Jefferson Suspends Trade with Europe_tradefair国际展会
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Jefferson Suspends Trade with Europe
Last time, we talked about the presidential election of 1804.Thomas Jefferson, the nation's third president, was easily re-elected.Jefferson was head of the Democratic-Republican Party, known today as the Democratic Party.Thomas Jefferson had a very good record during his first term as president.He ended many taxes.He paid government debts.And he gained poeion of the huge Louisiana Territory from France without going to war.His political opponents were the Federalists.The Federalists were sure Jefferson would win the election of 1804.Still, they were surprised by the strength of his victory.Jefferson won 162 electoral votes.His Federalist opponent won just 14.In the early 1800s, Britain and France were at war with each other.The United States remained neutral.Historian Andrew O'Shaughney says President Jefferson did not want to become involved in a war.“He was sufficiently pro-French that he didn't want to ally with the British, but not so pro-French that he wanted a war with the British.”
Jefferson also believed getting involved in a European war would destroy all the progre he had made at home.His economic policies had helped to pay much of America's national debt.And he was able to reduce taxes.But staying neutral was not easy.The United States was having trouble with Britain.For many years, Britain had been taking men by force to serve in its navy.Britain claimed the right to seize any British citizen, anywhere.The custom was called imprement.Conditions in the Royal Navy were not good at that time, and many sailors deserted.Some went to work on American ships.The American ships were stopped and searched in British waters.Anyone born in Britain was seized.Historian Andrew O'Shaughney says sometimes American citizens were also taken.“There was also still something of an imperial attitude in Britain toward America.They were still insisting that some American citizens had been born British.It was often difficult for them to be able to distinguish between their own subjects and Americans.”
Several thousand sailors were taken off American ships during the early 1800s.In 1807, an incident made relations between Britain and America even more tense.Britain believed that four of its sailors had deserted and fled to an American ship called the Chesapeake.The United States said the men were American citizens who had been forced to serve in the British navy.The United States refused to return them.When the Chesapeake sailed out of American waters, the British ship Leopard tried to stop and search it.The American captain would not stop.First the British ship fired two warning shots.Then it fired all its guns directly at the Chesapeake.The American ship could do little to defend itself.The captain surrendered.News of the British attack spread quickly.President Jefferson ordered all British navy ships in American waters to leave at once.He told people not to aid the British.He said any person — American or British — who disobeyed his orders would be arrested.In response, the British government announced a new rule.It said any American ship sailing to Europe must stop first in Britain to get permiion.Ships violating the rule would be seized.Relations between the two countries were reaching the breaking point.Imprement was just one of the major problems the United States was having with Britain in the early 1800s.Another problem was trade.Britain wanted to stop the United States from trading with France and its colonies.British warships blocked the port of New York all through 1805.No American ship could leave without being searched.Any ship found to be carrying goods for France was taken north to Halifax, Nova Scotia.There, a British court had the power to seize the goods and force the ship's owners to pay a large fine.In the closing days of 1807, President Thomas Jefferson signed a bill banning all trade with Europe.No ships could enter or leave the United States.Jefferson did not believe that trade embargoes were the best way to settle America's problems with other nations.But at the time, he thought an embargo was the only way to deal with Britain and France, short of war.And he did not want war.Jefferson later explained why he thought the embargo was the best choice of action.He said if American ships had sailed out of American waters, they would have been seized by Britain or France.That would have forced the United States into war.Jefferson said it was far better to stop all contact with these nations until they returned to some sense of justice.Jefferson acted to protect American traders, ship owners and sailors.Yet those were the people who protested the loudest against the ban.They were willing to take the chance of having Britain or France seize their ship and goods.They could not make any money without trade.The situation quickly turned into a political battle between the Jeffersonian Republicans and the opposition Federalists.Federalist newspapers attacked Jefferson.They called him a tool of France and its leader.They charged that Jefferson supported the trade ban to help Napoleon Bonaparte.One Federalist senator wrote a pamphlet against the embargo.He urged northeastern states to refuse to enforce it.Then he went even further.He met secretly with a British official who was sent to Washington to discu the situation.He told the British official that Jefferson would be forced out of office because of the embargo.Jefferson simply wished to give the trade embargo a fair chance.He considered the embargo le evil than war.But after a time, he thought, this will not be so.If the war should continue in Europe, and if Britain and France continue to act against us, then it would be for Congre to say if war would not be better than the embargo.Jefferson hoped that the lo of American trade would force Britain and France to change their policies toward the United States.And he hoped the change would come quickly.He knew that the American people would not accept a long ban on trade.A British traveler visiting New York City described what the embargo had done.The port is full of ships.But all of them are closed.Only a few sailors can be seen.Many of the counting houses are closed.The coffee houses are almost empty.The streets near the water are almost deserted.Gra has begun to grow upon the docks.America's northern industrial states felt the lo of trade most deeply.But the agricultural South also was affected.Rich southern farmers and planters suddenly found themselves poor.Tobacco was one of their major crops.And Britain bought more American tobacco than any other country.Because of the embargo, the price of tobacco fell so low that it had almost no value.The price of wheat fell from two dollars a bushel to seven cents a