西方文化重点_西方文化入门重点

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1.list the factor that led to the Renaiance?Accumulation of wealth in Italy;Appearance of urban civilization and city,states in Italy;the fall of Constantinople in 1453 sent many Greek scholars to Florence

2.in what ways is the thinking of the Renaiance different from the thinking of middle ages? People began to show more interest in humans;artists began to paint portraits to glorify man;intellectuals began to emphasize the greatne of man and provided the new bourgeoisie with a new philosophy humanism.3.what were the main characteristics of humanism? characteristics of humanism include anatomy, claicism, nature, realism, reason and learning, religion, individualism, youth, and perspective

4.why do you think that the Reformation took place at the same time as the Renaiance?Humanists' influence;corruption of the church;economic problem because of inflation;disunity of the holy Roman Empire.5.list the general factors that led to the reformation? 同上

6.What were Luther's principal different with the catholic church?Bible ought to be regarded as the most authoritative instead on the Papal authority。A christian should advocate the justification of faith rather than indulgence。State power should be separated from divine power

7.what was Counter-Reformation?The Counter-Reformation was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War, which is sometimes considered a response to the Protestant Reformation.8.name of some of renaiance writers and their works?1.Petrarch:letters to the Ancient Dead,Livers of the Illustrations Men 2.Erasmus Desiderius:the Praise of Folie 3Machiavell:theprince4.Montaigue5.Thomas-more(Utopia)6..Dante:DivineComedy

7.Boccaccio:ΠDecameron6.Shakespeare:hamlet Othello King-Lear Macbeth 8Cervantes:DonQuixote 9.Edmund Spenser:The Faerie Queen 10.Christopher Marlowe:The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus

9.Artists:Donatello(David), Leonardo da Vinci(The last supper,Mona Lisa),Raphael(The school of Athens,Madonna），Michelangelo(David,Sistine chapel ceiling,Picta),Lorenzo Ghiberti(the gate of paradise),Titian(Sacred and Profane Lover)

10.科学家 Copernicus(heliocentric theory日心说），Galileo(telescopes),Vesalius(anatomist),11.地理 Bartholomew Dias(the cape of God Hope in 1487),Christopher Columbus(American Continent1492--1493),Vasco da Gama(reach India in 1498)

12.印刷 Gutenberg,(inventor of Western printing.13.旧约 Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Peuteronomy

14.Catholics:baptism, confirmation, Eucharist ,penance ,extreme unction, Holy Order and marriage.接17 predestination,selected,universal priesthood,individual responsibility to society据

15.Church :pope, The college of Cardinals, Archbishops, bishop, priests/deaconBible

16.教堂腐败 simony,absenteeism,luxurious life of clergy,selling Indulgence

17.Protestant reformation a.Lutherans(Martin)95theses on the door of the Castle church in Witterberg in 1517, appealed to the authority of the Bible alone and in translated into German.,attack selling Indulgence ,equality of all occupations before God.b.Calvinists in Geneva

18.英国宗改 Henry8 church of england , Puritanism:predestination,hard working,being thrift keeping sober 伏尔泰Voltaire,Letters Concerning the English Nation， Adam Smith Laiez-faire

19.，Montesquieu(persian letters,laws），Roueau(the general will,confeion On social Contract)