MIS期末考试_mis期末考试
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1.Explain why information systems are so important today for busine and management.Information systems are a foundation for conducting busine today.In many industries, survival and even existence without extensive use of IT is inconceivable and IT plays a critical role in increasing productivity.Although information technology has become more of a commodity, when coupled with complementary changes in organization and management, it can provide the foundation for new products, services, and ways of conducting busine that provide firms with a strategic advantage.Information technology has become the largest component of capital investment for firms in the United States and many industrialized societies.2.Evaluate the role played by the major types of systems in a busine and their relationship to each other.There are four major types of information systems in contemporary organizations.Operational-level systems are transaction proceing systems(TPS), such as payroll or order proceing, that track the flow of the daily routine transactions that are neceary to conduct busine.Management-level systems(MIS and DSS)provide the management control level with reports and acce to the organization’s current performance and historical records.Most management information systems(MIS)reports condense information from TPS and are not highly analytical.Decision-support systems(DSS)support management decisions when these decisions are unique, rapidly changing, and not specified easily in advance.They have more advanced analytical models and data analysis capabilities than MIS and often draw on information from external as well as internal sources.Executive support systems(ESS)support the strategic level by providing data of greatest importance to senior management decision makers, often in the form of graphs and charts delivered via portals.They have limited analytical capabilities but can draw on sophisticated graphics software and many sources of internal and external information.The various types of systems in the organization exchange data with one another.TPS are a major source of data for other systems, especially MIS and DSS.ESS primarily receive data from lower-level systems.Today’s busine environment calls for more integration among systems than in the past, but such integration is not easy to achieve.3.Analyze how information systems support various busine strategies for competitive advantage.Businees can use strategic information systems to gain an edge over competitors.Such systems change organizations’ goals, busine procees, products, services, or environmental relationships, driving them into new forms of behavior.Information systems can be used to support strategy at the busine, firm, and industry levels.At the busine level of strategy, information systems can be used to help firms become the low-cost producers, differentiate products and services, or serve new markets.Information systems can also be used to lock in customers and suppliers using efficient customer response and supply chain management applications.Value chain analysis is useful at the busine level to highlight specific activities in the busine where information systems are most likely to have a strategic impact.At the firm level, information systems can be used to achieve new efficiencies or to enhance services by tying together the operations of disparate busine units so that they can function as a whole or promote the sharing of knowledge acro busine units.At the industry level, systems can promote competitive advantage by facilitating cooperation with other firms in the industry, creating consortiums or communities for sharing information, exchanging transactions, or coordinating activities.The competitive forces model, information partnerships, busine ecosystems, and network economics are useful concepts for identifying strategic opportunities for systems at the industry level.4.Evaluate the role of Internet technology in facilitating management and coordination of internal and inter-organizational busine procees.Private, internal corporate networks called intranets can be created using Internet connectivity standards.Extranets are private intranets that are extended to selected organizations or individuals outside the firm.Intranets and extranets are forming the underpinnings of electronic busine by providing a low-cost technology that can run on almost any computing platform.Organizations can use intranets to create collaboration environments for coordinating work and information sharing, and to make information flow between different functional areas of the firm.Intranets also provide a low-cost alternative for improving coordination of cro-functional busine procees within the organization.Extranets help coordinate busine procees shared with customers, suppliers, and other external organizations.Collaborative commerce builds on extranets to enable multiple organizations to collaboratively design, develop, build, move, and manage products through their life cycles.A firm engaged in collaborative commerce with its suppliers and customers can achieve new efficiencies by reducing product design cycles, minimizing exce inventory, forecasting demand, and keeping partners and customers informed.5
Identify the main moral dimensions of an information society and specific principles for conduct that can be used to guide ethical decisions.The moral dimensions of information systems center around information rights and obligations, property rights and obligations, accountability and control, system quality, and quality of life.Six ethical principles are available to judge conduct.These principles are derived independently from several cultural, religious, and intellectual traditions and include the Golden Rule, Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative, Descartes’rule of change, the Utilitarian Principle, the Risk Aversion Principle, and the ethical “no free lunch” rule.These principles should be used in conjunction with an ethical analysis to guide decision making.The ethical analysis involves identifying the facts, values, stakeholders, options, and consequences of actions.Once completed, you can consider which ethical principle to apply to a situation to arrive at a judgment.6.Define IT infrastructure and describe the components and levels of IT infrastructure.IT infrastructure is the shared technology resources that provide the platform for the firm’s specific information system applications.IT infrastructure includes hardware, software, and services that are shared acro