The Influence of Arab Translation Movement on Europe_thedrunkard课文翻译

The Influence of Arab Translation Movement on Europe由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“thedrunkard课文翻译”。

The Influence of Arab Translation Movement on Europe

Hundred years translation movement began in the Abbas Dynasty in Arab, which has lasted for over a hundred years.The early Abbas Dynasty was the times when the Arabic cultural were in a rapid development and also a broom translation period.Many important works were translated under the organization and leadership of the government.This translation movement covered many fields such as philosophy, astrometry, medical science, literature and so on.Ma’mun, the seventh khalifah(the leader of political and religion of Islam), was in charge of Arab at that time.During his governance, the Arabic went downward in military, many district gained its independence.So, the sovereign of the empire had been narrowed down.Against this situation, Ma’mun, as an enlightened leader, encouraged people to do academic research.Thus, he enlarged the library built by his father in Bagdad and named it “the House of Wisdom”.The courtiers worked in it to study the Greek research and translate the Greek works.From 8th to 13th century, Arabic literature translation could be divided into two periods.The first period was from 8th to 10th century.During this period, Arabic scholars and translators have translated a large amount of ancient Greek and Roman works into Arabic and ancient Syria on many fields such as philosophy, natural science, medical science, astronomy, and so on.The development of the Arabic culture and art has benefited a lot from this hundred year’s translation movement.The second period was from 11th to 13th century.The western scholars and translators translated the Arabic works into Latin, Spain and other language.During this period, the translation movement enabled the European open the door to knowledge, and boosted the existence of the inspired movement---Renaiance.In the medieval period, Europe was in the dark when Nordics invaded Western Roman Empire.The Nordics started battle between nation to nation, and it was the embryo of today’s Europe.After a thousand year, a new structure of civilization was formed.However, the authentic civilization of Rome including literature has nearly disappeared and few of the literature was stored in the monastery pavilion and some libraries.Therefore, le and le people knew Roman language, which have nearly been forgotten in the long river of history.The destruction of the ancient Greek and Rome works was influence by many aspects.The most distreing way is the destruction of many libraries.Take the Alexander library for example, which was founded in 3 BC.The empire wanted to proce all the books in the whole world, so he took many mean measures to achieve this aim.Therefore, they ordered that any book found in Alexander port should be stored in Alexander library.Before long, this library became the largest library in the early days.Unfortunately, this effort became a waste because of suffering the wars.Many works were manipulated and lost.They only could be found in Arabic translation works.1． The reason for the translation activity

Many countries would learn and adopt other countries culture when they developed their own culture.Neverthele, only Arabian set off the wave of this influential translation movement.The reasons were as follow.1.1 The need of political

In the 7th century, as the religion developed, Arab began to expand its territory, invading the west Asia, the North Africa and the southwest Europe.To meet the need of invasion as well as solidified the rule, the emperor organized a translation movement.Though there had already some individual translation, its small scale could not have a great impact on the cultural development.Before the Islamic period, the level of science and culture of Arabian were not high.Historically, that period was called it the age of barbarism.However, things were changed because of the founding of the empire and invasion.They realized that they have to learn and make use of the other culture by translating a great amount of works in many fields, including mathematic, history, political and religion.1.2 The need of the development of economy.After the reign of Arab was settled, it entered a stable stage.With the prosperity of the empire, the economy was in a rapid development period and created a great wealth.Therefore, the spiritual demand of all claes of people was not meet.So, the emperor encouraged the Muslim scholars to go to the Constantinople and others for the ancient works and used them for reference.The khalifah sent some scholars to hold seminars.1.3 The regional reason.Islam in the early stage was kind of inclusive, treating the other culture and religion in a temperate way.It enabled the Arabian benefiting from the eence of other culture.They believed that knowledge and wisdom were in a holy position in human society, and that only knowledge could eliminate ignorance.“To seek the wisdom, from the cradle to the grave” was an everlasting injunction of Mohammed.Inspired by this, people were linked the survival value and next life, and thus went far away for acquiring knowledge.So that, many people considered lore as the purpose of life instead of means.2.Influence in many fields

