TPO171 Europe1599s early sea trade with Asia_欧洲铁路运输管理系统

TPO171 Europe1599s early sea trade with Asia由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“欧洲铁路运输管理系统”。

TPO 17-1 Europe’s early sea trade with Asia 1.In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europe's overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century.解析：with which 在此处是难点。Which在with的后面 充当宾语的作用 于是我们可以把后半句先看成Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties with which, 因此这个which就是指前面的trade routes.翻译：在十四世纪，欧洲因为一系列的政治发展切断了到亚洲南部和东部的陆地贸易路线，这个陆地贸易路线自十二世纪开始就是欧洲重要的高利润商业纽带。

2.This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade.解析：主语 this development, 谓语是provided。a desire to do sth 做...的愿望。secure在此处不再是形容词安全的，而是动词建立，弄到的意思。

翻译：当时欧洲的经济跌入谷底，这个发展刺激了人们长久的愿望去建立与东方稳固的海上贸易路线。

3.The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europe's maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seas—the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and.to a leer extent, the North Sea between England and the Continent—not of vast oceans.解析：in the context of 在...的背景下。两个破折号之间的内容是easily navigable seas的同位语 阅读中破折号间的内容一般都可略过不读。

翻译：主要的问题是技术上的：欧洲人是怎样到达东方的？欧洲的航海传统在较容易操控的海域的情况下发展起来—地中海，波罗的海，以及在英格兰和欧洲大陆之间的更小的北海—而不是广阔的海洋。

4.The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create.解析： the sheer scale of investment 在前半句当中是宾语前置 还原之后可以看成 it took the sheer scale of investment to...。（The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea）这部分在整个句子当中又是主语成分，谓语是reflect。后

半句中的that引导定语从句 修饰profits

翻译：开启航海扩张需要投资量的巨大反映了东西方贸易能创造出的巨大利益。

5.Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines.解析：not only...but also不仅...而且...，be used to do...被用来...翻译：香料不仅极大改善了欧洲人的饮食而且还被用来制造香水和特定的药品。

6.But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China.解析：主语为high-priced commodities, 后面的like spices是对它的类比，had to be transported 表被动。in large bulk大量的，in order to为了...，后面around介词 引导的短语是对前面sailing的修饰。

翻译：但就算香料这么贵的商品也需要大量运输才能弥补的了绕过非洲大陆到达印度和中国这一路线的花销和不便。

7.It had a wider and deeper hull than the galley and hence could carry more cargo: increased stability made it poible to add multiple masts and sails.解析：hence表因此 hence后面省略了主语 原貌应该是and hence(it)could...翻译：它的船舱比桨帆船更宽更深，因此可以携带更多的货物—稳定性的增加使得轻帆船可以有更多的桅杆和帆。

8.In the largest caravels, two main masts held large square sails that provided the bulk of the thrust driving the ship forward, while a smaller forward mast held a triangular-shaped sail, called a lateen sail, which could be moved into a variety of positions to maneuver the ship.解析that引导定语从句修饰large square sails，while在此表比较，比较对象为前面的two main masts和后面的a smaller forward mas.“called a lateen sail”是同位语 对前面的triangular sail解释说明。后面which引导定语从句 修饰前面的triangular sail。

翻译：在最大的轻帆船中，两个主要桅杆撑起一张大的方形的帆，为船的前进提供巨大动力；在前面有一个相对较小的桅杆支撑一个三角形帆，叫做斜挂大三角帆。这个斜挂三角帆可以被移动到很多不同的位置以此来操控船只。

9.By the early thirteenth century.Western Europeans had also developed and put into

use the magnetic compa, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars.解析：put into use 把什么什么投入使用，which引导定语从句，是对前面的磁罗盘的修饰，可以把magnetic compa放在which的位置，于是就变成了magnetic compa helped when...便于理解。obliterate涂去，抹杀，在此就是阻挡遮盖的意思。

翻译：在十三世纪早期，西欧人就已经发展并且开始使用磁罗盘，这样当太阳和星星被云遮住的时候也能导航。

10.Also beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise calculations and the reports of sailors that made it poible to trace one's path with reasonable accuracy 解析：refined引导是定语 句子真实面貌应该是new maps(that were)refined by...，sailors 后面的that 同样引导定语从句，修饰水手的报告。

翻译：同样在十三世纪早期，通过精细计算和水手的报告进行修改的新地图使得精确地沿着一条路线走的航海成为可能。

11.A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea.which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct.解析：be known as 被称为...，后半句which引导一个主语从句，指代的就是前面的海洋法典，因此是对前面的海洋法典的修饰，考生在遇到这类成分可以跳过，后面won是真正的谓语。后面的as 表示作为的意思，作为海上准则被认可。

翻译：源于西地中海地区的叫做Consulate of the Sea的这个海洋法典获得大多数航海者的认可，并成为海上行为的准则。

12.It defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes.解析：such as表比如...such matters as在此表示 这样的事情比如...后面是对这类事情的列举。后面的when引导定语从句，修饰前面的规则，意为....情况下的规则。

翻译：它定义了船长的权限、命令的协议、薪资结构、水手的权利以及海路上相遇船只的规则。