地质专业英语论文_专业英语论文1

2020-02-28 其他范文下载本文

地质专业英语论文由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“专业英语论文1”。

地质专业英语结课论文

题目：Mining and geological hazards

系别 13级地科系班级资源勘查1班学生姓名

张政学号 034130106 指导教师夏奎菊

Mining and geological hazards The rapid economic development and production need to speed up the demand for minerals and consumption, which also brings greater opportunities for the development of mineral mining enterprises.However due to the rapid development of lax management of small and medium-sized mines, plus the small mines, mining and mineral proceing technology is backward, most of the environmental protection measures, exacerbated by the destruction of the environment in the mining area.A marked deterioration in the mining environment and geological disasters in mining iues is becoming more and more serious, potential disaster risks are increasing, and may at any time development of disaster, causing a scrap casualties, equipment and facilities damaged or even the closure of the mine, the waste of resources and serious consequences.Main types of geological hazards in mines There are many different kinds of mine geological disasters, according to the relationship between disaster and time can be divided into sudden mine geological disasters(such as mine water inrush, gas explosion, rock burst, etc.)and delayed mine geological disasters(such as goaf ground deformation, environmental pollution, etc.).But the most common is the claification of the spatial distribution and genetic relationship of disaster..1.deformation disasters of rock and soil Mine ground and Goaf Collapse mainly occurred in underground mine.In mine goaf, if retained pillar insufficient, or because of damage of pillar and lose the ability to support, will cause ground subsidence.Especially those ore bodies buried in shallow, producing a more gentle mining area(such as coal mine), the phenomenon of the ground collapse is more common.Ore bodies buried at relatively deep underground mining, if not timely backfill and caving goaf.When it reaches a certain scale will produce the large area of collapse.In addition, in the karst area, but also because of mine drainage drainage drainage and lead to the collapse of the cave above the ground.Ground subsidence not only destroy arable land, buildings and damaged roads, reservoir, but also a direct result of Mines some underground roadway disrepair, or make atmospheric precipitation and surface water along the fracture collapse poured into the pit, causing flooding accident well until shutdown.Stope slope instability, landslide and rockfall is the main reason is the unreasonable mining, such as mining exceive skin disorders, slope angle caused by steep, the disaster occurred in the open pit mining of non metallic mines and building materials, mining.Pit rock burst pit in the rock burst is also called the mines impact.This is because around the pit and the top floor rock, after being subjected to the strong crustal stre and are strongly compreed, once mining hollowed out because of the free surface, may produce rock stre sudden release, resulting in large amounts of rock burst into pieces, and to the pit a considerable amount of spray, decrepitation and mines to bring hazards and disasters.Mining induced earthquakes are caused by mining activity, which is caused by the earthquake, the source is shallow, the harm is big, the small magnitude earthquake can cause the underground and the surface of the earth's surface.A library database instability instability is mainly due to the collapse of the tailings dam break and harm caused by the formation of debris flow.Tailings dam break accident often brings great harm to the life and property of mining area residents, but also cause huge damage and pollution to the environment.2, the underground water level change caused by the disaster Mine water bursting water which is the most common mine disasters, sudden, large scale, serious consequences.Production proce often of mine water inflow estimation problem because of the, mining proce through old workings, through permeable fault, sudden encounter water cave or underground river, resulting in groundwater or surface water influx, caused by mine flooded and casualties in disaster.Pit mud and sand bursting which is often accompanied with mine water bursting disaster.When the mining proce in sudden encounter water cave, common in the cave filling sediment and debris with groundwater together with the influx of, also some permeable faults and cracks often make Shallow Quaternary sediments with leakage surface runoff into the pit.The result is the tunnel is blocked on the sediment, machines, workers were buried by sediment, serious when even suffered a devastating blow to the mines.2.2.3 environmental pollution is another important form of mine disaster.Due to mining, mineral proceing waste material, because of not effectively deal with is discharged into the rivers, lakes and the sea, causing environmental pollution event.Mining will cause soil erosion, land desertification, salinization, groundwater flow etc..3, the cause of the disaster caused by the ore body The gas explosion and mine fire disaster that is most common in coal mine.Because of bad ventilation, the gas accumulation in the explosion, caused by underground operations personnel casualties, destroyed mine;mine fire in addition to found in coal mine, is also found in a number of sulfide deposit.Because of sulfide oxidation in heat, heat accumulation to a certain extent, the occurrence of spontaneous combustion, causing fires in mines.Mine fire damage is great, but also a serious lo of underground mineral resources, such as some coal mines in the ground has been burning for a hundred years, the amount of resources lo is very huge, so that local climate change, crop and trees, a large number of dead, barren fields, serious environmental degradation.With the increase of the depth of the exploitation of geothermal, geothermal hazards continue to increase.China has a lot of mining depth below 800m, the mining of high sulfur content, mining depth and high, the ground temperature is very high.Mine geothermal disaster led to poor working conditions of miners, which seriously affected the normal production of the mine.prophylactico-therapeutic measures According to the geological conditions and terrain features of different mines and the development and utilization of the mine, the distribution characteristics of disaster points are divided into different levels of prevention and treatment in order to take the corresponding control measures.Generally divided into the focus of prevention and control areas, sub key areas and the general prevention and control area.1, focus on prevention and control measures Rational design of slope parameters, to strengthen the monitoring of slope, it is recommended to make retaining wall stability, after excavation, if the crack deformation, it is recommended to do a special engineering geological survey.For the existing disaster point, do a good job of slope reinforcement and prevention work, as far as poible to eliminate the mining induced disasters and the hidden dangers of disaster.The design of the side slope and the slope of the slag field is strictly made, and the design of the retaining wall is made to set up the dam to prevent the debris flow.And full and rational use of slag field, is strictly prohibited to discard slag(especially in the road along).For the mining of tunnel, in the trenches must prepare support, so that the mining side edge support and avoid the harm due to the roof of the mine to collapse, roof fall, especially above the tenants to prevent caused by the upper ground cracking.Design for tunnel drainage, to prevent water gushing hazard.Set up monitoring points for monitoring, recording and analysis work, to ensure that in the disaster area to nip in the bud.After the mining, the unified planning of the mining area, the planning of mine reclamation work, restore the ecological function of mine.2, second emphasis prevention area prevention measures approach during the construction of highway and mines living area, lots of slope and a certain amount of waste slag formation, may lead to the formation of slope instability, caused landslides and landslides;along the way is not reasonable to leave a residue may cause soil erosion, may form a slope of mud rock flow, the rolling stones and flyrock hazard.Scientific and rational design of the slope parameters, and reasonable support and reinforcement, the top of the slope should be set drainage ditch, do a good job of surface drainage measures.Strengthen site management, rational Piling Dregs, it is strictly prohibited to spoil;in the construction of block stones and stone advantageous location facilities: After the end of the mining, the waste slag field will be covered with soil, planting trees and forests, restoring vegetation.3, the general prevention and control measures in the area of no major building and construction projects, mainly due to the broken surface rock and soil erosion.Should prohibit cro-border exploitation, reducing human disturbance, good vegetation protection and soil and water conservation.4, the geological environment restoration program and measures to prevent soil erosion and restoration of vegetation and landscape, the mine must be planning to carry out mine reclamation work, in order to restore the ecological function of mine.Mining waste residue should not be indiscriminately stacked, must be stacked to the mining boundary beyond the boundaries of the mining waste residue inside, in the proce of mining, there are plans to fill the waste to the mined out area.Landhill after treatment and then deposited soil and planting.Through the above geological environment restoration work, reduce soil erosion, restore the ecological function of mine, achieve the goal of ecological restoration and maintenance of human and environmental harmony.翻译：

