芒果街 论文_芒果街上的小屋论文
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分析《芒果街上的小屋》埃斯佩朗莎缺失的文化身份下的女性意识
作者：朱雯
摘要：论文通过运用文化批评理论分析“奇卡纳”女性在追寻身份过程中的困境，探讨族裔文化与主流文化的分离与渗透，少数族裔与白人主流的排斥与融合，“奇卡纳”的双重边缘地位以及一些“奇卡纳”社会地位的提高。本文以女主人公埃斯佩浪莎为主线，探讨埃斯佩浪莎走出芒果街，实现自我价值的原因并揭露主流社会与少数族裔之间的冲突与矛盾，分析“奇卡纳”所遭遇的自我身份构建与文化身份问题，力图找到在美国这个种族问题严重，民族众多的社会中面对强势文化冲击的少数族裔女性追寻身份，实现文化认同的方法与途径。
关键词：奇卡纳 女性意识 缺失的文化身份
The Analysis of Esperanza’s Female Consciousne with Absent
Cultural Identity in The House on Mango Street
Zhu Wen
Abstract: Drawing upon the theories of cultural criticism，the thesis analyzes the dilemma of Chicanas in the proce of pursuing identity，and discues the separation and permeation of ethnic culture and mainstream culture，the rejection and aimilation between the ethnic minorities and the dominant whites，and the double marginalized position of Chicanas as well as the up grading of social status of some Chicanas focusing on the analysis of the protagonist Esperanza，the thesis tries to explore how Esperanza succeeds in leaving Mango Street，identifying herself with the mainstream society and realizing self-value.Key words :Chicanafemale consciousnecultural identity
Sandra Cisneros is most famous for her acclaimed first novel The House on Mango Street which displays the existence state of the Mexican immigrant group in the United States and which is a comprehensive representation of Chicanas’ search for identity.It became an immediate succe and met with various criticism which is either directed toward such ideological iues as ethnicity，female identity ,cro-cultural presentation，or toward such formalistic iues as genre and postmodern thinkingChieanas who are“not white and not black，but brown” feel confused about their identity.Facing two cultures，they can’t integrate into either.Without a sense of belonging，they don’t know how to define themselves.The Lo of Cultural Identity
The House on Mango Street mainly depicts the position and living situation of Mexicanoppreed society-negating patriarchy and locating the vocation of “ feminine writing”in her own house as her true identity.The writer puts forward the view tllat Esperanza wants to find her true identity by the power of language and
“ feminine writing” which is a weapon to combat against the unjust patriarchy and frnally obtains the liberation.1.1 The poor life of Mexican-Americans
Sandra Cisneros says the stories，in a sense，are a girl's diary.Little narrator Esperanza just writes down a list of what she sees every day.Here is an example.“I want a house on a hill like the ones with the gardens where Papa works.We go on Sundays, Papa's day off.I used to go.I don't anymore.You don't like to go out with us, Papa says.Getting too old? Getting too stuck-up, says Nenny.I don't tell them I am ashamed--all of us staring out the window like the hungry.I am tired of looking at what we can't have.When we win the lottery...Mama begins, and then I stop listening.”
People who live on hills sleep so close to the stars they forget those of us who live too much on earth.They don't look down at all except to be content to live on hills.They have nothing to do with last week's garbage or fear of rats.Night comes.Nothing wakes them but the wind.1.2 The Discrimination of Minority Group On one hand，the ethnic minorities should search for a new“self”through appropriate cultural identifying，integrate into the mainstream society and win spiritual freedom by making compromises between self and community and improving their social position through education.On the other hand，in order to promote national integration，American society should encourage communication between different races，eliminate racial discrimination and ethnic segregation，and develop a new ethnic culture to promote the inter-subjectivity between the mainstream culture and the ethnic culture.1.3 The Suppreion to Female in the Patriarchy Culture
In the multi-ethnic society of the United States，the whites are privileged for their color without any sense that most people suffer from discrimination for their color，let alone getting benefit from their position.In Teaching The House on Mango Street:Engaging Race，Cla and Gender in a White Claroom，Ryan(2002)has used Louise Rosenblatt’s reading theories，Maria Lugones’s Political theories，and strategies of engaged pedagogy to discu ways in which white，privileged teachers can encourage white，privileged students to recognize themselves as raced，claed and gendered so that they can begin to think more fully about the reasons of their cultural dominance and have a sense to question the distances between their lives of privilege and the characteres Peranza’s life of marginalization.In order to offer a deeper，interdisciplinary approach to Cisneros' The House on Mango Street，Mcleod(2002)has carefully
analyzed
Cisncros’
growing
background.With an effort to presenting Chicanas’ identity crisis，Mcleod has given a glimpse into the history of Mexican Ameriean’ s immigration.The house one lives can represent one ' s identity or status in the society.The house Esperanza ' s family lives on Mango Street is small and shabby which Esperanza is ashamed of.She regards the house as a house she lives in not her real home which also indicates that she has no sense of place and no sense of satisfied identity.At first she is just aware of it, but later she begins to search for her re al identity in her deep heart.Before her Aunt Lupe dies, Esperanza reads her poems and her aunt encourages her to keep writing which can make her free.Esperanza realizes education really counts from her mother who is capable and can speak two languages, sing an opera, and so on but quits school just under the pretext of no nice
clothes.This is one reason why she chooses to pursue a house of her own and start writing.Her thought echoes the view of Cixous, a French feminist critic, that “ he hopes feminine writing can lead women to be awaked and eventually liberated ”Conflict between dream and reality with absent cutural identity
Drawing upon the theories of cultural criticism，the thesis analyses the dilemma of Chicanas in the proce of pursuing identity，and discues the separation and permeation of ethnic culture and mainstream culture，the rejection and aimilation between the ethnic minorities and the dominant whites，and the double marginalized position of Chicanas as well as the up grading of social status of some Chicanas focusing on the analysis of the protagonist Esperanza，the thesis tries to explore how Esperanza succeeds in leaving Mango Street，identifying herself with the mainstream society and realizing self-value.With a discuion of the conflicts and contradictions between the mainstream society and the ethnic minorities，the thesis intends to analyse the problems of self-identity construction and cultural identity and aims at finding ways to approach for cultural identity for ethnic minorities who are facing the shock of dominant culture and searching for identity in the multi-ethnic society ofthe United States.2.1 House in Mind and Reality
The teenager girl has her own choice of words.In the first chapter，Esperanza forms a sharp contrast of the real house on Mango Street and their anticipation from parents' description.Look at the following excerpt,for instance:
“They always told us that one day we would move into a house,a real house that would be ours for always so we wouldn't have
to move each year.And our house would have running water and pipes that worked.And inside it would have real stairs, nor hallway stairs, but stairs inside like the houses in TV.And we'd have a basement and at least three washrooms so when we took a bath we wouldn't have to tell everybody.Our house would be white with trees around it, a great big yard and gra growing without a fence.This was the house Papa talked about when he held a lottery ticket and this was the house Mama dreamed up in the stories she told us before we went to bed.”
