美国民权运动_美国民权运动人物

美国民权运动由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“美国民权运动人物”。

美教育机会不平等现象依然严重

调查发现,美国39%的黑人学生和40%的拉美裔学生就读于种族高度集中的学校,因为这些学校里90%的学生是非白人。那些以拉美裔和非洲裔学生为主的学校,跟那些以白人学生为主的学校相比,各种条件比较差。不同种族的学生在教育机会上存在不平等现象。教育部的资料显示,美国每年有将近四分之一的学生未能从学校毕业,在许多城市地区,超过一半的有色人种学生辍学。

美国黑人民权运动

美國黑人民權運動（African-American Civil Rights Movement，又译为“非裔美國人民權運動”，1955年—1968年），美國民權運動的一部分，于1950年代興起，直至1970年代，是美国黑人为争取与白人同等的地位而发起的群众性斗争运动，乃是經由非暴力的抗議行動，爭取非裔美國人民權的群眾鬥爭。

1954年美國聯邦最高法院判定教育委員會種族隔離的學校違法，1955年阿拉巴馬州蒙哥馬利市，黑人公民以全面罷乘來反對公車上的黑白隔離措施，1963年華盛頓的林肯紀念館廣場聚集二十五萬名群眾反種族隔離，美國民權運動領袖马丁·路德·金博士發表著名的演說《我有一個夢》為民權運動的高峰，其他參與的著名人物還有麥爾坎·X（Malcolm X）等人。

非洲黑人最初被引進美國，主要是在南方農場當農奴，以彌補當地勞動力短缺問題。理論上，林肯總統在1863年的解放宣言中，已經讓他們獲得了自由。在南北戰爭結束後，聯邦軍隊佔領南方期間（所謂重建時期1865年—1877年），黑人曾獲得解放宣言所賦予的平等權利。然而黑人因為窮困及教育程度較低，為求經濟上的生存，必須再度依靠白人雇用，特別是當聯邦軍隊撤出南方後，黑人頓失聯邦法律的保護，其地位又陷入類似美國內戰前的狀況。1896年美國聯邦最高法院作出「普萊西訴弗格森案」（Pley v.Ferguson）判決，確立對黑人採行「隔離但平等」措施的合法性時，無異對南方黑人人權造成嚴重的打擊，最高法院判決中有關「隔離」的部份被執行得十分徹底，但有關「平等」的部份則不然，導致南方出現更多種族隔離制度法令，甚至連在工廠、醫院及軍隊都採取種族隔離制度。

1954年聯邦最高法院，在「布朗訴教育委員會」（Brown v.Board of Education）一案，判定種族隔離的學校並未提供黑人學生公平教育，因此公立學校應該要種族混合。在歷經58年後，此項法律觀念才被推翻，而一連串的非裔美國人民權運動才正式開始。

領導黑人民權運動的靈魂人物馬丁·路德·金博士，出生於喬治亞州的亞特蘭大市，父親是教會牧師，家境優渥，屬中產階級，得以接受良好的教育。金於1955年取得波士頓大學博士學位，看盡南方的種族不平等待遇，使他在成年後積極投入民權運動

he African-American Civil Rights Movement(1955–1968)refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring voting rights to them.Brown v.Board of Education, 1954

Main article: Brown v.Board of Education

Spring 1951 was the year in which great turmoil was felt amongst Black students in reference to Virginia state's educational system.At the time in Prince Edward County, Moton High School was segregated and students had decided to take matters into their own hands to fight against two things: the overpopulated school premises and the unsuitable conditions in their school.This particular behavior coming from Black people in the South was most likely unexpected and inappropriate as White people had expectations for Blacks to act in a subordinate manner.Moreover, some local leaders of the NAACP had tried to persuade the students to back down from their protest against the Jim Crow laws of school segregation.When the students did not accept the NAACP's demands, the NAACP automatically joined them in their battle against school segregation.This became one of the five cases that made up what is known today as Brown v.Board of Education.[7]

On May 17, 1954, the U.S.Supreme Court handed down its decision regarding the case called Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, in which the plaintiffs charged that the education of black children in separate public schools from their white counterparts was unconstitutional.The opinion of the Court stated that the “segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children.The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law;for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group.”

The lawyers from the NAACP had to gather some plausible evidence in order to win the case of Brown vs.Education.Their way of addreing the iue of school segregation was to enumerate several arguments.One of them pertained to having an exposure to interracial contact in a school environment.It was said that it would, in turn, help to prevent children to live with the preures that society exerts in regards to race.Therefore, having a better chance of living in democracy.In addition, another was in reference to the emphasis of how “'education‟ comprehends the entire proce of developing and training the mental, physical and moral powers and capabilities of human beings”.[8] In Goluboff's book, it has been stated that the goals of the NAACP was to bring to the Court‟s awarene the fact that African American children were the victims of the legalization of school segregation and were not guaranteed a bright future.Without having the opportunity to be exposed to other cultures, it impedes on how Black children will function later on as adults trying to live a normal life.The Court ruled that both Pley v.Ferguson(1896), which had established the segregationist, ”separate but equal“ standard in general, and Cumming v.Richmond County Board of Education(1899), which had applied that standard to schools, were unconstitutional.The following year, in the case known as Brown v.Board of Education, the Court ordered segregation to be phased out over time, ”with all deliberate speed".[9] Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas(1954)did not overturn Pley v.Ferguson(1896).Pley v.Ferguson was segregation based on transportation.Brown v.Board of Education dealt with segregation in education.Brown v.Board of Education did set in motion the future overturning of 'separate but equal'.On May 18, 1954 Greensboro became the first city in the South to publicly announce that it would abide by the U.S.Supreme Court‟s Brown v.Board of Education ruling which declared racial segregation in the nation‟s public schools unconstitutional.„It is unthinkable,‟ remarked School Board Superintendent Benjamin Smith, „that we will try to [override] the laws of the United States.‟ In agreement with Smith‟s position, the school board voted six to one to support the court‟s ruling.This positive reception for Brown, together with the appointment of African American Dr.David Jones to the school board in 1953, convinced numerous white and black citizens that Greensboro was heading in a forward direction and would likely emerge as a leader in school integration.Integration in Greensboro occurred rather peacefully compared to that of other Southern states such as Alabama, Arkansas, and Virginia where “maive resistance” took hold.[10]

康多莉扎·赖斯(Condoleezza Rice)赖斯的父亲曾任丹佛大学副校长，母亲是小学音乐教

师，姑姑是维多利亚文学博士。优越的家庭环境使赖斯从小就受到了良好教育，她15岁时便成为丹佛大学的学生，学习英国文学和美国政治学。2005年1月出任国务卿Secretary of State，她是继克林顿政府的马德琳·奥尔布赖特之后美国历史上第二位女国务卿。赖斯能讲流利的俄语，是俄罗斯（苏联）武器控制问题的专家。她还学过9年法语，并能弹一手好钢琴。赖斯至今单身，喜欢看体育比赛

奥巴马，哈佛，哥伦比亚