Mandela曼德拉_曼德拉的故事

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纳尔逊·罗利赫拉赫拉·曼德拉(Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela）1918年7月18日出生于南非特兰斯凯一个大酋长家庭，他的名字的意思是“自找麻烦的人”。先后获南非大学文学士和威特沃特斯兰德大学律师资格，当过律师。曼德拉自幼性格刚强，崇敬民族英雄。他是家中长子而被指定为酋长继承人。但他表示：“决不愿以酋长身份统治一个受压迫的部族”，而要“以一个战士的名义投身于民族解放事业”。他毅然走上了追求民族解放的道路。1944年他参加南非非洲人国民大会（简称非国大）。1948年当选为非国大青年联盟全国书记，1950年任非国大青年联盟全国主席。1952年先后任非国大执委、德兰士瓦省主席、全国副主席。同年年底，他成功地组织并领导了“蔑视不公正法令运动”，赢得了全体黑人的尊敬。为此，南非当局曾两次发出不准他参加公众集会的禁令。

1961年6月曼德拉创建非国大军事组织“民族之矛”，任总司令。1962年8月，曼德拉被捕入狱，当时他年仅43岁，南非政府以政治煽动和非法越境罪判处他5年监禁。1964年6月，他又被指控犯有以阴谋颠覆罪而改判为无期徒刑，从此开始了漫长的铁窗生涯，在狱中长达27个春秋，他备受迫害和折磨，但始终坚贞不屈。1990年2月11日，南非当局在国内外舆论压力下，被迫宣布无条件释放曼德拉。同年3月，他被非国大全国执委任命为副主席、代行主席职务，1991年7月当选为主席。1994年4月，非国大在南非首次不分种族的大选中获胜。同年5月，曼德拉成为南非第一位黑人总统。1997年12月，曼德拉辞去非国大主席一职，并表示不再参加1999年6月的总统竞选。1999年6月正式去职。主要著作有：《走向自由之路不会平坦》、《斗争就是生活》、《争取世界自由宣言》、自传《自由路漫漫》。

1991年联合国教科文组织授予曼德拉“乌弗埃－博瓦尼争取和平奖”。1993年10月，诺贝尔和平委员会授予他诺贝尔和平奖，以表彰他为废除南非种族歧视政策所作出的贡献。同年他还与当时的南非总统德克勒克一起被授予美国费城自由勋章。1998年9月曼德拉访美，获美国“国会金奖”，成为第一个获得美国这一最高奖项的非洲人。2000年8月被南部非洲发展共同体授予“卡马”勋章，以表彰他在领导南非人民争取自由的长期斗争中，在实现新旧南非的和平过渡阶段，以及担任南共体主席期间做出的杰出贡献。

1992年曼德拉与温妮分居，1996年3月19日，法院判定曼德拉与温妮离婚。现任妻子格拉萨·马谢尔(Graca Machel)是莫桑比克前总统萨莫拉的遗孀，1998年7月18日与曼德拉结婚。

1992年10月首次访华，5日被北京大学授予名誉法学博士学位。1999年5月，曼德拉总统应邀访华，他是首位访华的南非国家元首。

终生遗憾：

没能成拳击冠军

曼德拉最喜爱的运动就是拳击，年轻时曾参加过比赛。年逾八旬的曼德拉在谈到“一生遗憾”时首先提到了拳击运动，“我非常遗憾没能成为一名世界级拳击冠军”。

人格魅力：

被誉为“全球总统”

即使在狱中，曼德拉也多次成为全球焦点，他的号召力和影响力遍及全世界。1981年，1万余名法国人联名向南非驻法使馆发出请愿书，要求释放曼德拉；1982年，全球53个国家的2000名市长又为曼德拉的获释而签名请愿；1983年，英国78名议员发表联合声明，50多个城市市长在伦敦盛装游行，要求英国首相向

南非施加压力，恢复曼德拉自由。如此人缘无人能及，难怪有人称曼德拉为“全球总统”

