Europe in the 16th and 17th century_madeineurope课文

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Europe in the 16th and 17th century Background

The English permanent settlements in North America began in the 17th century when Western Europe was undergoing great changes.During the Middle Ages(between the 500 AD and 1500 AD).(1)Europe was under the single spiritual authority of the Roman Catholic Church..(2)The feudal system of serfdom prevailed.[serfs, …lords,… Merchants and craftsmen handicapped by the social disorders](3)Art and learning were controlled by the church.Social forces By the 16th century, some new and powerful social forces emerged , leading to the wakening of Europe and the discovery of America.1.the development of capitalism.Its growth produced 2 new claes----the bourgeois cla and the working cla.Commerce and trade developed, the bourgeoisie became increasingly powerful in politics as well as in economy.They wanted to share power with feudal lords…The English Revolution was the result of the growth of capitalism.2.the Renaiance which was marked by a changing outlook on life.The God centered world was challenged by the great progre in natural and natural science.People began to be more confident in themselves and show more interest in the world about them.Many challenged the authority of the Bible and were willing to observe, experiment and test truths.This attitude pushed the development of technology.3.the Religious Reformation, 1）。…started from Germany.2)In 1517, Marin Luther, a German profeor of theology, put up “95 thesis” on the church door in protest against abuses and corruption if the church.(Protestant Reformation).3)He argued that the Pope had no right te sell indulgences for the remiion of sins.Sinful men could win salvation neither by good works nor through the church or the Pope, but only by faith in Jesus Christ and through a direct relationship to God.[John Calvin, King Henry VIII P35]…Similarities of these reforms: they all challenged the authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church, which control people’s religious beliefs and interfered in political affairs of the nation states.4)The individual Christian believers who support the reformation believed that human beings could be saved only by faith , by establishing a direct contact with God, not through the church or its priests.Nature of these reforms: 5)they reflected the rise of nationalism in Europe, represented the demand of the bourgeois cla for the development and expreed the desire of ordinary working people, especially the serfs, for the liberation from the feudal control.Results of these reforms: the protestant Reformation was welcomed by leaders, middle cla and working people in Europe, especially in Western European countries which had great impact on the modern development of Europe and North America.As a result, the protestants and their denominations spread far and wide.What are the different religious beliefs between protestants and the catholic Church?The puritans were protestants who followed the doctrine preached by John Calvin.1)Their different beliefs/doctrines: They believed that God was incomprehensible to man, and the power of God was all-knowing, yet hidden and unknown to man, while Catholics believed that God could be reached through his representative on the earth---the Pope.2)different salvation: Puritans were convinced that human beings were predestined by God before they were born.Some were God’s chosen people while others were predestined to be damned to hell.Therefore no good works could save anyone, and nobody knew if he or she was God’ elect.But Catholics argued that a person could confe his or her sin, do good works and give money to the church ad buy back his soul.3)Evidence for Puritans to show that some people were God’s chosen people? Puritans believed that everyone had a calling, which was given by God.The succe of one’s work or the prosperity in his calling was the sign of being God’s elect…….4)How could Puritans fins God’s will and establish a direct contact with God? They concluded that the Bible was the authority of their doctrine.So every Puritan must read the Bible in order to find God’s will and search for one’s individual contact with God.(To read.., education was eential for Puritans}.