But the house on Mango Street is not the way they told it at all.It's small and red with tight steps in front and windows so small you'd think they were holding their breath.Bricks are crumbling in places,and the front door is so swollen that you have to push hard to get in.There is no front yard, only four little elms the city planted by the curb.Out back is a small garage between the two buildings on either side.There are stairs in our house, but they're ordinary hallway stairs,and the house has only one washroom.Everybody has to share a bedroom-Mama and Papa,Carlos and Kiki,me and Nenny.2.2 Love in Mind and Reality
Under the rule of patriarchy on Mango Street, women are observed as the “ object” and dominated and oppreed by father or husband in the family.Sally's father is very strict with Sally and other sisters, thinking that to be beautiful is trouble and not allowing them to So out or dance.They are bounded in the cage of house like birds deprived of freedom.All Sally wants is to love, which “ no one would call that crazy”,but the patriarchy deprives her of opportunities to love, which is unfair.2.3 Female's Circumstances in Mind and Reality
Rafaela is locked young indoors, leaning out of the window and getting old because her husband fears that she will run away.On Tuesday Rafaela would ask the kids buy her coconut and papaya juice sweeter than the bitter empty room.Rafaela is a paive “ angel” in house.She is subordinated and oppreed by her husband and sentenced to be life-long prisoner and a victim of the
patriarchy.It is a pity that she just dreams to be locked in a better cage where she can keep coconut or papaya juice on “ a silver string”rather than clothesline.Sally escapes from her abusive father by marrying a marshmallow salesman.But her situation is worse after marriage with rulingsignificant other“ but a valuable person having the same equal rights and privileges as men do.Vargas and Minerva are strong and honored by their sense of responsibility to feed their children.If they are weak, where are the strong men? These brave women are also a negation of the patriarchy.Most of the other females in her neighborhood spend their lives isolated and trapped.At first Esperanza has pity on these women situation.But as she grows, Esperanza is not comfortable with the patriarchy.Sally escapes from her abusive father by marrying a marshmallow salesman.But her situation is worse after marriage with ruling-cla husband at the top and herself in the colonized world at the bottom.Esperanza rejects Sally's practice of depending on her husband and allowing her husband to decide her fate.Thus the traumatic experiences and observations of other girls in her neighborhood which is the second reason make her determined to”say goodbye“to her impoverished Latino neighborhood.What she wants is a house of her own”Not a flat.Not an apartment in back.Not a man's house.Not a daddy's.A house all my own.With my porch and my pillow, my pretty purple petunias.My books and my stories.My two shoes waiting beside the bed.Nobody to shake a stick at Nobody's garbage to pick up after.Only a house quite as snow,a space for myself to go, clean as paper before the poem“”Beavoir insists that women see themselves as autonomous beings.Women, she maintains.must reject the societal construct that men are the subject or the absolute and that women are the Other.Embedded in this false aumption is the
supposition that males have power and define cultural terms and roles.Accordingly, women must define themselves outside the present social construct and reject being labeled as the Other“(Breler 1999,182).”One day I will pack my bags of books and paper.One day I will say goodbye to Mango.I am too strong for her to keep me here forever.One day I will go away.“
Therefore, Esperanza is hopeful and optimistic to find her true identity by leaving and realizes that her leaving Mango Street is not to escape but to return for those who cannot.This is women's unfulfilled responsibility to each other and it coneys the important concept of women's mutual help.Conclusion
Through the above analysis, the House on Mango Street represents the voice of Chicano women who are not infenors to men but are capable, strong, hard-working and optimistic and their innate artistic talents can be expreed by their pen in their own house.This is the women's true identity.Emma Goldman says that”History tells us that every oppreed cla gained true liberation from its masters through its own efforts.It is neceary that woman learn that leon, that she realizes that her freedom will reach as far as her power to achieve her freedom reaches.Thus in order to gain true liberation, women should help each other which is“the spirit of Cisneros”.
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