The proce of the modernization in Europe could not ignore the influence of the Arab.And the translation movement had an great impact on many fields.2.1 Philosophy------the most important part In this translation movement, the Arabian had not only translated the works of Plato and Aristoteles and others.Though this proce, Arabian had learned a lot of such wisdom.They had their own understanding of the world, and released their own works with the improved understanding, which made great effect on Europe.In a short time, the famous logic work Organum written by Aristotle, as well as The Introduction to Logic written by Philip Bohr, reached the same position as Arabic grammar’s and became the foundation of the study of humanism in Arab.Due to adopting the Greek mode of thinking, Arabian gained a bright mind.There were many philosophers appeared to the world, such as Farraby, Ibn Sina who supported materialism.On the relation between philosophy and theology, Arabian held the view that philosophy is against theology.If one wanted to pursue the happine, to seek the gospel, to improve him, he should use the knowledge of philosophy and science.Learning philosophy was not aiming at demonstrate theology.As for the formation of the world, Arabian philosophers believed that the world is made of matter and that all things are constantly moving.In Europe, the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian closed the school of philosophy, and forbid the paganism spreading.In this way, philosophy has become the slave of theology.When the European translated the works and deprived the mode of thinking, it attacked the reign of the Christian theology.People in Europe began to suspect the unceasing soul and apocalypse.These views aroused nous of people to seek the value of every man.Thereby, this movement boost the emerging of humanism.To conclude, the Arabic philosophy influence on Europe focus on two aspects.Firstly, it enabled the European acquired a comprehensive knowledge of the ancient Greek.Secondly, it accelerated the destruction of scholasticism as well as boosted the Renaiance.2.2 Literature

In the early time, the Arabian was just known as the conqueror.However, with the exchange and conflict, the European began to realize that the Arabian had the advanced knowledge of their culture.Spain was the center of this cultural touch before it was conquered again by Christianity.In the 11th century, the translation activity in Europe began.In Spain, there was translation school where gathered scholars around the Europe.Therefore, they set off the wave of translating the Arabic works.During this time, piles of the Greek literature of Arabic version had been retranslated into other languages in Europe, which had the profound impact on the late medieval literature.Many scholars went to countries in Europe after so much works translated into Latin.Raymond, the organizer and impeller of this activity, was the symbol of nobles who took part in translating.On his initiative, many schools were found, and translation personnel were cultivated.The translators did not understand Arabic, so they asked the help of the Jew scholars to translate the Arabic into Spain.And then, they were able to translate the works into Latin.Follow on this;the 13th century reached the translation zenith.Marcus translated the Quran, the claic of Islam.Just as Guizot written, “The tide of knowledge came from Arabic, brought the liberation for soul and freedom for thinking.2.3 Science

Arabian inherited and developed the natural science of the ancient Greek and Roman.The achievements were the foundation of the emerging of the natural science in the west.The proce of how the Arabian learns the space linked the egocentricity and solarism.It marked the basis of astronomy development in the west.The Arabic medical scientist Lachs's work smallpox and measles, has been translated into Greek, English, French and so on.And it affected European medical science a lot.It dominated the medical science for several centuries.The Arabic physicist came up with the laws of the ray reflection and refraction, being the basic of the theory of optical theory.The Arabic chemist established the important position of the experimentation, boosting the development of chemistry mechanism.On the basis of the astronomy agreement in ancient Greek, Arabic saw into that the globe is round, which provided the technology and theory for the sailors.With the help of the achievement of Arabic in science, the metallurgic industry, medicine making and chemistry industry could development quickly.2.4 Arabic numerals

In the 3rd century, in the ancient India, there was scientist called Baghdad who invented the Arabic numerals.When Arabian conquered the neighbor region of the India, they found that the digits of its invaded region were advanced of theirs.Thus, they wanted to learn it.The mathematician Baghdad was arrested by the Arabian.The Arabian made him work in the House of Wisdom and forced him to teach the new numerical symbols and system, and account form.Because the briefne and convenience of the new symbols, whose account form has advanced other forms afar, the Arabian scholars were willing to learn it.And then, the Arabian firstly introduced this mode and form to Spain.The active merchants moved among Asia, Europe and the Africa, and introduced it to those regions.In 10AD, the Pope Gerbet Auriac introduced them to the other countries in Europe.In the 13th century, these numbers was officially adopted by European and universally used.And in 15th century, they were to be seen everywhere.Because the number was introduced by Arabian, the European made a mistake that they thought the numbers were invented in Arab and called it Arabic numerals.Abstract the medieval Arabians attached great importance to rationality and initiated Centennial Translation Movement on a large scale, which greatly improved rational thinking of the Arabic thinkers.Rationalism was remarkable in the Arabic world and it led to the prosperity of science and philosophy in the medieval Islamic world.The Arabic thoughts awaked some thinkers in the European ideological circle, which led to the coming of the Renaiance.Islam respects rationality and advocates science, which makes a due contribution to the prosperity and development of science.