Academic Writing Vocabulary_英语人物写作writing
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ST 2014
Vocabulary List
ambivalence – noun.(a)simultaneous and contradictory attitudes or feelings(as attraction and repulsion)toward an object, person, or action;(b)continual fluctuation(as between one thing and its opposite);(c)uncertainty as to which approach to follow.Origin: International Scientific Vocabulary;Latin ambi both, valere to be strong.Adjective:ambivalent.Synonyms:uncertain, unsure
benefit – noun.(a)something that promotes well-being, advantage;(b)useful aid,help;(c)financial help in time of sickne, old age, or unemployment;a payment or service provided for under an annuity, pension plan, or insurance policy;(d)a service(as health insurance)or right(as to take vacation time)provided by an employer in addition to wages or salary;(e)an entertainment or social event to raise funds for a person or cause.From Latin bene factum good deed.A benefit of museum membership is a discount on purchases.The job does not pay much, but the benefits are good.Synonyms:advantage, aet, help.Verb: to be useful or profitable to;to receive a benefit.Automation has not benefited those workers who have been replaced by machines.bolster –(verb)to make something stronger or better;to give support to.She is thinking of ways to bolster her career.Synonyms: support, sustain, uphold, brace.Origin: 15th century Middle English;a bolster is a pillow or cushion.commiion –
noununimportant.contract-
noun(a)to bring on oneself especially inadvertently, incur(contracting debts);(b)to become affected with(contract pneumonia);(c)to establish or undertake by contract
(contract a job);(d)to join in marriage;(e)to hire by contract(contract a lawyer);to purchase(as goods or services)on a contract basis —often used with out;(f)limit, restrict(contract the scope of their activities);(g)to reduce to smaller size(contract a muscle)or to shorten(as a word)by omitting one or more sounds or letters.Latin contrahere to draw together.convention-noun.(a)an agreement, contractthe Republican National Convention;(c)a rule of conduct or behavior;an established technique, practice, or deviceThe river derives its name from a Native American tribe.From Latin derivare, literally, to draw off(water), from de-+ rivus stream.Synonyms: conclude, deduce, infer, extrapolate, reason.derivative – noun.(a)a substance derived from a parent sourceAesop's fables are didactic in that they are meant to teach moral values;(b)making moral observationsv.t.(a)to make diverse;to give variety to;(b)to balance(as an investment
portfolio)defensively by dividing funds among securities of different industries or of different claes;(c)to increase the variety of the products of.–v.i.(d)to produce variety;(e)to engage in varied operations.Latin diversus diverse.Synonyms:vary, distribute.equivocate – verb.(a)to use equivocal language especially with intent to deceive;to
prevaricateclear, unquestionable, unmistakable, unambiguous.exacerbate – verb.to make worse or more severe.The proposed shutdown would exacerbate unemployment problems.His angry comments have exacerbated tensions in the negotiation proce.Latin ex-+ acerbus harsh, bitter, from acer sharp.Synonyms:aggravate, complicate, worsen.Noun: exacerbation.expedient – adjective.(a)providing an easy and quick way to solve a problem or do
something;suitable for achieving a particular end in a given circumstance.(b)characterized by concern for what is opportune, governed by self-interest.They found it expedient to negotiate an agreement rather than pursue a law suit.from Latin expedient-, expendiens,present participle of expedire to extricate, prepare, be useful.Synonyms: advisable, desirable, judicious, prudent, wise.Noun: expediency, expedience
facilitate – verb.To help cause something;to help something run more smoothly and
effectively.The moderator's role is to facilitate the discuion by asking appropriate questions.Cutting taxes may facilitate economic recovery.From Latin facilis, from facere to do.Synonyms: ease, smooth.Noun: facilitation.inclination – noun.(a)a particular disposition of mind or character,propensity,liking
(GermanHe had little inclination for sports;(b)a tendency to a particular aspect, state, character, or action-My first inclination was to say no, but I finally decided to do what she asked.Latin inclinare to lean.Synonyms: affinity, disposition, predilection, proclivity, leaning.innate – adjective.(a)existing in, belonging to, or determined by factors present in an individual from birth,native, inborn;(b)belonging to the eential nature of something, inherent;(c)originating in or derived from the mind or the constitution of the intellect rather than from experience.She has an innate sense of rhythm.Latin innat(us)inborn.Synonyms:built-in, hard-wired, inborn, inherent, integral, natural.integrity – noun.(a)firm adherence to a code of especially moral or artistic values,incorruptibilitydesigned to ensure the structural integrity of the aircraft;(c)the
quality or state of being complete or undivided, completene(adjective: integral).Latin from integer entire.Synonyms:character, goodne, honesty, morality, uprightne, virtue;soundne, completene.interpret-verb.(a)to explain or tell the meaning of, to present in understandable terms-needed help interpreting the results;(b)to conceive in the light of individual belief, judgment, or circumstance;construe-interpret a contract;(c)to represent by means of art, bring to realization by performance or direction-interprets a role.Latin interpres explainer.Synonyms:clarify, construe, demonstrate, demystify, elucidate, explicate, expound, illuminate, illustrate, explain, simplify.Noun: interpretation.justify-verb.(a)to prove or show to be just, right, or reasonable;to show to have had a sufficient legal reason;(b)to judge, regard, or treat as righteous and worthy of salvation;(c)to space(as lines of text)so that the lines come out even at the margin;to make even by justifying(justified margins).The fact that we are at war does not justify treating innocent people as criminals.Latin jus law, right.Synonyms:excuse, vindicate, exonerate.Noun: justification.meticulous – adjective.marked by extreme or exceive care in the consideration or treatment of details.He is meticulous about keeping accurate records.Latin meticulosus fearful.Synonyms:careful, conscientious, painstaking, scrupulous.oblivious – adjective.lacking remembrance, memory, or mindful attention;lacking active conscious knowledge or awarene.It is usually used with of or to.The out-of-state motorist claimed to be oblivious of the local speed limit;He was oblivious to the impact of his behavior on others.Latin oblivios(us)forgetful.Synonyms:cluele, ignorant, unaware, unwitting.optimize – verb.(a)to make as perfect, effective, or functional as poible, to make the best ofoptimize about the future.A range of
