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P22 From 1095, for the next 300 years, European countries were involve in a series of holy wars called the crusades, Christians from all over Europe went to the lands of the eastern Mediterranean to dive out the non-Christians.These wars brought Europeans into direct contact with eastern ideas, customs, knowledge, and products for the first time.The crusaders came to appreciate luxuries such as silks and spices from India and china, and when they returned home they wanted to have these items.European countries began to search for short and cheap routes to the riches of the Far East(India and China), and these voyages led to the exploration of lands unfamiliar to them.Power struggles occurred amongst the rival European countries for control of these territories.1095，在接下来的300年中，欧洲国家都涉及一系列神圣的战争称为十字军东征，来自欧洲各地的基督徒来到了东地中海地区的非基督徒潜水。这些战争使欧洲人直接接触到东方思想，海关，知识，和第一次的产品。十字军来欣赏如印度和中国的丝绸和香料的奢侈品，当他们回到家，他们想要这些东西。欧洲国家开始寻找廉价路线短，远东的财富（印度和中国），这些航行的LED的土地不熟悉他们的探索。权力斗争发生在竞争对手欧洲国家对这些地区的控制。

从1095年开始,在接下来的300年,欧洲国家在一系列涉及神圣战争称为十字军东征,来自欧洲各地的基督徒去地中海东部的土地潜水非基督徒。这些战争将欧洲带入直接接触东方思想、海关、知识、和第一次的产品。十字军升值的奢侈品,如丝绸和香料来自印度和中国,当他们回到家想要这些东西。欧洲国家开始寻找短期的财富和廉价路线远东(印度和中国),这些导致航行探索陌生的土地。权力斗争发生在欧洲的竞争对手国家这些领土的控制权。

In addition to the search for eastern riches, there was a second reason for the increase in European exploration.From 1450 to 1600 there was an “age of exploration” in Europe.This was part of the historical renaiance period, when there was renewed interest in all areas of knowledge.New ideas, combined with improved methods of building sailing ships, allowed mariners to sail more safely on longer voyages of exploration.But these voyages were still risky and cost a great deal of money.Ships could be gone for long periods of time and there was no guarantee that they would return at all or return with profitable cargo.As a result, voyages of exploration depended on European kings and queens for financial backing.除了东方财富搜索，有欧洲探险中增加的第二个原因。从1450到1600有一个“探索时代”的欧洲。这是文艺复兴时期的一部分，当有新的兴趣在所有领域的知识。新的思想，结合建筑的帆船的改进方法，允许水手航行更安全地在较长的航海探险。但这些航海仍有风险和成本大量的金钱。船可能已经走了很长一段时间，并没有保证，他们会返回所有或返回有利可图的货物。作为一个结果，探索依赖欧洲国王和王后的金融支持的航行。

除了寻找财富,东部有一个第二个原因的增加欧洲勘探。从1450年到1450年,在欧洲是一个“探索的时代”。这是历史的文艺复兴时期,当时所有的知识领域的兴趣重燃。新思想,结合改进的方法建立帆船,让水手航行更安全长期探索之旅。但这些仍航行风险和花费大量的资金。船可以走了很长一段时间,没有保证他们将返回与盈利或返回货物。因此,航行探索依靠欧洲金融支持的国王和王后。

Fortunately, European monarchs were not only eager to find out more about the world, but also wanted to gain power and the riches of the Far East.They hired mariners to search for a water route to the Far East.Portugal and Spain were the first European countries to try to get to the Far East by going west acro the Atlantic;they were followed by England and France.幸运的是，欧洲君主不仅渴望更多地了解世界，但也希望得到权力和远东的财富。他们雇佣水手寻找水的路线去远东。葡萄牙和西班牙是第一个欧洲国家试图到远东去到大西洋的西部；其次是英国和法国。幸运的是,欧洲君主不仅渴望找到更多关于这个世界,但也想获得力量和远东的财富。他们聘请了水手寻找远东的水流路径。葡萄牙和西班牙是第一个欧洲国家试图通过向西到达远东横跨大西洋;紧随其后的是英国和法国。

Early European exploration and colonization of areas such as North America, South America, Africa, and India were based on a desire for profit.This was part of a trading theory, very popular in Europe, called mercantilism.地区如美国北部，美国南部非洲，欧洲早期的探险和殖民，和印度是基于利润的愿望。这是一个贸易理论的一部分，在欧洲很受欢迎，被称为重商主义。

