古罗马简单常识_简单常识
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THE WORLD OF ANCIENT ROME
Vocabulary
aqueduct: a channel for carrying the mainwater supply to a Roman town, usually built above ground and
supported by stone arches.auditorium: a Latin word meaning “a place for listening.”
barbarian: the word used by Romans when referring to all foreigners not part of the empire.Later, this came
to refer to uncivilized, violent, mostly Germanic and Asian tribes that attacked the empire.Britannia: the Roman province of Britain, today's England;first conquered by the emperor Claudius in 43 A.D.and abandoned in 410 A.D.Caesar: a Latin word meaning “hairyone” that was the family name of Julius Caesar.The title Caesar was
adopted by emperors from Augustus in 27 B.C., up until Hadrian in 117 A.D.The word Caesar was modified
by the Ruians to “czar,” a title for their king, and by the Germans and Austrians to “kaiser” for some of their
rulers.cauldarium: the hot room of Roman baths with the hottest bathing pools.circus:a racetrack or a circle.civilized: a word taken from the Roman word “civitas” meaning the citizens of Rome.centurion: an army officer in charge of a century.century: a unit of the Roman army made up of 60-80 men.cloaca: a large underground drain.Rome's Cloaca Maxima is still in use today.cohort: an armyunit of 600-800 men.consul: one or two supreme heads of state during the Roman Republic that were elected each year.coloeum: a large amphitheater where gladiator contests were held.emperor: a supreme ruler of the Roman Empire.forum: a large, open square.The Roman Forum and the Imperial Forum were the locations of ancient Rome's
main buildings of government, greatest monuments and most important temples.frigidarium: the cold room of Roman baths that contained the cold pools.gladiator: an armed man who fought to the death with other gladiators and with animals.Most gladiators were
slaves or criminals.hypocaust: an underfloor heating chamber through which hot air from the furnace paed to warm a Roman Building.insula: a block in a Roman town or a block of apartments for the common citizens of Roman towns.Imperator: the Latin word for emperor.Latin: the language of the ancient Romans that gave rise to theFrench, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and
Romanian languages and contributed many words to the English language.legion:the largest division of the Roman army consisting of 4000-6000 men.magistrate: certain elected officials who governed Rome during the Republic.monotheism: a religion, such as Christianity, that recognizes only a single, all-powerful god.orchestra: the semi-circular area in front of the stage of a Roman theater.Patricians: wealthy and powerful Roman noblemen.Pax Romana: The “Roman Peace.”The term of peace imposed by Rome on any of its dominions;a general
term referring to roughly 200 years of Roman peace and prosperity from about 27 B.C.to 180
A.D.Plebians: the common people of Rome.province: a conquered territory of Rome;from the Latin word “provincia” meaning area of command.polytheism: a religion based on many gods and goddees, such as the ancient Roman religion.senate: a council of 300 important citizens whose task was to advise the consuls during the Roman Republic,but who, in fact, practicallyruled Rome during most of this period.stadium: another Latin world for racecourse.tepidarium: the warm room of the Roman baths containing the warm pools.thermae: Latin word for baths.toga: the flowing garment worn by Roman men.tribunes: government representatives of the common Roman people.Listed below are some of the gods and goddees of Ancient Rome.Lares and Penates:Household gods to whom daily offerings were made.Lares guarded the house and Penates guarded the
food cupboard.Janus:God of the doorway to the house.Vesta:Godde of the hearth or fireplace.Jupiter:King of the gods;equivalent to the Greek god Zeus.Juno:Wife of Jupiter, same as the Greek godde Hera;the godde of the sky.Bacchus:The god of wine and parties;same as the Greek god Dionysus.Ceres:Earth mother and godde of the harvest;same as the Greek godde Demeter.Diana:Moon godde and godde of hunting;same as the Greek godde Artemis.Fortuna:Roman godde of luck.Mars:The god of war;same as the Greek god Ares.Mercury:Meenger of the gods and protector of trade;same as the Greek god Hermes.Minerva:The godde of wisdom and crafts;same as the Greek god Athena.Neptune:Brother of Jupiter and god of the sea;same as the Greek god Poseidon.Saturn:God of farming;same as the Greek god Cronus.Venus:Godde of love and beauty, mother of Cupid;same as the Greek godde Aphrodite Vulcan:God of fire and blacksmithing;same as the Greek god Hephaestos.I=1XXX=30