矿产开采与地质灾害

经济的快速发展和生产需要加快对矿物的需求和消耗，这也为矿产开采企业带来更大的发展机会。然而由于迅猛发展的中小型矿山疏于管理，加之小型矿山的开采方法和选矿工艺落后，大多无环保措施，加剧破坏矿区环境。开采环境明显恶化，矿山地质灾害问题日趋严重，潜在的致灾隐患不断增多，且随时可能发展成灾，造成人员伤亡、设备报废、设施损毁甚至矿井关闭、资源浪费等严重后果。

矿山地质灾害的主要类型

矿山地质灾害种类繁多，按成灾与时间的关系，可分为突发性矿山地质灾害(如矿坑突水、瓦斯爆炸、岩爆等)和缓发性矿山地质灾害(如采空区的地面变形、环境污染等)。但最常见的是以灾害的空间分布和成因关系分类。岩土体变形灾害

矿山地面和采空区塌陷地面塌陷主要发生在地下以井巷开采的矿山。在矿山采空区，若保留矿柱不足，或因矿柱受损而失去支撑能力，就会造成地面塌陷。特别是那些矿体埋藏较浅，产状较平缓的矿区(如煤矿)，地面塌陷的现象更为常见。矿体埋藏相对较深的地下开采矿山，如果不能及时回填和崩落采空区，当其达到一定规模就会产生大面积塌陷。此外，在岩溶分布区，还会因矿山排水疏干而导致溶洞上方地面塌陷。地面塌陷不仅破坏可耕地资源、建筑物，毁坏道路、水库，还可直接导致矿山某些地下巷道的塌毁，或使大气降水和地表水沿塌陷裂缝灌入坑内，造成淹井事故，直至停工停产。