the entire firm.Major IT infrastructure components include computer hardware platforms, operating system platforms, enterprise software platforms, networking and telecommunications platforms, database management software, Internet platforms, and consulting services and systems integrators.There are three different levels of IT infrastructure: public, enterprise, and busine unit.You can better understand the busine value of IT infrastructure investments by viewing IT infrastructure as a platform of services as well as a set of technologies.7.Describe the major standards for wirele networks and for wirele Internet acce.The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)has established a hierarchy of complementary standards for wirele computer networks.These include Bluetooth(802.15)for small personal area networks(PANs), Wi-Fi(802.11)for local area networks(LANs), and WiMax(802.16)for metropolitan area networks(MANs).Bluetooth can link up to eight devices within a 10 meter area using low-power, radio-based communication and can transmit up to 722 Kbps in the 2.4-GHz band.Wirele phones, keyboards, computers, printers, and PDAs using Bluetooth can communicate with each other and even operate each other without direct user intervention.The most popular of the 802.11 standards is currently 802.11b, which can transmit up to 11 Mbps in the unlicensed 2.4-GHz band and has an effective distance of 30 to 50 meters, although this range can be extended outdoors by using tower-mounted antennas.The 802.11b standard has been the most widely used standard for creating wirele LANs and providing broadband wirele Internet acce.However, 802.11b is vulnerable to penetration by outsiders and interference from other wirele devices in the same frequency spectrum.WiMax has a wirele acce range of up to 31 miles and a data transfer rate of up to 75 Mbps, making it suitable for providing broadband Internet acce in areas lacking DSL and cable lines.The 802.16 specification also has robust security and quality of service features to support voice and video.Major cellular carriers are also upgrading their networks to provide wirele broadband acce to the Internet at an average speed of 300 to 500 Kbps.Verizon’s service, called BroadBand Acce, uses a technology called EV-DO to provide Internet acce over a cellular network.8.Ae how supply chain management systems provide value for businees and explain how they work.Supply chain management systems automate the flow of information between members of the supply chain so they can use it to make better decisions about when and how much to purchase, produce, or ship.More accurate information from supply chain management systems reduces uncertainty and the impact of the bullwhip effect.The correct movement of information makes it poible to time orders, shipments, and production properly to minimize inventory levels and expedite deliveries to customers.Supply chain management software includes software for supply chain planning and for supply chain execution.Supply chain planning systems enable the firm to generate demand forecasts for a product and to develop sourcing, manufacturing, and distribution plans.Supply chain execution systems manage the flow of products through the final stages of production, distribution, and delivery.Supply chain management systems provide data such as fill rates, inventory turns, or source/make cycle time for evaluating the performance of supply chain procees.Firms can use intranets to improve coordination among their internal supply chain procees, and they can use extranets to coordinate supply chain procees shared with their busine partners.Internet technology facilitates the management of global supply chains by providing the connectivity for organizations in different countries to share supply chain information.Improved communication among supply chain members also facilitates efficient customer response and movement toward a demanddriven model.9 Ae how customer relationship management systems provide value for businees and describe how they work.Customer relationship management(CRM)systems integrate and automate many customer-facing procees in sales, marketing, and customer service, providing an enterprise-wide view of customers.These systems track all of the ways in which a company interacts with its customers and analyze these interactions to maximize customer lifetime value for the firm.CRM systems capture and integrate customer data from all over the organization, analyzing the data and distributing the results to customer-related systems and customer touch points acro the enterprise.Companies can use this customer knowledge when they interact with customers to provide them with better service or to sell new products and services.These systems can also identify profitable or nonprofitable customers or opportunities to reduce the churn rate.The major customer relationship management software packages integrate customer-related procees in sales, marketing, and customer service and provide capabilities for both operational CRM and analytical CRM.They often include modules for managing relationships with selling partners(partner relationship management)and for employee relationship management.If properly implemented, CRM systems help firms increase customer satisfaction, reduce direct marketing costs, and lower costs for customer acquisition and retention.Information from CRM systems can increase sales revenue by identifying the most profitable customers and segments for focused marketing, cro-selling, and up-selling.Customer churn can be reduced as sales, service, and marketing better respond to customer needs.10.Define and describe the major types of knowledge work systems and ae how they provide value for firms.Knowledge work systems(KWS)support the creation of new knowledge and its integration into the organization.KWS require easy acce to an external knowledge base;powerful computer hardware that can support software with intensive graphics, analysis, document management, and communications capabilities;and a user-friendly interface.These capabilities can increase the productivity of highly paid knowledge workers.KWSs often run on workstations that are customized for the work they must perform.Computeraided design(CAD)systems and virtual reality systems, which create interactive simulations that behave like the real world, require graphics and powerful modeling capabilities.KWS for financial profeionals provide acce to external databases and the ability to analyze maive amounts of financial data very quickly.
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