早期欧洲等领域的探索和殖民北美,南美,非洲和印度是基于对利润的渴望。这是一个交易的一部分理论,在欧洲非常受欢迎,被称为重商主义。

During the 1500s and 1600s many European countries wanted to be powerful.One way for a country to be powerful was to have wealth in the form of gold and silver.Countries became wealthy by selling finished goods to other nations.The largest profit was made by countries that spent the least on raw materials and sold the finished goods for as much as poible.Colonies became very important to the practice of mercantilism as places for European countries to obtain raw materials and to sell finished goods.在16世纪和17世纪，许多欧洲国家要强大。一个国家要强大的一个途径是以金和银的形式有财富。国家变富裕的成品向其他国家出售。最大的利润是由国家花费最少的原材料和销售成品尽可能的使。殖民地成为重商主义实践很重要的地方，欧洲国家购买原材料和销售成品。在1600年代和1500年代许多欧洲国家想要强大。一个国家强大的方法之一是在形式的金银财富。成为富有的国家向其他国家出售成品。最大的利润是由国家花了最少的原材料和销售尽可能多的成品。殖民地成为非常重要的重商主义的实践作为欧洲国家的地方获得原材料和成品出售。

The theory of mercantilism was a major reason behind European exploration and colonization of the world.The kings and queens of Europe encouraged overseas exploration and established lands unknown to the Europeans had to be explored.重商主义理论落后于世界的欧洲探险和殖民的一个主要原因。欧洲的国王和王后鼓励海外勘探和建立土地的欧洲人必须探索未知。

重商主义理论是一个重大原因欧洲世界的探索和殖民。欧洲的国王和王后鼓励海外勘探和建立未知土地的欧洲人。

Early European explorers such as John Cabot and Jacques Cartier met Native people who were already familiar with Europeans.This may have resulted from early contacts made with the Vikings, but it was more likely the result of contacts made with Spanish, Portuguese, Basque, French, and English people who came to fish on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland every summer.These people dried and salted their catch on land prior to taking it back to sell in Europe.They aociated and traded with the local tribes, who lived near the ocean during the summer.The first merchants came to the New World for fish;the rapidly expanding fur market kept them there.早期的欧洲探险家如卡伯特和约翰贾可卡地亚会见了当地人已经熟悉的欧洲人。这可能会导致从早期接触的北欧海盗，但它更可能是西班牙，葡萄牙，法国巴斯克，取得了联系，结果，和英国人来到纽芬兰大浅滩鱼每年夏天。这些人咸干鱼的土地，把它回到欧洲之前出售。他们与当地部落的关联交易，谁住在附近的海洋在夏季。第一个商人来到新世界的鱼；迅速扩大的毛皮市场一直放在那里。

早期欧洲探险家如约翰·卡伯特和雅克·卡地亚已经很熟悉本地的人会见了欧洲人。这可能是由于早期由维京人的接触,但这更有可能接触的结果用西班牙语、葡萄牙语、巴斯克语、法语和英语的人来到鱼每年夏天在纽芬兰大浅滩。这些人干、咸赶在陆地上把它夺回来之前在欧洲销售。他们与当地部落和交易有关,夏天住在大海附近。第一个商人来到新大陆鱼;快速扩张的皮毛市场保持他们。

The early contacts between Europeans and Native people in the New World could be viewed as an exchange of technology.The native peoples taught the early Europeans survival skills such as hunting, trapping, snow-shoeing, and canoeing.They also provided the Europeans with remedies for illnees such as scurvy.Native peoples often provided Europeans with fresh food.In exchange, the Europeans supplied the native people with goods such as tools, weapons, and cooking utensils.欧洲人和在新的世界土著人民可以被看作是一个技术交流的早期之间的联系。土著人教早期的欧洲人的生存技巧比如狩猎，捕获，雪shoeing，和划独木舟。他们还提供了欧洲人对如坏血病疾病救济。原住民往往提供新鲜食物的欧洲人。在交换中，欧洲人提供商品如工具，当地人的武器，和炊具。

早期的欧洲人和原住民之间的联系新的世界可能被视为一种交换技术。原住民教早期欧洲人的生存技能,如狩猎、诱捕、snow-shoeing,划独木舟。他们还为欧洲人提供了补救坏血病等疾病。原住民经常为欧洲人提供了新鲜食品。作为交换,欧洲人向当地人提供货物如工具,武器,和炊具。

In these exchanges, each group gave something of which they had more than they needed at that time.In return, they received something that they lacked either the technology or the raw materials to make for themselves.在这些交流，每个组给予的东西，他们已经比当时他们所需要的。作为回报，他们收到的东西，他们缺乏技术和原材料使自己。

在这些交流中,每组给他们超过他们所需要的东西。作为回报,他们得到的东西他们缺乏技术或原材料为自己。

The native peoples encountered by the early Europeans had different cultural values.Since the native peoples lived differently from the Europeans, different things were important to them.The spiritual beliefs, political organization, and technology were very different from those of the Europeans.This was one reason the Europeans and the native peoples found it difficult to interpret and understand each other.土著人所遇到的早期的欧洲人有不同的文化价值观。既然土著人生活于欧洲人不同，不同的事情对他们是重要的。精神信仰，政治组织，和技术是从那些欧洲人很不同。这是一个原因，欧洲人和土著人发现很难解释和理解对方。

早期欧洲人的原住民遇到不同的文化价值观。自从原住民生活不同于欧洲人,不同的事情很重要。精神信仰、政治组织和技术非常不同于欧洲人。这是原因之一,欧洲人和原住民发现很难解释和理解彼此。

