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If you're planning a trip to the United States, be very careful.You could easily break one of our laws and not know it.We're not talking about obvious illegal behavior, like punching your taxi driver or throwing a chair through your hotel window.No, there are other, more obscure offenses that could get you in trouble.According to a law still on the books in Glendale, Arizona, for instance, you can get arrested for driving in reverse!

And be warned: you may not sleep in a cheese factory in South Dakota.Can't legally set a mousetrap in California without a hunting license, either.Tease a skunk in Minnesota, or gargle in public in New Orleans, Louisiana, and they can haul you off to jail.If you have busine in the western state of Utah, be especially vigilant.In particular, don't go whale-hunting there.It's illegal.Doesn't matter that Utah is 1,500 kilometers from the nearest ocean!

And be aware while you're in Utah that you cannot legally fish from horseback, refuse to drink milk, detonate a nuclear weapon, or cause a catastrophe.Of course, setting off a nuclear weapon most likely would BE a catastrophe.These are OLD, OLD laws that probably that had some reason behind them that makes no sense today.But nobody ever bothered to take them off the books.Why not? Well, suppose you're on the council in a town that has an ordinance that makes it illegal to blow your nose in public.If you stood up and proclaimed that it's high time to do away such an arcane law, the voters would to you out of office for wasting time on frivolous matters.And since a lot of these old laws have to do with sex, religious beliefs, and cuddly animals, some interest group would probably take offense and make you sorry you opened your mouth.So laws like one in Indiana that makes it illegal for monkeys to smoke stay on the books because people are simply too embarraed to bring them up.Today we tell about one of America’s best-known writers, Mark Twain.We also talk about his famous book, “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.”

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Mark Twain wrote “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” in eighteen eighty-four.Since then, the book has been published in at least sixty languages.Some people say it is the best book ever created by an American writer.American students still read “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.”? And parents, teachers and literary experts still debate the iues discued in the book.The writer who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens in eighteen thirty-five.He grew up in Hannibal, Miouri on the Miiippi River.After his father died in eighteen forty-seven, young Samuel went to work as an aistant to a publisher.Ten years later, he became a pilot on a steamboat that sailed on the Miiippi.He heard the riverboat workers call out the words “mark twain!”? That was a measure for the depth of water.In eighteen sixty-one, the American Civil War put an end to steamboat traffic on the Miiippi.So Clemens traveled west and became a reporter for newspapers in Nevada and California.Later, he wrote funny stories and called himself Mark Twain.Twain became famous for his story, “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” in eighteen sixty-five.It tells about a jumping competition among frogs.Twain also traveled a lot and began writing books about his travels.His stories about a trip to Europe and the Middle East were published in “The Innocents Abroad.”? And his stories about life in the western United States became the book called “Roughing It.”

In eighteen seventy, he married Olivia Langdon and moved to Hartford, Connecticut.During the eighteen eighties, he wrote books for children, such as “The Prince and the Pauper.”? It tells about a poor boy who trades identities with a member of England’s ruling family.Twain also wrote “Life on the Miiippi.”? This book describes his days as a steamboat pilot and his return to the river twenty years later.Mark Twain was already a succeful writer before he became famous as a public speaker.Over the years, he had invested a lot of money in unsucceful businees.In eighteen ninety-three, he found himself deeply in debt.So to earn money, he traveled around the world giving humorous talks.His speeches made people laugh and remember events they had experienced.However, his later life was not a happy one.Two of his daughters died.His wife died in nineteen-oh-four after a long sickne.Some critics think Mark Twain’s later works were more serious because of his sadne.He died of heart failure in nineteen ten.(MUSIC)

Mark Twain was the first writer to use the speech of common Americans in his books.He showed that simple American English could be as fine an instrument for great writing as more complex language.Through his books, he captured American experiences as no other writer had.Many of the stories take place in Hannibal, Miouri.The small wooden house where he lived as a boy still stands there.Next to the house is a wooden fence.It is the kind described in Twain’s book, “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,” published in eighteen seventy-six.In that story, Tom has been told to paint the fence.He does not want to do it.But he acts as if the job is great fun.He tricks other boys into believing this.His trick is so succeful that they agree to pay him money to let them finish his work.“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” is considered one of the best books about an American boy’s life in the eighteen hundreds.Tom Sawyer’s good friend is Huckleberry, or “Huck,” Finn.Mark Twain tells this boy’s story in “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.”? Huck is a poor child, without a mother or home.His father drinks too much alcohol and beats him.Huck’s situation has freed him from the restrictions of society.He explores in the

woods and goes fishing.He stays out all night and does not to go to school.He smokes tobacco.Huck runs away from home.He meets Jim, a black man who has escaped from slavery.They travel together on a raft made of wood down the Miiippi River.(MUSIC)

Mark Twain started writing “Huckleberry Finn” as a children’s story.But it soon became serious.The story tells about the social evil of slavery, seen through the eyes of an innocent child.Huck’s ideas about people were formed by the white society in which he lived.So, at first, he does not question slavery.Huck knows that important people believe slavery is natural, the law of God.So, he thinks it is his duty to tell Jim’s owners where to find him.Luck comes to understand that Jim is a good man.He finds he cannot carry out his plan to tell Jim’s owners where to find him.Instead, he decides to help Jim escape.He decides to do this, even if God punishes him.Huck’s moral search is part of Twain’s humor.Huck’s heart leads him to do the right thing, even when everything he has been taught tells him it is wrong.Huck’s nature is good, but he has no idea of it.Twain tells us more through Huck’s voice than Huck himself knows.It took Mark Twain longer to write “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” than any of his other books.He started writing in eighteen seventy-six, but put the story away after about two years of work.He returned to it in eighteen eighty-three.It was published the next year.From the beginning, the book was hotly debated.Some early critics praised its realism and honesty.But the leading critics of Twain’s time hated it.They objected to the personality of Huck--a rough, dirty and disobedient boy.They were insulted by Twain’s attacks on the commonly accepted morals and traditions of white society.And they disliked the way Twain used the language of a common, uneducated person to tell the story.No writer had ever done that before.The debate over “Huckleberry Finn” re-opened in recent years, but for different reasons.The book uses the racist expreions of its time.So some people say reading it is too painful and insulting for black children.They know that Twain was really attacking racism.But he attacked indirectly, and with humor.So they feel young people will not understand what he was attempting to do.A few American schools have banned the book for young children.A few have banned it for all students.Some schools used a version in which all racist words have been removed.Other people say young people can understand “Huckleberry Finn” if they study it with a good teacher.They say the book remains one of the best denunciations of racism ever written.There is no longer any debate about the importance of “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” in American literature.In nineteen thirty-five, Ernest Hemingway wrote: “All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called ‘Huckleberry Finn.’? There was nothing before.And there has been nothing as good since.”