bushel.Good farmland dropped in value until it was worth almost nothing.Opposition to the embargo was growing.The opposition was strongest in the Northeast.Ship owners and traders believed that the embargo was wrong.They continued to export goods secretly.Some traders began sending goods over land to Canada.From there, the goods were sent on to Britain.Congre paed a law against this kind of trade.But the shipments did not stop.Too many people were willing to violate the law for the large amounts of money they could make by trading secretly with Britain.By August 1808, Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin had lost all hope that the embargo would be succeful.Gallatin told President Jefferson that the embargo was defeated by open violations.Another of Jefferson's supporters gave the president some advice: If the embargo could be enforced, and if the people would accept it, then I am sure it would be the wisest course.But if it cannot be enforced completely, and if the people will not accept it, then it will not serve its purpose and it should not be continued.Jefferson, however, was not ready to give up his plan.In his last State of the Union meage to Congre, he painted a bright picture of the nation.He reported that American industry was making progre.Many goods that had been imported before the embargo were now being made at home.He said almost all of the national debt had been paid.And he said more than 100 gunboats had been built — enough, he declared, to defend the country.Jefferson said nothing about opposition to the embargo.Nor did he talk about the serious economic problems caused by it.He said only that Britain and France still refused to honor American neutrality, and so the embargo must continue.The rest of the nation was not so sure.Congre began debating a number of proposals to either lift or amend the embargo.In the first months of 1809, Congre finally approved a bill.The bill lifted the ban on trade with all European countries except Britain and France.Jefferson had hoped to continue the embargo a little longer and with more powers to enforce it.He was not satisfied with the final bill.But he signed it anyway on March 1.Three days later, the 15-month-old embargo was dead.And the United States had a new president.The election of 1808 and Jefferson's final days as president will be our story next week.Energy From Azerbaijan To Europe Fourteen years ago, the enormous Shah Deniz gas field was discovered under the Caspian Sea in Azerbaijan.Last month, Azerbaijan and its partners, the multinational energy companies working the field, announced that within the next 6 years, Azerbaijan will begin delivering its natural gas to Europe via the Trans-Adriatic Pipeline, or TAP.―This is a major accomplishment for Azerbaijan and a major step forward in implementation of the Southern Gas Corridor, which will deliver Caspian gas to European consumers,‖ said State Department Acting Deputy Spokesman Patrick Ventrell.The announcement marks a huge milestone in European efforts to create a new, southern supply corridor that will tap into the large gas reserves in the Caspian Basin, thus leening the continent’s dependence on Ruian imports.The gas, 10 billion cubic meters a year to begin with, will flow from Azerbaijan through southern Georgia by way of the South Caucasus pipeline;then acro Turkey via the planned Trans-Anatolian pipeline, or TANAP.The gas will be transferred to the TAP pipeline, which transits Greece, Albania, and Italy, thus by-paing Ruia and Ukraine.“The Southern Corridor....will bring a new source of gas supply to Europe, a goal the United States strongly supports,‖ said Acting Deputy Spokesman Ventrell.―This reflects Europe’s efforts to diversify its energy resources, including the bold steps toward competition and trade embodied in the European Union’s Third Energy Package, [a legislative package aiming to promote greater integration and competition in the European Union’s gas and electricity markets].“The selection of TAP as the means to link Caspian gas to Europe is another important step in the proce of advancing Europe’s energy security and promoting competition in the supply of energy resources.‖
Deputy Spokesman Ventrell noted the Southern Gas Corridor’s importance to global energy security.―By bringing Caspian gas to international markets, this initiative will contribute to meeting global energy demand, which is critical to sustaining economic growth.The United States sees the importance of the Southern Gas Corridor in this wider context,‖ he said.“We congratulate the Government of Azerbaijan and the Shah Deniz consortium on achieving this important milestone.‖
US, China to Open Talks in Washington China is modernizing its navy and increasing patrols in the disputed waters of the South China Seaa division that benefits China, says American University profeor Pek Koon Heng.“If you look at the spectrum of responses from the ASEAN countries, the claimant states to the Chinese claims, on the one hand is deference, they defer, they have to accommodate.And then the other end is defiance.So you see Vietnam on the deference end and the Philippines on the defiance end,” said Pek Koon Heng.Relatedincluding colon and breast cancers.Even so, the U.S.lags behind other wealthy nations in advances in population health.The researchers would like to see more public health programs and interventions to encourage Americans to become more physically active, to make better food choices, to reduce the use of alcohol and tobacco, and to decrease the amount of pollution in cities.Measuring the Effects of Climate Change Policies Welcome again, to the daily magazine show, As It Is, from VOA Learning English.I'm Mario Ritter.Today, we hear about an unusual artist who decorates prosthetic limbs.We have a story about the lasting appeal of superheroes, just as the latest Superman appears in theaters.But first, we learn about the Megacities Carbon Project, an effort to understand the effects of climate change policies.Scientists have been able to measure air quality and study its effect on human health for many years.Now, as part of a complex project called the Megacities Carbon Project, scientists are testing new ways to measure gases linked to climate change.Los Angeles is one of the cities scientists are studying in the project.With a population of 18 million people and many cars, the city is often covered in smog and pollution.Stan Sander is a senior research scientist at the United States space agency's Jet Propulsion Laboratory near Los Angeles.He describes these layers of visible air, or haze, in this way.“That haze is caused by the fact that the air is trapped inside a layer that's a few hundred meters to a thousand meters in altitude above the LA basin.So it collects those emiions from the cars and other sources and forms that layer.”
Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientist Riley Duren says these pollutants include greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.And he says, they do not just effect cities.“So these gases have a small local effect but the bigger impact is on the climate.We're all in this together.It takes several weeks or months for these gases to mix, but they end up in the atmosphere and they affect everywhere-not just in the local city.”
Global carbon dioxide emiions, 2012The Megacities Carbon Project wants to observe greenhouse gases over long periods of time to try to identify patterns.The goal is to find out if environmental policies are succeful in lowering greenhouse gas emiions.Sixteen highly sensitive monitoring devices are being placed on rooftops and media towers acro southern California.These instruments work continuously to analyze what is in the air.Scientists also use what is called “remote sensing” to monitor the air.Instruments placed on airplanes and a satellite are able to find evidence of carbon dioxide and methane in the air.There is also a remote sensing instrument on top of Mt.Wilson, northeast of Los Angeles.NASA'S Stan Sander says this remote sensing equipment can study air quality acro the Los Angeles area.“What we're hoping to do here on Mt.Wilson is create a sort of pattern or model for the way other cities might be able to measure their greenhouse gas emiions in a very similar way.”
Riley Duren says developed countries are trying to reduce emiions.But he notes that cities in developing nations are growing at an extremely fast rate.“In the developing world, particularly in South America, Africa and Asia, we're seeing explosive growth in cities because of the combined effects of urbanization and economic growth.”
He says many of these growing cities are at higher risk for the effects of climate change.The lo of a limb because of an injury or illne can be a very difficult experience.Many people regain abilities they lost, like walking, by using artificial, or prosthetic, limbs.Faith Lapidus tells us about an artist who decorates prosthetics.Pete Nichols lost part of his leg in a motorcycle accident three years ago.He wanted a prosthetic device that was just as flashy as his car.He loves his car.It has bright red paint and racing stripes and shiny wheels.His artificial leg is a bright chrome color.“I love lots of color and I love chrome.”
Pete Nichols did a search online and found Dan Horkey.He is an amputee who had started a company in Seattle called ProstheticInk.com.Dan had also lost his leg in a traffic accident.He decided to add color to colorle prosthetics.He started by adding images of flames.“It kind of reminded me of the aftermath of my accident, sitting in the hospital and the pain I felt in my leg after they chopped it off.”
Dan Horkey uses local artists to decorate prosthetic arms, legs and braces, offering many colors and designs.“We have people that want Superman.We have requests that are really just unique to the wearer sometime, so that's what's really cool about it.It is all about personalizing their limb.”
Dan Horkey has had a variety of customers.Some are military veterans who were wounded in combat.Another was a five-year-old boy about to start kindergarten.Pete Nichols says the colorful prosthetics attract attention and start conversations.“Do not hide it.Find that color, that art scheme, that one [artistic] device that is you.”
Dan Horkey says his work has been getting attention acro the United States and in other countries.He says amputees are amazed at how a little color and art can lift their confidence.World events often seem to call for a superhero – a character with extraordinary powers to put things right.So it is not a surprising that comic book superheroes have remained popular for generations.Conventions where people act like superheroes are popular in the United States.Recently, thousands of people attended one such event in Washington.Avi Arditti tells us more.Acting like superheroes, the good guys, or super-villains, the bad guys, is for many people a way to have fun.Recently, comic book fans went as their favorite characters to Washington's “Awesome Con DC” convention.Many take the fun seriously.Dale Harvey stood in brown battle armor with a winged skull acro the front.It took him more than four months to make the clothes and equipment of a video game character.“I get enjoyment out of creating it, out of building it with my friends, just having a good time seeing people's reaction to it.The most awesome thing for me is watching kids, young and old, have a good time seeing a character come to life.”
Organizers of the “Awesome Con DC” event say more than 5,000 visitors attended over two days.Ben Penrod says huge hit movies based on comic book superheroes, like The Avengers, have helped fuel the popularity of events like his.“You had to read comic books to know The Avengers.Now The Avengers is the third highest-groing film of all time.And people, everybody knows about it.”
I'm Avi Arditti.Thank you for listening today.Join us at the beginning of the hour Universal Time for the latest news.