programs were implemented to optimize the use of energy and natural resources.Synonyms:optimal = most desirable, most satisfactory.ostensible – adjective.(a)intended for display, open to view;(b)being such in appearance, plausible rather than demonstrably true or real-The ostensible reason for the meeting turned out to be a trick to get him to the surprise party.Latin ostens(us)displayed.Synonyms:aumed, evident, apparent, supposed.persist – verb.(a)to go on resolutely or stubbornly in spite of opposition, importunity, or warning;(b)to be insistent in the repetition or preing of an utteranceIf the symptoms persist, you should see a doctor.Latin persistere, from per-+ sistere to take a stand, stand firm;akin to Latin stare to stand.Synonyms:persevere, carry on.Adjective:persistent.Noun:persistence.pragmatic-adjective.(a)relating to matters of fact or practical affairs often to the exclusion of intellectual or artistic matters;practical as opposed to idealistic.In Germany, trade unions tend to take a more pragmatic view of international framework agreements, regarding them as a first step.Latin pragmaticus skilled in law or busine.Noun:pragmatism.Synonyms: practical, down-to-earth, matter-of-fact, realistic.precipitate – verb.(a)to cause something to happen quickly or suddenly.The financial crisis of 2008 was precipitated by the bursting of the real estate bubble.(b)To condense and fall as rain or snow.Origin: Latin praecipitatus, past participle of praecipitare, from praecipit-, praeceps.Noun: precipitation.pretentious –a)making usually unjustified or exceive claims(such as of value or standing);(b)expreive of affected, unwarranted, or exaggerated importance, worth, or stature-pretentious language, pretentious houses.2.making demands on one's skill, ability, or means, ambitious.Latin praetendere to pretend.supported by fact.proce-verb:(a)to proceed against by law, prosecute;to take out a summons against, to serve a summons on;(b)to subject to a special proce or treatment;to subject to or handle through an established usually routine set of procedures(proce insurance claims);(c)to integrate sensory information received so that an action or response is generated.Latin pr-oce(us)a going forward.Also a noun: follow the proce described in the instructions.speculate – verb.(a)to meditate on or ponder a subject;(b)to review something idly or
casually and often inconclusively;(c)to aume a busine risk in hope of gain.Latin specere to look at.Synonym:reflect, theorize, wonder;gamble.strategy-noun.(a)the science and art of employing the political, economic, psychological, and military forces of a nation or group of nations to afford the maximum support to adopted policies in peace or war, a variety of or instance of the use of strategy;(b)a careful plan or
method, a clever stratagem, the art of devising or employing plans or stratagems toward a goal;(c)an adaptation that serves or appears to serve an important function in achieving
evolutionary succe(foraging strategies of insects).The government is developing innovative strategies to help people without insurance get medical care.Greek strategia generalship.Synonyms:arrangement, blueprint, design, game, program, project, scheme, plan, system.Verb: strategize.superfluous – adjective.(a)exceeding what is sufficient or neceary, extra, surplus;(b)not needed,unneceary.Latin superfluus, literally, running over, from superfluere to overflow, from super-+ fluere to flow.Synonyms:exce, needle, gratuitous, redundant, trivial, extravagant.verbose – adjective.(a)containing more words than neceary, wordy(a verbose reply);also,impaired by wordine(a verbose style);(b)given to wordine(a verbose orator).Latin verb(um)word.Synonyms:long-winded, rambling.Noun:verbosity.Usage: affect vs.effect(Swan, 2003)
Affect is a verb.It means “cause a change in” or “influence.”
The cold weather affected everybody's work.Effect is usually a noun meaning “result” or “change.” The expreion have an effect on is similar to affect.Compare:
The war seriously affected petrol prices.The war had a serious effect on petrol prices.In a formal style, effect can be used as a verb, meaning “carry out,” “cause to happen.”We did not effect much improvement in sales last year.For more information about these words, consult a good dictionary.Verbs commonly used in academic writing
The following verbs have been taken from the Academic Word List(the AWL)on The University of Nottingham's website.They are part of what is considered the “core academic vocabulary.” You are most likely familiar with their meanings, so your goal is to use them, whether in discuion or in written work.Especially in summary writing, using verbs such as these, which show the author's relationship to his or her ideas, will make your writing stronger and more precise.acknowledge
analyse/analyze
comment
conclude
confirm
deduce
deny
emphasise/emphasize
establish
evaluate
illustrate
imply
interpret
justify
maintain
reject
respond
reveal
References
Merriam-Webster's online dictionary.Retrieved from http:/// Swan, M.(2003).Practical English usage(2nd ed.).Oxford: Oxford University Pre.The Random House college dictionary(Rev.ed.).(1988).New York: Random House.Using the Academic Word List.Retrieved from The University of Nottingham website:
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/~alzsh3/acvocab/