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei, South Africa on July 18, 1918.His father was Chief Henry Mandela of the Tembu Tribe.Mandela himself was educated at University College of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand and qualified in law in 1942.He joined the African National Congre in 1944 and was engaged in resistance against the ruling National Party's apartheid policies after 1948.He went on trial for treason in 1956-1961 and was aquitted in 1961.After the banning of the ANC in 1960, Nelson Mandela argued for the setting up of a military wing within the ANC.In June 1961, the ANC executive considered his proposal on the use of violent tactics and agreed that those members who wished to involve themselves in Mandela's campaign would not be stopped from doing so by the ANC.This led to the formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe.Mandela was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to five years' imprisonment with hard labour.In 1963, when many fellow leaders of the ANC and the Umkhonto we Sizwe were arrested, Mandela was brought to stand trial with them for plotting to overthrow the government by violence.His statement from the dock received considerable international publicity.On June 12, 1964, eight of the accused, including Mandela, were sentenced to life imprisonment.From 1964 to 1982, he was incarcerated at Robben Island Prison, off Cape Town;thereafter, he was at Pollsmoor Prison, nearby on the mainland.During his years in prison, Nelson Mandela's reputation grew steadily.He was widely accepted as the most significant black leader in South Africa and became a potent symbol of resistance as the anti-apartheid movement gathered strength.He consistently refused to compromise his political position to obtain his freedom.Nelson Mandela was released on February 18, 1990.After his release, he plunged himself wholeheartedly into his life's work, striving to attain the goals he and others had set out almost four decades earlier.In 1991, at the first national conference of the ANC held inside South Africa after the organization had been banned in 1960, Mandela was elected President of the ANC while his lifelong friend and colleague, Oliver Tambo, became the organisation's National Chairperson.1.aspect: particular or feature of sth.being considered

---to look at every aspect of the problem 看问题的各个方面

2.cell

for a monk in a monastery or for one or more prisoners in a prison小房间

microscopic unit of living matter, containing a nucleus 细胞

---Human tiue is made up ofcells.人体组织是由细胞构成的.3.construct

---to construct a factory, an aircraft, a model, a sentence, a theory建工厂,造飞机,制作模型,造句,建立理论

4.Contact

n.Finally he managed to get into contact with him.The journalist has a contact in Paris.v.I shall contact you by telephone on Friday.be in [out of] contact with

lose contact with

contact lenses

Contact person

5.cultivate

to grow(crops)种植,栽培

to make(the mind, feeling, etc)more educated and refined陶冶

---She reads the best authors in an attempt to cultivate her mind.她为陶冶情操而阅读最优秀作家的作品.6.Decline v. to slope or move downwards

About 2 miles east, the land begins to decline towards the river.to move from a better to a worse position, or from higher to lower

His power/health/influence has begun to decline now that he is old.to refuse, usu.politely;be unwilling

• We asked them to come to our party, but theydeclined(the invitation).• The minister declined to make a statement tothe newspapers.Decline n.There is a sharp decline in interest in sports in our town.She went into a decline and soon died.decline,to refuse politely, formal word

refuse, to say or show one is unwilling togive or accept sth.general word.reject, to refuse to accept, submit to, believe, or make use of, strong word

7.eliminate

to remove;to get rid of除去;消灭

---The police have eliminated two suspects(from their enquiry)

警方(从调查中)已排除了两名嫌疑人.to exclude sb from further stages in a competition, through defeat, etc.esp.paive 淘汰

---He was eliminated(from the contest)in the fourth round.他在第四轮(比赛中)被淘汰.She went through the typescript carefully to eliminate all errors from it.We eliminate most of the runners in the heats;only the best run in the final.The platform bridge over the railroad tracks eliminated danger in croing.He was distreed at the elimination from the contest.8.flourish

to grow quickly in a healthy way 长得好;生长茂盛

---This species of flower flourishes in a warm climate.这种花在温暖的气候中生长茂盛得.to be succeful, very active, or widespread;to prosper昌盛;旺盛;兴旺;繁荣---No new busine can flourish in the present economic climate.在目前的经济气候中, 任何新企业都兴旺不起来.9.fulfill: to perform a duty or a task with satisfaction完成,实现

---The new cleanser completely fulfilled its purpose.---The doctor’s instructions must be fulfilled exactly.---She succeeded in fulfilling herself both as an actre and a mother.---to fulfill a task ahead of schedule

---to fulfill a promise to the letter

fulfillment n.---After many years, his plans came to fulfillment.---The fulfillment of my dream is apparently as far off as ever.10.iue

an important problem重要的议题;争论点;争端

---to raise a new iue 提出新议题

outgoing;outflow 放出;发出;流出

---the place / point of iue出发地(点)

11.pursue v.pursuit n.to go on with;to be busy with进行;(继续)从事或忙于(某事)

---I have decided not to pursue the matter any further.我决定不再追查那事.to follow esp.in order to catch or kill;to chase 追求;追捕

---The police pursued the stolen vehicle along the motorway.警察在高速公路上追赶被盗的车辆.12.survive v.survival n.to continue to live or exist

---Of the six people in the plane that crashed, only one survived.失事飞机上的6个人中仅一人幸存.to remain alive after(sb)

---The old lady has survived all her children.那老太太多子女都先她而去世了.survive 比„„活得长，幸存

vi.to remain alive or in existence:

----Few survived after the flood.----Books have survived from the time of the Egyptians.vt.to live longer than;outlive:

----He survived his wife for many years.to live or persist through

----The house survived the storm.----He did not long survive his humiliation.the survival of the fittest,hopes of survival

the only survivor of the shipwreck

send help to the survivors of the earthquake