When two very different cultures meet there is often misunderstanding.People who have lived in one culture all their lives sometimes believe that their culture is the best because they are used to it and it meets their needs.Anthropologists call this belief, that one’s culture is the best, ethnocentrism.当两个非常不同的文化相遇往往有误解。谁生活在一个文化的所有他们的生活有时会认为他们的文化是最好的，他们使用它和它满足他们需要的人。人类学家称这种信仰，这一文化是最好的，种族中心主义。当两种不同的文化满足通常的误解。人一辈子生活在一种文化有时认为他们的文化是最好的,因为他们习惯于它,它满足他们的需求。人类学家称这种信仰,一个人的文化是最好的,民族优越感。P26 As lands in the Americas were explored, Europeans rulers claimed ownership over them.This was usually done by planting a huge cro and/or flag of the explorer’s home country into the earth of the land being claimed.This claim was recognized by other European countries.为探索在美洲土地的统治者，欧洲人宣称拥有他们。这通常是通过种植一个巨大的十字架和/或标志的探险家的家乡的土地被地球做声称。这种说法是由欧洲其他国家认可。

由于美洲土地的开发,欧洲人统治者宣称所有权。这通常是通过种植一个巨大的十字架和/或国旗explorer的祖国到地球的土地。这种说法被其他欧洲国家认可。

By claiming these lands the European rulers believed they also had the right to control all the trade in the area.This was known as a monopoly.Their control also extended beyond the land and its resources, and included its people.In the Americas, the Europeans claimed the land and extended their control over the people, even though the native peoples had been living there for thousands of years.声称这些土地的欧洲的统治者认为他们也有权控制在该地区的所有贸易。这被称为垄断。他们的控制也超出了土地和资源，包括它的人。在美洲，欧洲声称土地和扩展他们对人的控制，尽管土著人一直生活在数千年。

声称这些土地欧洲统治者相信他们也有权控制该地区所有的贸易。这被称为一个垄断。他们的控制也扩展超出了土地和资源,包括它的人民。在美洲,欧洲人声称土地和扩展他们对人民的控制,尽管原住民一直生活了数千年。

Jacques Cartier was a French mariner who was commiioned by the king of France to search for a short route to the Far East.He reached the Gulf of St.Lawrence in 1534 and placed a cro on the Gaspe Peninsula that read “Long live the King of France,” Thus claiming French control in North America in 1535 and sailed as far west as present-day Montreal.He returned again in 1541 to establish a permanent French settlement as part of France’s colonization proce.The settlement failed.Cartier was treated with kindne and hospitality by the Native people he met upon arrival in the New World.贾可卡地亚是法国水手谁是由法国国王委托寻找到远东的短路线。他来到了圣劳伦斯湾1534和放置一个十字，读“万岁，法国国王的盖斯佩半岛，“因此称法国控制在北美国的1535和航海远西与现今的蒙特利尔。他又在1541建立一个永久性的法租界作为法国的殖民过程的一部分。结算失败。卡地亚是由他遇到了在到达新世界土著人民的友好和热情对待。

卡蒂埃是法国的海员被法国国王的委托寻找远东的短路线。他在1534年达到了圣劳伦斯海湾,一个十字架放在读书的加斯佩半岛“法国国王万岁”因此声称法国控制在1535年的北美和西边航行的蒙特利尔。他在1541年再次回到法国建立一个永久的解决作为法国的殖民过程的一部分。和解失败了。卡地亚被当地人接受善良和好客他遇到了抵达新大陆。

Champlain believed that it was partly his responsibility to spread the Roman Catholic religion in New France.As a result, he encouraged the Jesuits—a group of Catholic miionary priests—to come to North America to convert the Native peoples to Christianity.The French king and his ministers believed that New France would be a stronger colony if everyone were Roman Catholic.In 1627, Cardinal Richelieu, a powerful church and state leader, declared that only Catholics could emigrate from France to New France.While the trading companies controlled New France, the main institution in the colony was the Roman Catholic Church.The Church concerned itself with the religious life of the colony as well as establishing schools and hospitals.The Jesuits played a leading role in these developments.The Jesuits, who first arrived in New France in 1625, were called the “Black Robes” by the Native peoples.They established a college for the sons of settlers at Quebec in 1635, and established hospitals and convents by bringing groups of nuns to New France.The Jesuits built permanent miion churches and schools for the Huron in Huronia between 1639 and 1649.Huronia is the name of the entire area where the Huron people lives.The Jesuit headquarters were located in the chapel, a hospital, a bakery, a carpentry shop, and a blacksmith shop.The Jesuits at this miion also planted Ste.Marie in Huronia has been reconstructed.The Jesuits had considerable political influence in New France.Beginning in 1647, the Superior of the Jesuits was one of thw three main members of the Superior Council, which administerwd the colony.Francois Laval, a Jesuit, was appointed the first Bishop of New France in 1659.The Jesuits left written records of early life in New France in the Juesuit Relations, annual reports that they sent home to Paris.