采矿场边坡失稳、滑坡与岩崩主要原因是不合理开采如采剥失调、边坡角度过陡等造成，这种灾害多发生在露天开采的非金属矿山和建材矿山。

坑内岩爆坑内岩爆又称矿山冲击，这是因矿坑周边和顶底板围岩，在受到强大的地壳应力作用而被强烈压缩，一旦因采掘挖空出现自由面，即有可能产生岩石地应力的骤然释放，导致岩石大量破裂成碎块，并向坑内大量喷射、爆散，给矿山带来危害和灾难。

采矿诱发地震因采矿活动而诱发的地震，震源浅、危害大，小震级的地震即可导致井下和地表的严重破环。

场库失稳场库失稳主要是由于尾矿坝溃决崩塌继而形成泥石流造成的危害。尾矿坝崩坝事故常给矿区居民生命财产带来巨大危害，同时也给环境造成巨大破坏和污染。

2、地下水位改变引起的灾害

矿坑突水涌水这是最常见的矿山灾害，突发性强、规模大，后果严重。生产过程中常因对矿坑涌水量估计不足，采掘过程中打穿老窿，贯穿透水断层，骤遇蓄水溶洞或暗河，导致地下水或地面水大量涌入，造成井巷被淹、人员伤亡灾难。

坑内溃沙涌泥这是常与矿坑突水相伴而生的灾害。当采掘过程中骤遇蓄水溶洞，常见溶洞中充填的泥沙和岩屑伴随地下水一起涌入，另外一些透水断层和地裂缝也常会使浅部第四纪沉积物随下漏的地表径流涌入坑内。其结果是使坑道被泥沙阻塞，机器、人员被泥沙所埋，严重时甚至会使矿山遭受毁灭性的打击。2.2.3 环境污染环境污染是矿山灾害的另一种重要形式。因采矿、选矿产生的“三废”物质，由于未经有效处理就被排放到江河湖海中，造成环境污染公害事件。采矿还会造成水土流失、土地砂化、盐渍化、地下水断流等。

3、矿体内因引起的灾害

瓦斯爆炸和矿坑火灾这种灾害最常见于煤矿。由于通风不良，使瓦斯积聚发生爆炸，造成井下作业人员伤亡，矿井被毁;矿坑火灾除见于煤矿外，也见于一些硫化矿床。因硫化物氧化生热，在热量聚积到一定程度时则发生自燃，引发矿山火灾。矿山火灾的危害极大，而且还严重损耗地下矿产资源，如有的煤矿在地下已燃烧上百年，其资源损耗量十分巨大，使当地气候发生改变，农作物和树木大量死亡，田地荒芜，环境严重恶化。

地热随着开采深度加大，地热危害不断加剧。我国已有许多矿山开采深度达到800m以下，矿山因含硫量高，开采深度又大，地温非常高。矿山地热灾害导致矿工劳动环境恶劣，严重影响了有关矿山的正常生产。

防治措施

根据不同矿山的地质条件和地形特点及矿山的开发利用方案，以及灾点的分布特点划分不同层次的防治区，以便采取相应的防治措施。一般分为重点防治区、次重点防治区和一般防治区。

1、重点防治区防治措施

合理设计边坡参数，加强边坡监测，建议作挡墙稳固边坡，开挖后如果出现开裂变形，建议做专门的工程地质勘察。

对于原有的灾害点，做好边坡加固和预防工作，尽量消除因矿山开采而诱发灾害复发的隐患。

渣场弃渣严格作好方量及边坡坡度的设计，作好挡墙设计，设置拦渣坝，防止泥石流的产生。并充分、合理利用渣场，严禁随意弃渣(特别在公路沿线)。

对于坑道开采，在坑道内一定要作好支护，做到边开采边支护，防止因矿顶坍塌、冒顶等而产生的危害，尤其上方有住户处要预防引起上部地面开裂。

作好坑道的排水设计，以防因矿坑涌水造成危害。

设置监测点，作好监测记录与分析工作，确保在易于发生灾害地段防患于未然。

开采结束后，对矿区进行统一规划，计划进行矿山复垦工作，恢复矿山生态功能。

2、次重点防治区防治措施在进场公路、矿山生活区建设中，会形成大量的边坡和一定数量的弃渣，可能形成边坡失稳，造成滑坡和塌方；沿途不合理的弃渣可能造成水土流失，可能形成坡面泥石流，可能有滚石和飞石危害。