哥特式建筑最好的一个例子。名称圣母院在法语中时“生母”的意思。巴黎圣母院是第一个哥特式教堂，整个建设过程跨越了哥特式时期。

Notre Dame de Paris was among the first buildings in the world to use the flying buttre(arched exterior supports).The building was not originally designed to include the flying buttrees around the choir and nave.After the construction began and the thinner walls(popularized in the Gothic style)grew ever higher, stre fractures began to occur as the walls pushed outward.In response, the cathedral’s architects built supports around the outside walls, and later additions continued as such.巴黎圣母院是世界上第一个使用了飞扶壁的建筑（斜拱支撑）。包括飞扶壁周围、中厅和唱诗班区并不是最初的设计。施工开始之后，随着薄墙的（推广的哥特风格）渐渐升高，开始产生向外墙的侧推力，对此情况，教堂的建筑师们在建筑外墙的周围进行了加固，以及后来不断的增加等待。