科学技术史论文_科学技术史的论文
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宗教人士如何如何做科学研究？
People who believe in some kind of religion can still do scientific work, if they can separate religion effects from scientific or natural problems.Let’s take Thales as an example.Thales was the first one to study natural phenomenon and gave much more reasonable explanations.At the same time, this great philosopher also believed in God.He thought that the world was divine and full of gods.However, when he was thinking about the natural phenomenon, such as what caused the Nile flood.He did not consider God as the maker of those traumas.Instead, he thought that people should separate those traumas from the divine, and this kind of attitude made him a great scientist.进化论能否应用与人？
It is sure that evolutionism can be applied to human being for several reasons.First of all, all species are equal to each other and if we apply evolutionism to other animals, we should not say no to the application to human beings, because of some kind of species superiority.Next, evolutionism is supported by many evidences indeed.For example, Mendel’s experiments on plant hybridization shows that heredity is not a blending proce but maintains traits in discrete units.Of course, the study of DNA also gives evolutionism more powerful support.Human beings should not deny this kind of theory.We should put down our sense of superiority and consider evolutionism in a much more reasonable way.论文：什么阻碍了科技的发展（在金字塔社会中）
In ancient China, there are many magnificent inventions and creations and it seems that this orient country will have a good future.However, the developing steps suddenly stopped beyond many historians’ expectations.Compared with the Hellenic civilization, there is one explanation which seems to be close to the correct answer and it will be discued and elaborated in this paper.it is the pyramid-shaped society that prevents the ancient China from continuously developing.In the following part, the whole paper will discu this puzzle in three aspects.First of all, this kind of society produced a kind of science which is more empirical.Secondly, this special science’s development relied more on the government’s patronization rather than private interest or curiosity.Finally, the aim of this kind of science focused much more on service for the king or their people, instead of meeting the curiosity of natural problems.First of all, this pyramid-shaped society appeared because of people’s respect for those who were good at making or doing some special work.In return, the seed of empirical science in people’s mind at that time started to bud.Finally, empirical science appeared and dominated the ancient China for thousands of years.There are many obvious examples that can support the idea above.The first example is familiar to almost every modern Chinese.Da Yu, who is the first king of Xia dynasty.This great man spent a large amount of time in flood controlling.As a result, he got many people’s praises and supports.Finally, he became the king and many stories(may be true or not)about him were left behind.It is clear that Da Yu becomes the king because of his ability in controlling flood.Another example is about Shen Nong who tasted an aortment of herbs to make use of them and recorded them in a book.In ancient China, many doctors or pharmacologists considered Shen Nong as a very important frontier in pharmacy, because of his great contribution.However, the doctors behind him seemed to do little but using this frontier’s achievements.It is empiricism that results in this kind of phenomenon and this phenomenon gives its feed-back to empirical science to make it much stronger.Actually, here were two critic peaks in China’s long history when the science and technology reached to a unprecedented height.The first one appeared in Han dynasty, and the second one was in Song dynasty.However, when it came to Ming dynasty, the proce began to slow down in a disappointing speed.[1] The proce of China’s development in science and technology just like a roller-coaster, although it remains continuous, it can not have great achievements and is doomed to fade away.At the same time, the patronization from the country also spoiled this kind of science and made the ancient China walk much more slowly in the path of scientific development.The patronization from the royal families seemed to help the science develop, but actually many scientists or so-called scientists tried their best to serve their kings rather than studying natural problems out of curiosity.There are also many apparent examples to support this kind of idea.One of the great creations is iron making, which started during the warring state period.This period has two parts in fact.To be more precise, the study of iron making started from the end of the first part of this period.People of that time focused on cemented steel’ melting.When it came to the second part of this period, people began to melt white iron.[1] The creation of these iron making technologies was a remarkable break-through.However, after the inventions of so many kinds of irons, the steely science stopped its steps and the so-called profeors in iron-making changed their direction.They began to make weapons for the king or fight rather than keeping on their study in iron.Another example is also obvious that king’s demand is always in the first position.it is medical achievements.According to the Chinese history, the first great “doctor” or “pharmaceutical experts” was sure to be Shen Nong.This legendary man used his own body to taste an aortment of herbs, and tried his best to find the useful herbs as well as to affirm the harmful herbs.It can be called the very beginning of Chinese medical science.Shen Nong’s findings were recorded in a famous book, and this book laid a solid foundation for the medical development in the future.However, the pharmacists after him just began to study elixir in order to meet the king’s demand, and their profeion was also changed into alchemist.The study in medicine was also stopped and trapped into mire.This kind of aim may arouse a wave of learning for a short period, but it is sure that the future of empirical science is not so bright as many people think.Gradually, these smart people all make up their mind to be the servant of the king instead of the pursuer of the right answer of the natural puzzle.Although the aim to serve the country and people is not a mistake, this kind of aim prevents the science of the ancient China from developing much better.The agricultural or pyramid-shaped society produces the empirical science.In return, empirical science gives its feed-back to this kind of society and makes the rights of the king become much stronger.At the same time, people’s life condition is also improved.However, this kind of science which aims to meet the need of the kings and people is doomed to come to an end instead of reaching a much newer and brighter future.Empirical science do help the ancient China to lead in the whole world at that time.During a long period, many Chinese, even foreigners believed that China was a strong and rich country.However, this status quo did not last forever.[1] 袁运开：《中国古代科学技术发展历史概貌及其特征》，《历史教学问题》 2002年第6期