II=2XXXX or XL=40
III=3L=50
IV=4LX=60
V=5LXX=70
VI=6LXXX=80
VII=7LXXXX or XC=90
VIII= 8C=100
IX=9D=500
X=10M=1000
XX=20the Romans had no zero
Rome and Italy
753 B.C.Founding of the city of Rome according to the legend of Romulus and Remus.510 B.C.Founding of the Roman Republic as Roman nobles drive out the Etruscans.396-290 B.C.Rome becomes master of the Italian peninsula as it conquers other Latin tribes.264-241 B.C.1st Punic War: Rome conquers the Carthaginian prov-ince of Sicily.218-202 B.C.2nd Punic War: Carthaginian general Hannibal invades Italy by croing the Alps.Although he wins several battles, he fails to capture Rome and returns to Carthage in 203 B.C.149-146 B.C.3rd Punic War: Carthage is destroyed in 146 B.C.82-78 B.C.The Roman Republic begins to fail as Sulla becomes dictator.73-71 B.C.Slaves rebellion led by Spartacus.55-54 B.C.Julius Caesar leads expeditions into Britain.44 B.C.Julius Caesar is murdered.B.C.Julius Caesar's adopted son, Octavian, defeats Mark Antony at the battle of Actium, making Egypt a Roman province.B.C.Octavian aumes the title Augustus and becomes the first Roman emperor bringing peace and good government to the empire.The historical period called the Roman Empire begins.98-117 A.D.The emperor Trajan expands the empire to its greatest extent.117-138 A.D.The emperor Hadrian improves the defenses of the frontiers and works to bring stable government to Rome's provinces.306-337 A.D.Reign of the emperor Constantine.In 313 A.D., he makes Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire.364 A.D.The Empire is divided into an Eastern Empire with a capital at Byzantium(Istanbul)and a Western Empire with Rome as its capital.410 A.D.Visigoths sack Rome.455 A.D.Vandals ravage Italy.476 A.D.German chief Odoacer overthrows the last Roman emperor and becomes king of Italy.Elsewhere In Europe
776 B.C.First Olympic games in Greece;Apollo is worshiped at Delphi.508 B.C.Democracy begins in Athens.490 B.C.Greeks defeat the Persians at Marathon.460-429 B.C.The golden age of Athens
450 B.C.Celtic culture develops in central and northern Europe.336 B.C.Alexander of Macedon becomes king of Greece.215-168 B.C.Romans involved in wars in Greece.146 B.C.Romans destroy Corinth and make Greece and Macedonia into a single province.87 B.C.The Roman dictator Sulla defeats King Mithradates and captures Athens.58-49 B.C.Julius Caesar battles in Gaul(France).43 A.D.Romans invade Britain, which becomes the northernmost province of Rome.101-107 A.D.Trajan conquers Dacia(Romania).122 A.D.Hadrian builds a wall acro Britain.222 A.D.Goths, Vandals, and other barbaric tribes attack the Roman Empire.270-275 A.D.Goths capture Romania from the Romans.287 A.D.The Germanic Franks invade Gaul(France).370 A.D.The Huns from Asia invade Europe.410 A.D.The last Roman troops pull out of Britain.432 A.D.St.Patrick brings Christianity to Ireland.449 A.D.The Jutes invade Britain.452 A.D.Attila and the Huns invade France and Italy.470 A.D.The Huns are driven out of Europe.The Near East
750-682 B.C.Sennacherib becomes king of Ayria(an empire composed of the modern countries of Iraq, Jordan, Israel, Syria and parts of Turkey and Saudi Arabia and Armenia)and establishes his capital at Nineveh.670 B.C.Ayrians capture Egypt.612 B.C.Medes and allies overthrow the empire of Ayria.605-562 B.C.Nebuchadnear II rules as the King of Babylon in
southern Iraq.539 B.C.Cyrus of Persia captures Babylonia.525 B.C.Persians invade Egypt.486-465 B.C.King Xerxes rules the Persian Empire.334-330 B.C.Alexander the Macedon detroys the Persian Empire.65-63 B.C.Rome captures Syria and Palestine.37 B.C.Mark Antony, a powerful Roman, marries Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt.A.D.Probable date of the birth of Jesus Christ.*A.D.Christ is crucified in Roman Judea.45 A.D.St.Paul begins his miionary journeys.66-70 A.D.The Jews revolt against the Romans.The emperor Titus detroys Jerusalem and orders the dispersal of the Jews.116 A.D.The emperor Trajan extends the Roman Empire to the Euphrates River in Persia.330 A.D.The founding of Constantinople on the site of the Greek city of Byzantium.447 A.D.Attila and the Huns invade the Eastern Roman Empire.*In the 500s A.D., the monk Dionysius Exiguus introduced the present custom of reckoning time by counting the years from the birth of Christ, which he miscalculatedfour to six years later than the actual date.Source: The World Book Encyclopedia
